E430Volume 2

Liao River Basin Project (LRBP)

Environmental AssessmentSummary Report

January 2001

MONTGOMERY WATSONV L UlfCRPOUA

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a Montgomery Watson/LUCRPO

Liao River Basin Project quality required by its functional uses by 2005 and toachieve the sustainable utilization of water resources based

Environmental Assessment on their functions by 2010.

To meet these goals, the Plan calls for reduction of chemical

oxygen demand (COD) discharge by 600,000 tons by 2000,

SUMMARY REPORT 140,000 tons by 2005 and additional 90,000 tons by 2010,making the total COD reduction of 830,000 tons over the 10-

1. INTRODUCTION year period. This would require the construction of 55municipal wastewater treatments in the LRB (24 in Liaoning

The Project consists of four wastewater treatment plants, province), as well as 225 industrial pollution source control

industrial pollution control projects at two paper mills, urban projects (118 in Liaoning province).

upgrading, institutional strengthening and several non-

physical components related to environmental management. With the funding support of the European LUnion (EU),

The wastewater plants are located in Shenyang (the Liaoning province launched the Liaoning Integrated

provinicial capital), Jinzhou, Panjin and Yingkou. The paper Environmental Program (LIEP) in 1999. This is a

mills are near Yingkou and Jinzhou. All except Jinzhou are comprehensive planning project to evaluate environmental

located within the Liao River Basin (LRB), as shown in factors and develop strategies to redress the balance between

Figure 1. the various demands for water in the LRB catchment and for

sustainable environmental management in LiaoningThe LRB, with a total catchment area of 220,000 kM2, has province. The LIEP has identified 15 municipal treatment

four major rivers, the Liao, Hun, Taizi, and Daliao. One third plants in the basin as priority investments.

of the Liao River catchment and the entire Hun-Taizi-Daliao

network lie within Liaoning province, population 42 million The four municipal wastewater treatment plants, to be built

people. The rivers drain through 11 industrial and population in LRBP are top of the lists of 15 priority municipal

centers and rich agriculture areas in the province before treatment plants identified by the LIEP, and together with the

discharging into the Bohai Sea. two paper mill pollution control projects, are part of the Plan

of the State Council. As such, these treatment plants are aIn 1997, the State Council of the Chinese central government pivotal part of the effort to meet the State and provincial

announced "Decisions On Issues of Environmental goals for pollution control and sustainable water resources

Protection" (the Decisions), which has since become a management.

primary guide for the country's environmental protection

and pollution control effort. One of the important initiatives An Environment Assessment (EA) was conducted for each

under the State Council's Decisions is the "Three Lakes and physical component. A project wide environmental impact

Three Rivers" pollution control program, referring to the six assessment (EIA) report and environmental management

landmark and most sensitive water bodies and river basins in plan (EMP), collectively known as the EA documentation,

China. The Liao is one of the three rivers and the LRBP is has been compiled by the Liaoning Provincial

thus one of the highest priority pollution control programs in Environmental Research Institute, with the assistance from

the country. the project DRA consultant, Montgomery Watson. This

document is a summary of the EA documentation.The State Council approved in 1998 the Ninth Five-Year

Plan and 2010 Program for Liao River Basin Pollution

Control and Prevention (the Plan). The Plan sets a goal to

eliminate below-Category V water quality from all LRB

surface water bodies by the end of 2000, to recover the water

ei Montgomery Watson/I,UCRPO

Figure 1: Map of Liaoning Province

_ iai C,', 1CC 3;' N

'>' .. _; LEGEND

T'ew- Id 0CRe.

. 'hong PegCi o Jilim Provino C. CIR ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~!iLOPBPCCC

LIAO RIVER BASIN,> RGu < 24i 1 9 -' l LPROJECT (LRBP)

LIAONING PROVINCEPR CHINA

Localion of Project Ciiies

ASS W:~~~~LURP

DPR Ci Noith KC0 - tCNSiWi-V 5T

0 20 40 60 oIGUmetres

FIGURE2.I

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Montgomery Watson/LUCRPO

2. SURFACE WATER STANDARDS Project, with design provision for the more stringent

The most important assessment criteria and environmental ammonia-nitrogen criteria in future stages,

target standards are the surface water quality classification of

Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water, GHZB I -

1999. According to this standard, surface water quality has Other environmental discharge/emnission and ambient

been divided into five categories depending on their environmental quality standards applied in the EA include:

functional uses. These categories and key parameters within * Ambient Air Quality Standards, GB3095-1996;

the standard are as follows: * Environmental Noise Standards for Urban Areas,GB3096-93;

Table 2.1 Surface Water Quality Classification * Standards for Noise at Boundaries of Constrmction Sites.GB 12523-90; and

Category Description Key parameters (mg/f, except * Standards for Wastewater Discharge and Air Ermissions_ _ _ pH)

COO NO3-N pH in Liaoning Province, DB21-60-89.Applicabl to sources of <15 0.5 6.5-8.5

watcr bodies and 3. EA COVERAGEinational niature reserves

Applicable to Class A is 0.5 6.5-8.5 According to the project TOR, the EA covers the followingwater resource protecti(on areas:for drinking watcr or

precious fish * Shenyang section of Hun river;

Applicable to Class B 21 0.5 6.5-8.5 * Panjin section of Liao river;water resource and * Jinzhou section of Xiaoling river;general fishing or * Yingkou section of Daliao river and estuaries;swimming9

VGeneral industrial wate* 30 1.0 6.5-8.5 Immediately adjacent areas surrounding the wastewatersupply or secondary interceptors, pumping stations and treatment plant sites;recLeational use and

v Agricultural water 4!) 1.5 6-9 * Impacts to the LRB and to the Bohai Sea by the project.resource or general

amenity purposes4. CURRENT SITUATION

There are two existing wastewater discharge standards Available water resources in the Liao Basin are limited.

applicable in Liaoning province for discharge into surface Average water resources in the Liao catchment are 20% ofwater bodies: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Aeag aerrsure i h La athen r 2%o

water bodies: the national average. Water resources available for* The national Comprehensive Wastewater Discharge agriculture are 12% of the national average. River flows in

Standards for discharge into Category IV and Category the LRB vary dramatically in different months and seasons.

V water bodies (GB8978.96); and In a typical year, July and August flows amount to 60% of

* The more stringent discharge standards adopted by the annual flow whilst the flow in the driest month

Liaoning Environmental Protection Bureau for the (February) amounts only to 0. 1 % of the yearly total. In many

province. rivers in Liaoning province, the dry season flow is mainly

wastewater discharged from various industrial and municipalThe most important difference between these two standards sources.

are COD (120 mg/e for the national standards versus 100

mg/' for provincial standards) and ammonia-nitrogen (25 Water resources in Liaoning province are seriously over-

mg/e for the national standards versus 15 mg/f for the utilized. While over 81% of surface water resources and 43%

provincial standards). LRBP will adopt the more stringent of groundwater resources are utilized, water supply still

Provincial COD standard as the design criteria for the cannot meet the demand. At the present, annual water supply

is about 7.8 billion m3 while the demand is 8.3 billion in3 .

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leaving a 500 million m3 water supply deficit each year in exclusively, on shallow water wells as their primary

the province. With the provincial priority set for the key state drinking water sources;

industries, agriculture and municipal water supplies are often * Contamination of farm land and crops, as farmers in the

sacrificed. The continued excessive exploitation of water LRB may have little choice but to use water with quality

resources has caused significantly lowered groundwater exceeding irrigation water standards; and

tables over a reported area of 389 square kilometers. * Adverse impacts on water quality and fisheries

resources in the Bohai Sea, to which LRB rivers

The Liaoning province is one of the most concentrated urban discharge; and

and industrial areas in China. There is however only one * Adverse impacts on wetlands at the estuary.

operating municipal wastewater treatment plant and limited

industrial wastewater treatment capacity. In the meantime, The urgency for immediate improvement in the LRB

wastewater from point sources in Liaoning province is environment is apparent. Not only has the province missed

expected to reach a total 2.1 billion m3 containing over its year 2000 surface water quality and COD reduction goals,

643,000 tons of COD in the year 2000. Of this amount, the water quality in the LRB rivers is worsening. The LRBP

approximately 70% of the wastewater and COD are from will start to reverse the trend of water quality deterioration

industrial sources and 30% from municipal sources. With the and is an important first step in achieving the state and

current lack of wastewater management infrastructure, most provincial environmental goals.

of the wastewater is discharged to surface water bodies

without treatment. Besides COD, other main contaminants 5. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

discharged include BOD, ammonia-nitrogen, oil & grease, Major components of the LRBP are summarized in Table 5.1

and suspended solids.and plans showing the project conmponents in each of the

project cities are included in this Sumnmary:The lack of proper water resources management in the LRB,

particularly the lack of provision of treatment facilities for* ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Table 5.1 Liao River Basin Project Components

wastewater from various sources, compounded with the lack

of dilution and assimtlative capacity in LRB rivers, has Components Description Scope of Service

resulted in severe pollution of surface water in Liaoning Shenyang * 5 km interceptor pipeline * 44 industrialprovince. Standard WaeWastewater * 4 ncw and 4 upgraded discharges

province. Standard Water quality in LRB rivers is reportedly puumping stations * 75 km2urban area

the worst among the seven largest river basins in China. * 40 km sewerage collection * 1.2 millionpipeline population

* a 400,000 Vd wastewater

The severe pollution of LRB has had the following treatment plantPanjin * 15km interceptor pipeline * 21 industrial

consequences: Wastewater * 2 new and 4 upgraded discharges

* Loss of beneficial use of LRB rivers, including pumping stations * 40 km2 urban areat, r* a 100,000 t/d wastewater * 230,000 population

industrial and municipal water supply sources (urban treatment plant

and rural), aquaculture, irrigation, and groundwater lJinthou * 10 km interceptor pipeline * 30 industrialWastewater * a 100,000 t/d wastewater discharges

recharge; treatment plant * 51 km2

urban area

* Extinction of fish andI other water borne species in most . 528,000 populatiosYingkou * 17.5 km interceptor * 16 industrial

rivers within the province and destructive effects to the Wastewater pipeline discharges* 2 pump stations * 22 km

2urban area

aquatic ecosystem; * sewerage system * 453,043) population

* Pollution of shallow groundwater layers in the short extensions* a 100,000 Vd wastewater

term and deep groundwater aquifers over the long term; treatment plantewater

* Health risk of drinking water supply especially for rural Jincheng * process relovatioii for * I industrialPaper Mill elimination ot mercury disctarge

residents who rely heavily and, in many cases containing process

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Components Description Scope of Service Compost may also be used in the landfill as covering

Yingkou * 3000 I/d red liquor * Industrial material. Considering the large quantity of compost to bePaper Mill treatment and rec(overy discharge produced and seasonal fluctuation in demand for such a

* 60,000 rid white liquor andeffluent treatment plant product, a large storage area is reserved at the same site to

Shenyang * linperial Palace renovation control the demand variation and provide for curing of theUrban * Beiling and DonglingUpgrading Parks Preservation compost. Studies are also planned to be undertaken on heavyNon-physical * Urhan rintnagemento metal content and suitability of sludge for agricultural use.Components geographical information

systemrs* Environmental water Figure 2: Proposed Shenyang wastewater treatment

quality monitoring plant site* Environmenital revolving

fund* Strategic studies* Institutional strengthening

and training* Coinstruction moanagemen_ti

and supervision

The municipal wastewater treatment plants have a uniform ' ,- ._

design with some minor variations corresponding to the

characteristics of influents and other conditions in each FJJI 1 it project city. The uniform design compress screening and grit

removal followed by a conventional activated sludge system

and secondary clarification. The sludge produced will be

thickened by belt thickener. Thickened sludge will then be

chemically conditioned and finally dewatered by belt press Jinzhou - Jinzhou wastewater treatment plant will produce

to produce sludge cakes with approximately 20% dry solid. 80 t/d sludge. An agreement has been reached with the city

Final effluent will be discharged without disinfection. In the whereby dewatered sludge will be disposed of at the city's

case of Shenyang. the sludge will in addition be digested sanitary landfill 12 km from the plant.

anaerobically. Panjin - Panjin wastewater treatment plant will produce 80

t/d sludge. The city plan to use windrow technology forDisposal of sludge generated from the wastewater treatment composting the sludge at a site approximately I kmn from the

plants represents a key component of the project. The sludge plant. Panjin has a large area of saline, sterile land and the

management plans for each city are as follows: compost can be used as a soil conditioner for land

Shenyang - Phase 1 of the Shenyang wastewater treatment improvement and reclamation. Panjin has included the cost

plant will produce up to 400 t/d sludge requiring disposal. of sludge composting into operating cost estimates and plan

The city plans to convert its municipal solid waste site at to provide the compost product free of charge to local

Laohuchong, approximately 32 km from the wastewater farmers and other landowners in the region.

treatment plant, into a sanitary landfill but it will only have Figure 3: The wastewater treatment plant site of Panjin

500 tld capacity in its first phase. The city has agreed to

absorb 150 t/d municipal sludge during its first phase and

300 t/d sludge when the landfill capacity increases to 1500

t/d. Shenyang plans to compost 260 tld sludge using the

conventional windrow technology at a 10 ha. site near the

wastewater treatment plant. The compost will be used for l , 11landscape, forest land and other land application which do - - ' ,*

not involve consumable crops or enter into the food chain.

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a Montgomery WatsonI,UCRPO

Figure 4: Pangxie Ditch which will receive effluent from Figure 6: Yingkou Paper Mill outfall

the wastewater treatment plant in Panjin_

Yingkou - Yingkou wastewater treatment plant will produce It is critical to the success of the LRBP that institutions and

80 tld sludge. An agreement has been reached with the city personnel responsible for implementing the proposed project

for disposal of dewatered sludge at the city's sanitary landfill are equipped with the management skills and technical

2 km from the plant. Over the long term, Yingkou will ability to implement the project. For this reason an extensive

introduce composting technology for sludge disposal, program of technical assistance (TA) has been recommended

provided that a sustainable market for the compost product in the Feasibility Study Report and will form the basis for

can be demonstrated. institutional strengthening for provincial and municipal

PMOs, Provincial EPB and the proposed wastewaterYingkou and Jincheng Paper Mills - The Yingkou paper P

mill wastewater treatment plant will generate 80 t/d companies.

industrial sludge, to be disposed of in the city's municipal

solid waste landfill. The Jincheng paper mill project will 6. ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE

involve process renovation and will have no sludge. 6.1 GENERAL SETTtNG

The Liao River Basin is located in the Liao River Plain. The

Figure 5: Yingkou Paper Mill outfall general topography slopes from north to south and from east

to west towards the Bohai Sea. The elevation of inland cities

of Shenyang and Jinzhou is approximately 30-60 meters

Zb ., aabove sea level while that of coastal cities Panjin and

Yingkou is only 4-7 meters. Liaoning province has a rich

and complex geology. The Quaternary fluvio-lacustrine and

glacial sediments form the most important groundwater

aquifers in the LRB. They include gravels, sands and silts up

- ; , ;to 420 meters in thickness which are intercalated with clays

deposited during three marine transgressions.

6.2 CLIMATE CONDITIONS AND AIR QUALITY

The Liao River Basin is located in the temperate zone where

a monsoonal climate dominates. The climate is

characterized by distinct seasons and sharp temperature

change. Average annual precipitation varies between 350 to

1200 nm. Within a typical year, some 80% of total annual

6

a - Montgomery Watson/LUCRPO

precipitation occurs in the period from June to September. precipitation. The dry season typically occurs from

Table 6.2 summarizes the main climatic characteristics of the November to February each year. Many sections of IRB

project cities. rivers are completely dry or carry only wastewater

discharged from various municipal and industrial sources.

Table 6.2 Relevant Climate Indicators of Four Project The annual flows in LRB rivers can also change sharply

Cities from year to year. River discharges in a high flow year are

Parameter Shenyang Panjin Jinzhou Yingkou typically 2-3 times of that of a low flow year.Max.LMin. 39.3/-33.1 3(.2/-21.0 36.5/-30.0 28.51-14.5Tempe-atureAnnual 735 8(0 601 550-600 6.4 WATER DEMAND AND SUPPLYprecipitationl(mm) In a typical year, the total water utilization in the province isAnniual 65 66 60 65average 65 10.56 billion m3, mostly of which (over 60%) is forhuaidity3. agricultural applications followed by industrial (21%) andAnnual 3.3 4.3 4.3 4.3average wind municipal (16%) uses. Water supplies are mainly fromspeed (m/s) reservoirs rivers (pumped and gravity) and deep and shallowPrevailing SW (summerj SW (summer) SSW SW (summer) ,wind (summer) = groundwater aquifers. Figure 7 shows the Water UseFreeze period 151 146 (36 130 Structure in Liaoning Province.(d) A_ _ __ _

Soil freeze 1.2 1.13 1.18 1.18

[dep(h ~rm IFigure 7: Water Use Structure

All four proposed wastewater treatment plant sites are green Water use structure in Liaoning

field sites. There are no industrial operations or urban

activities near the sites. An air quality monitoring program

conducted from July to November 1999 confirmed the high Indra use

air quality of these sites except Shenyang. At the Shenyang l

site, monitored data on odor, NH3 and HŽS exceeded relevant Ag- Mnpa

standards by as much as 9 times (odor), because the site is 7Mufl,Cru%

near the Xi river which essentially conveys raw sewage. 5%Fr,esty, gra. n- and

2%

6.3 WATER RESOURCES AND HYDROLOGY _ I

The water resources of the LRB include rivers, reservoirs The most important water supply source is shallow water

and groundwater. In a medium drought year, the total water wells, which account for approximately half of the water

resource in surface streams in the LRB is 10.13 billion m3 . utilized. Although on a basin-wide basis, the estimated

including 2.38 billion m3 in Liao river and 2.85 billion m3 in groundwater recharge is higher than estimated groundwater

Tatizi river. The total amount of extractable groundwater is abstraction, in localized areas of the LRB over-extraction is

6.82 billion m3. There are a total of 904 reservoirs in the serious. In the Hun-Taizi river system where Shenyang is

LRB; 28 of which have a capacity larger than 100 million located, groundwater abstractions are over 120% of the

m3. The total designed capacity of the reservoirs in the LRB groundwater recharge in recent years.

is 6 billion m3.

Water demands have been based on per capita consumptionFlows in LRB rivers vary significantly with the season, with for domestic and unit indtustrial output water consumption

a pattern similar to that of annual precipitation. for industrial water demands. In general, except Shenyang

Approximately 50% of the annual flow occurs between July where per capita water consumption is already high and will

to September, when the area receives 80%7o of its annual remain steady, per capita water consumption is projected to

7

a) Montgomery Watson/ILUCRPO

increase slowly along with increase of the standard of living. For specific sections of the rivers to be used by the LRBP as

Unit industrial water consumption will decrease as efficiency receiving water bodies, existing water quality was monitored

improves, although total industrial water demand shows a in April 2000 (Shenyang. Jinzhou and Panjin) and

small increase as provincial industry expands. The projection September, 2000 (Yingkou). [Ihe result of this monitoring

for total water supply through municipal systems has also program, expressed as an average of multiple samples and

considered water recycling by industry, leakage and self summarized in Table 6.5, show extremely polluted surface

water supply capacities that many industrial operations water in most of these rivers, especially at and downstream

possess. The water demand projection is summarized in of the cities. Some had a water quality equivalent to raw

Table 6.4. sewage.

Table 6.4 Municipal Water Demand and SupplyProi ction Figure 8 River Water Quality

City Year Service Domestic Industrial Total

Population water water water 000 - -___i_vr_

(x 1000) demand demand demand

(x 1001 (x 1000 (x 106

i13

) m3 ) i

3) 400 - a

Shenyang 2000 3,075 1,070 750 1,667 'Cogo,

2010 3,080 1,183 1,121 2,200 X *c** **4,Y V 0

2025 3,090 1,217 1,153 2,278

JiUhou 2000 543 97.7 101 162.5 100

2010 550 101.7 108.6 0 o D 1 X 14.

2025 596 119.2 1(N8.9 185.5 000 0401 R x 64 000o

Panjin 2000 45(0 90 185.5 120.7

2010 550 121 182.7 151.7 Table 6.5 Surface Water Quality Near Project Cities2025 691 172.8 189.9 217.2 (average values, mg/L except pH)

YingkOU 20 463 62.5 173.9 195 7Yin 200 46 62. 1739 19.7 City Rivers Distance pH COD NO,-N Water2010 520 88.4 234.1 285.0 to Quality

proposed Category2025 571 102.3 302.4 389.0 WWTP

(km)

6.5 WATER QU ALITY Shenyaotg Xi 1 7.4 24() 40.5 Below V.QHun 90 7.9 64 15.6 Below V

Of a total river length of 516 km, 362km do not achieve Jinzhou Xiaoling 3, 7.0 5 0.1)06 I

Category V surface water standards. This is particularly so upstream

near urban centers where the water quality is among the Xiaoling 1 7.3 75 4.9 Below V

worst. With a few exceptions where water quality may reach Xiaoling 2 7.3 58 3.1 Below V

Category II, water quality in most tributaries of LRB rivers Xiaoling 13 6.9 35 11 V

are between Category IV and Category V, or below Category Paojin Shuangtaizi 6, 7.9 25 14 v

V. Figure 8 shows the water quality of the rivers covered by ouptrty _

the LRBP. Pangxie (12 7.7 98 lIt.l Below V

Shuangtaizi 45 8.1 69 6.1 Below V

Water quality of reservoirs in the LRB is better protected. A Yiiigkou Daliao 55, 7.7 55 8.1 Below V

1998 water quality survey showed that water quality in upstreamof city

major reservoirs in the LRB was, in general, equivalent to Daliao 14, 7.4 134 2.8 Below V

Category II water quality standards. UpsLreM I I

Daliao 2 7.4 I It3 2 3 Below V

Based on industrial output billions RMB

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a Montgomery Watson/ILUCRPO

6.6 SEWERAGE volume and quantity in COD, is unknown.

All four project cities have combined sewer systems

conveying both stormwater and sewage. Some large

industrial operations, particularly those near receiving water Due to years of severe pollution and water shortage most fish

bodies, may have their own sewer system and even their own and other water borne species have vanished from LRB

wastewater treatment facilities. The sewerage characteristics rivers. Fresh water fish may only be found in reservoirs and

of the project cities are presented in Table 6.6. fishponds in the LRB area.

Table 6.6 Sewerage Features of Four Project Cities Shuangtaizi wetland near the Daliao river estuary is an

Shenyang Panjin Jinzhou Yingkou exception. The 400 km2 area some 30 km away from PanjinSewerage South Xinglongtai North West has been identified and designated as a national level NaturalZones West Shachang Protection Zone because of its significant ecological value.

North Huaxian There are 321 kinds of resident and migrating wild lifeDonzhan

Total 108 206 130 130 including 236 species of birds and diversified vegetation inlength of the wetland. In particular, the Shuangtizi wetland is ansewer pipe important habitat for migratory birds and each year hundreds(km) of thousands of migrating birds stop and take up temporary

Municipal 1 None None None residence at the Shuangtaizi wetland.wastewater operationaltreatment 2 inplant construction 6.9 BOHAI SEA

Service 198 61) 45.8 37.5area (kin2) The Bohai Sea is a semi enclosed water body and it wouldService 3,300,000 230,000 566,000 265.00( take 3 to 4 years for a 50% water exchange with the outerpopulation sea and 16 years for a complete turn over. In total, 37 rivers

Total 1.637.00(1 80.000 2016.000 180.000 discharge to the Bohai Sea, including Daliao, Liao andwastewater(m3/d) Xiaoling rivers which are part of the LRBP. Collectively the

Liao and Daliao rivers discharge 132 m3/s in April to 715

6.7 MAIN WATER POLLUTION LOADS TO LRB m3/s in August into the Bohai sea, bringing a COD flux of794 to 2385 tld and a N0 3-N tlux of 45 to 96 t/d. The LIEP

In 1995, the LRB received a total of 1.68 billion m3 study has found that over 70% of the pollutants discharged

wastewater. Of this amount, 1.04 billion m3 or 62% was into the Bohai Sea are from agricultural non-point pollutant

from industrial sources while 0.64 billion m3 or 38% was sources. In particular, the nutrient contamination of thefrom municipal sources. The large volume and proportion of Bohai Sea, which has resulted in increased occurrence,

industrial wastewater discharge reflects the fact that the duration and extent of red tide events in the last 20 years is

middle to lower reaches of the LRB is China's most primarily from agricultural sources (over 90% by one

concentrated area for large state-owned industrial estimate). Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from municipalenterprises. These were established mostly in the 1950's and wastewater alone. while important for the protection of

1960's with old technologies and litnited pollution control. receiving fresh water bodies and groundwater, would not

contribute significantly to the control of red tides in theThe total organic load to the LRB environment in 1995 was Bohai Sea. Overfishing has been cited as the main reason for

561,500 tly, of which 309,074 t/y was from industrial depletion of fish stocks in the Bohai Sea.

sources and 252,427 t/y, municipal sources. Another

contributor to pollution is the surface runoff from

agricultural fields. The exact contribution, both in terms of

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a) Montgomery Watson/LUCRPO

6.10 ACOuSTic ENVIRONMENT environmental criteria. In terms of the environmental

All four proposed wastewater treatment plants will be assessment of alternatives, the primary objective was to

located in green field sites. Besides farming and other identify and adopt options with the least adverse

agricultural activities, there are no industrial or urban environmental impacts. The evaluation and comparison has

facilities and operations, and thus no major noise sources, at included the following component options:

or near the sites. A noise-monitoring program conducted * Sewageinterceptorsroutesandpumpingstationlayout"

during the EA confirms the high acoustic quality of these * Number and configuration of wastewater treatment

areas. Noise levels monitored at 4 to 5 locations at each of plants;

the sites are in the range of 34 to 54 dB(A) during the day * Wastewater treatment plant sites and outfall discharge

time and 25 to 49 dB(A) at night, far below their respective locations;

standards of 65 and 50 to 55 dB(A). The noise levels at the * Treatment processes;

proposed pumping stations were higher as they are in the * Sludge handling and disposal, including options for both

urban areas. Although one location in Yingkou has night technologies to be used and sites for the final disposal of

time noise the same as the standard (55 dB(A)), noise levels sludge; and

at all other locations monitored were less than the standard * The scenario of with and without the project.

for both day and night.Specific details of the wastewater treatment and wastewater

6.11 SocIo-EcoNOMIc CONDITIONS collection and conveyance alternatives considered for eachcity are set out below.

The key socio-economic indicators of the LRB are

summarized in Table 6. 11. 7.2 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS OPTIONS -

UNIFORm DESIGN APPROACHTable 6.11 Key Socio-Economic Indir-ators of the LRB

The priority for wastewater treatment in the basin is theParaneters Indicatos removal of pollutants that impact adversely upon the surface

Population * Urban population, 18.36 million* total population, 33.02 million water quality. The most critical pollutant in this context is* population density: 338/km2 organic matter expressed as COD. The basis of the approach

Land * agricultural land, 59.4 million mu2 to wastewater treatment is therefore initially to concentrate* total land, 292 million mu upon removal of COD, with removal of ammonia by

Urbanization 0 municipalities: I I nitrification to be introduced in subsequent phases of

Agriculture a major crops: wheat, corn, vegetables, fruits, etc. development of wastewater treatment in the basin in the* total agricultural output: RMB 47 billion pa longer term.

Industry * major industries: metallurgy, petroleum, coal.power, chemicals, machinery, electronics, fahric & The Project has identified a preferred and least cost optiongarments, pulp & paper, construction materials.food & brewery, aet. for wastewater conveyance, treatment and sludge disposal in

* total industrial output: RMB 305.3 billion pa each of the cities. For wastewater conveyance two to three

alternative methods of conveying wastewater to the sites of

7. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES the proposed wastewater treatment plants have been

7.1 INTRODUCTION compared and the least cost option chosen.

During project development, various alternatives have beenscreened and compared with technical, economic and For wastewater and sludge treatment and as required by the

TOR, a Uniform Design Approach has been developed after

consultation with the Design Institutes in each city. In

2Iha = 15mu

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Montgomery WatsonI,UCRPO

accordance with World Bank requirements3, options were least cost fashion.

considered against criteria which included complying with

the required wastewater discharge standard of 100 mg/i Unstabilised (ie undigested) sludge is proposed to be co-

COD, being appropriate in respect of local conditions, being disposed in cells with municipal refuse in a sanitary landfill.

proven in operation at or close to the scale proposed, being In the medium to long term, anaerobic digestion may be

capable of supporting competitive bidding and representing added as it is the best approach from an environmental

the least cost option. perspective and enables the sludge to be reused or

composted directly. Upon comrnissioning of the treatment

In order to satisfy all of the World Bank criteria a phased facilities, more information will be available on the

approach to wastewater treatment is recommended. The variations in wastewater and sludge temperature to further

liquid stream process in the short to medium term is based assess the economic viability of anaerobic digestion. The

on secondary treatment using a conventional activated introduction of digestion at a later stage should it prove to be

sludge process treating raw wastewater, without primary feasible, does not result in significant redundancy of

sedimentation. previously installed plant.

In the long term, when nitrogen removal may be a The recommended sludge treatment process therefore

requirement, secondary treatment will be achieved using a comprises mechanical thickening followed by mechanical

reaeration-denitrification-nitrification configuration. At this dewatering and safe disposal of unstabilised, semi-solid

time, primary sedimentation will be added and additional sludge to a sanitary landfill. Chemical conditioning will be

bioreactor capacity will be required together with minor necessary prior to both sludge thickening and sludge

internal modifications within the existing tankage. There dewatering. In the special case of Shenyang, an anaerobic

will not be a need to augment the capacity of the secondary digestion phase has been added in the Stage 1 project.

sedimentation tanks.

7.3 JINZHOU

As wastewater is treated, solids are removed and become For Jinzhou, two sites were considered for the 100,000

sludge that needs disposal. Sludge can be treated by a variety m3 /day wastewater treatment plant. The site selected byof~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~ metods Theewte simplestt isnt thikein ande dewaterin byby

of methods. The simplest is thickening and dewatering by least cost analysis is Dishuihu, south of the river. This site ismeans of belt press. More complex is digestion of the sludge slighfly elevated and wI require a river crossing. The

in large vessels, either aerobically or anaerobically. altemative sire at Xiaoshanzi, is further downstream and on

Thickening produces sludge with 3% solids content, which is the northern left bank of the river. This is a low-lying, flood

still a liquid. Dewatering produces a semi-solid sludge with . .prone area, and additional costs associated with floodabout 18% solids content, which can be handled by spade. It protection would be incurred.

is this semi-solid product that can be mixed with household

refuse and land filled. The prevailing slope of the land through JinzhoI is towards

the river and along the river towards the east. The proposedA staged approach is recommended for sludge treatment. In terceptors wong the river to

n intefceptors would be constructed following the river toStage I of the Project, a conservative or precautionary allow the existing outfalls to be connected. There is

approach to design has by necessity been taken because ofsufficient slope for flows to gravitate towards the wastewater

the lack of wastewater influent data. This approach treatment plant without the need for additional pumping.

minimises capital expenditure and sludge treatment ismiimss aptlxpnitreadlug trThe major engineering issue will relate to the river crossing.recommended to be undertaken initially in the simplest and The site for the proposed wastewater treatment plant is on

vacant rural land. The preferred sludge disposal site is south

3World Bank, Aide, Me noire No 3, August 2000 so that transportation will avoid the city. Social andWorld Bank, Aide Meroitre No 3. August 000

l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i

a) Montgomery Watson/I,UCRPO

environmental issues have therefore been mninimised by the 7.5 SHENYANG

selection of this site. A storm overflow chamber would be Included tnder the project is the construction of interceptor

constructed before the proposed wastewater treatment plant. sewers and a 400,000 m31day wastewater treatment plant

The excess flow will be discharged directly to the Xiaolinglocated at Yuliangpu to the southwest of Shenyang.

River.

No other locations have been identified for the proposed

7.4 PANJIN wastewater treatment plant. The rural site southwest of the

For Panjin, included under the project is the construction of city is adjacent to the Xi River and the effluent from the

an interceptor sewer along the Panxie Ditch and a 100,000 plant will be discharged to the Xi River just upstream of its

m3/day wastewater treatment plant located to the west of confluence with the Hun River. The natural drainage is

Panjin just outside the urban area. Pumping stations that towards the southwest and so minirnising excavation for

presently raise wastewater from the existing trunk sewers pipeline and culverts. The need for pumping will also be

into the ditch will be modified to raise flows into the mininimised.

proposed interceptor.

During Phase One, it is proposed that improvements would

Three sites were considered for the proposed wastewater be undertaken to the existing sewerage system within the

treatment plant in Panjin, with site No.2 being preferred. In central urban area of Shenyang. The proposals include the

addition, the possibility of combining wastewater treatment separation of wastewater and storm water systems, the

for the Shuangtaizi District with the Xinglongtai proposals installation of new pipelines and culverts, replacement of

was also considered but separate plants are preferred. existing pipelines and culverts, upgrading of existing

pumping stations and the construction of new pumping

The interceptor would be constructed immediately alongside stations. The proposed works are part of an ongoing

the Panxie Ditch, this being the most suitable location to development programme for the Shenyang drainage system.

intercept flows from the existing collection system. The The Shenyang Drainage Company has undertaken the

major engineering issues will relate to constructing the identification of the potential project components. No

interceptor alongside the ditch, the anticipated high alternatives have been proposed to the drainage system

groundwater table, drainage ditch crossings and the need for improvements which are part of an ongoing improvement

pumping from the existing collection system into the new programme for Shenyang drainage.

interceptor.

7.6 YINGKOU

At Phase One, the proposed wastewater treatment plant Included under the project is construction of a new

would accommodate the current potential wastewater flows interceptor sewer and pumping station serving the southernfrom~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~mecpo thee Xinlotd district. srin tesothr

from the Xinglontai district. and western areas of the city. A new wastewater treatment

plant having a design capacity of 100,000 m4/day is alsoThe site for the proposed wastewater treatment plant is on proposed f Yin th oposed location iscrly

agricultural land adjacent to the Panxie Ditch and close to wased . The soor envionmentalrissueswasteland. There are no social or environmental issues

the preferred sludge disposal site. While social and related to the site and there is sufficient room for future

environmental issues have been tninimised with this location expansion. The proposed site has the advantage of being

of the wastewater treatment plant and sludge disposal route.veryv close to the proposed sludge disposal site, which

a considerable amount of resettlement will be required along located on the wasteland approximately 1.5 km to the north.

the Panxie Ditch within the center of Panjin.

The interceptor sewer would be constructed along the south

bank of the Daliao River collecting the wastewater from the

12

a) - Montgomery Watson/LUCRPO

existing outfalls. The topography of Yingkou is low lying movement. land preparation, and materials handling. At

and it will be necessary to provide some pumping along the 5 meters from such an activity, the dust concentration is

route of the interceptor. The major engineering issues will expected to reach 10.1 mg/m3 while it will reduce to

relate to the existing high groundwater levels, construction 0.86 mg/m3 100 meters from the site. Therefore, the

of the interceptors along existing drainage ditches within the impact will be limited to residents located within 100

city center. Additional foundation costs are anticipated for meters from the construction sites and along both sides

the major process units of the proposed wastewater treatment of construction transportation routes.

plant. The route through part of the urban area may change * Noise, from construction equipment and vehicular

depending on whether or not the proposed road construction movement. The noise, as high as 110 dB(A), could

proceeds. Some resettlement issues have been identified travel a long distance in the open field around the

along the interceptor but environmental issues have been source, affecting residents of nearby villages.

minimized. Any overflow during wet weather will be able to * Traffic congestion, caused by pipeline construction in

occur at the structures that connect the existing collection urban areas. Parts of streets will be closed during

system with the new interceptor. The excess flow will be pipeline construction reducing the traffic-carrying

discharged to the Daliao River. capacity of the streets. The impact will be greatest in

Shenyang where part of the sewage interceptor is to be

Two options were identified for serving the northern and built in the urban center.

eastem districts of Yingkou. These have been evaluated by * Waste discharge from construction camps. The

least cost analysis. One option would be to put a treatment discharge of sewage from construction camps will create

plant in the north. The second option would be to convey all temporary pollution sources to the surface water

the wastewater across to an expanded west treatment plant. environment. The construction camps will be sources of

A least cost analysis has clearly indicated that the costs of other pollutants such as sediment-laden stormwater

the pipelines and pumping from east to west far outweigh the discharges, solid waste and waste oil from machinery

benefits of a single treatment facility. Therefore a treatmnent maintenance.

plant in the north is proposed. * Earth materials. While pipeline construction will

generate 100.000 m3 excavated material requiring

Wastewater from the north and eastern districts of Yingkou disposal, the leveling, site preparation and construction

would be pumped to the north along interceptors, to a of the treatment plants will need over 320,000 m3 of fill.

wastewater treatment plant having a design capacity of Large quantities of fill will be needed from borrow pits

100,000 m3/d. The proposed site is on rural land and and will require transportation to the site.

alongside the existing drainage channel leading to the Daliao * Land impact. A total of 2.48 million m2 of land will be

River. temporarily occupied by construction activities. Of this

amount, 740,000 m2 will be agricultural land, about

The discharge point for the effluent from the north plant will 0.07% of the total land owned by the affected villages.

be upstream of the city, which is less desirable than One crop will be lost in the temporarily occupied land.

discharge downstream. No unusual resettlement issues are A total of 897,000 m2 of land will be permanently

anticipated. occupied by the l.RBP, to be acquired from four villages

near the wastewater treatment plants. The four villages

8. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION concerned will lose 7 to 20% of their total arable land to

8.1 IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE the LRBP, a substantial impact on their agricultural

Project construction activities will generate the following activities and livelihood.

adverse impacts: * Water impacts, caused by cross-river construction

a Air borne dust, mainly due to construction vehicle activities. The Jinzhou wastewater treatment plant will

13

fff Montgomery WatsonILUCRPO

be built on the opposite side of the city to the sewage Figure 11: Taizi & Daliao River Baseline COD

collection system and the river crossing construction Concentration

may give rise to sedimentation and possibly oil & grease - - - I m X 1from construction machinery in the river. 1

8.2 WATER IMPACTS - PRIMARY POSITIVE IMPACTS OF

THE LRBP I

The LRBP will bring significant benefits to the water-3

environment of the LRB and other aspects of environment

and life that depend on the quality of water environment. On

a basin wide basis, a steady state water quality model has -J 323

predicted that implementation of the LRBP, together with

Laioning provincial EPB plans to build wastewater treatment.. . . . ~~~~~~~~Figures 9,10.] 1 show modeling results from the LIEP project

plants in all major cities in the LRB, plus implementation of Fan IPCAP4 for all major industries will substantially reduce showing projected COD concentrations in the Hun, Liao,

the COD concentrations in LRB. Taizi and Daliao rivers. The modelling results showprojected COD reductions for various pollution control

Figure 9: Liao River COD Concentrations interventions, including the initial LRBP interventions, overthe next 10-15 years.

Significant reductions in COD concentrations in these rivers

will be achieved by the project. Based on average flows of

the dry months April, May, October, November, the model

predicts that COD will reduce by 58.4% in Shenyang, 57.8%

in Jinzhou, 37.1% in Panjin, and 78% in Yingkou,

respectively. The surface water quality in these river sections

'533W 20n 1(40 >° is expected to improve to Category V or even Category IV,

-(1a3CosA3,-s2F3d(:0)---F.O Hb0PliOly,wuIW Fa5OvWIAllFWWOnc> except in Panjin.

Figure 10: Hun River COD Concentration Since the LRB rlvers have limited natural flows and dilution

I r,* r3 capacity in the November to April dry season, the model

I t _ _ 1 shows that the surface water quality in most sections of the

LRB rivers will be similar to that of wastewater plant

effluent (COD 100 mg/l) in the dry season, significantly

-2 t - °°= below the desired Category V standard (COD 4t)mg/1). (refer

; l l<1 0530 figure 12 below for projected COD concentrations in the

Hun River)

350 L5 '253 5- During the rest of the year, the surface water quality is

expected to approach Category V standard compliance.

Although the LRBP cannot achieve the surface water quality

targets alone (eliminating below Category V water bodies in

the LRB), it will contribute significantly towards achieving

IPCAP=fndustrial Pollution Control Action Plan

14

a) Montgomery Watson/LUCRPO

this aim. has already indicated contamination in monitoring wells of

the four project cities. Residents of villages near some of the

Figure 12: Hun River Baseline and projected COD river ditches also complained to the EA team of strong

Concentration nuisance odors in their groundwater supply. All signs

I I 200 indicate that groundwater contamination can be attributed to

polluted surface waters.

Ib e }4t 3 Large areas of agricultural land in Liaoning are irrigated--t t _ _ ¢001 with wastewater which in many cases is the only available

irrigation water source. Based on a study by the Agricultural

.............. .. X - Lw Environmental Protection Institute, wastewater irrigation has

caused crop yield reduction by 21 0 kg per hectare per year incoo 'jo0 ZNDoZ00 150 1011 50 0 paddy fields. Contaminants such as heavy metals and

organics present in the wastewater may also enter the crops

through irrigation. Fresh water fish farms and aquacultLre

are also affected by poor irrigation water quality. All theseIn terms of pollutant loads to the LRB, the LRBP will reduce adverse effects will be alleviated to some extent as a result of

COD load by 143,299 tons per year from the four cities and LRBP implementation.

additional 20,500 tons per year from the Yingkou paper mill.

In comparison, to completely eliminate the below-Category Other additional potential benefits to be brought by the

V surface water bodies basin wide, the LRB needs to reduce LRBP inCILide:

its COD discharge by 600.000 tons per year in the region. e Improved sanitation and hygiene for residents near LRB

The LRBP will contribute about 27% towards the COD rivers;

reduction targets, thereforc. * Increased property values for land and real estate along

LRB rivers;With regard to specific river sections downstream of the four Improved recreation and environmental aesthetics to the

project cities, significant improvements in surface water communities of the project area;

quality can be expected following the implementation of the I Increased revenue from tourism; and

LRBP. In all four cities and the two paper mills, mixed * Improved bio-diversity and ecosystem

industrial and municipal wastewater and stormwater is

currently discharged directly into the receiving water bodies 8.3 BOHAt SEA MARINE WATER IMPACTS

through numerous outfalls along the cities' waterfront. The

LRBP will intercept the majority of these direct discharges Impact on the marine environment in the Bohai Sea was

and divert them towards the proposed wastewater treatment predicted using a mathematical model which takes into

plants located downstream from the cities. The water quality consideration the hydrological characteristics of the marine

in the sections of rivers flowing through the project cities is environment such as mixing. dilution and diffusion, but not

expected to approach that of upstream from the cities, after its assimilative capacity. The modeling result indicated that

interception of the wastewater discharges. marine water quality would reach Category I standard if thetotal COD discharge into the Sea was 184,507 tonnes per

Quality of groundwater, a major domestic and industrial year or less from all rivers. After the implementation of the

water source, is expected to improve. This is because LRB LBRP, improvement in the marine environment can be

rivers are primary groundwater recharge sources and, in the expected as COD discharge to LRB rivers will be reduced by

case of the dry season, the sole source. An earlier 140,000 tonnes per year. If a Category I marine water

groundwater-monitoring program conducted during the EA standard were achieved, the model further indicated that

15

fft Montgomery Watson/LUCRPO

COD concentration 4000 meters from the shoreline into the total flow in the Liao river, the Panjin treatment plant issea will be 0.7 mg/L, close to the background concentration expected to contribute up to 18% of the improvement infor organics in such an environment. water quality in the Liao river and will thus contribute to the

improvement of the Reserve through better water quality.

Another indicator of marine water pollution are the

occurrence of red tide events, caused primarily by excessive Figure 13: Raw sewage discharge to Shenyang canalnutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Recorded red tide

events have been an increasing concern in the Bohai sea andtheir occurrence has increased from one in the 1950's to 34

in the 1990's. The extent and duration of the events has been

rising as well. Fishery resources in the Bohai sea have also

been affected. Over the last 10 years, the total availablefishery resources have declined by 27% while sustainable

resources declined from 130,000 tons per year to 95,000 tons

per year. The declining fish stock in the near-shore hasdriven fish catching activities into the deeper ocean. While

general pollution of the marine water environment plays a

role in the declining fish stock in the Bohai sea, studies have

found that the primary reason for the decline is over-fishing

and red tide events. 8.5 AIR AND ODOR IMPACTS

The primary air emissions from the wastewater treatmentAn EU funded assessment has showed that the majority orover 90% of nutrient discharges into the Bohai sea are from plants will be odors generated from the operation of aeration

tanks and sludge handling processes. The pumping stationsagriclturl an marne-cltura souces.Muniipal could also be a source of odors. The main constituents of

wastewater discharge is responsible for less than 10% of thesuch odors are NH3, H2S, and methyl sulfide.

total nutrients discharged into the sea. For this reason, the

first phase of the LRBP project will not include dedicatedAn air diffusion model was used in the EA to predict the

nutrient removal processes, although the design makesconcentrations of the air emission constituents which cause

provision for such processes to be added in future phases. the odors. The modeling results (Table 8.1) indicate that the

distance required to achieve the residential area standards8.4 WETLAND ANI) ESTUARY IMPACTS

varies from about 100 m from the treatment plant in PanjinThe Shuangtaizi Natural Protection Zone, about 30 km from to up to 400 m in Shenyang. Within this distance, there is no

Panjin city, has suffered the adverse impact of human residential or other sensitive receptors surrounding the

activities in recent decades. Vegetation, wild animals, birds, treatment plants, except at Shenyang. Xiaoyu village is

bio-diversity and water storage and flood control capacity located 300 m from the Shenyang wastewater treatment planthave all been affected. Especially serious is considered to be site. The current WWTP site is located in the opposite

polluted water influx to the Zone from the Liao river. prevailing wind direction from the village. However, on the

infrequent occasions when wind direction changes towardsThe impact of the LRBP to the Reserve will be positive. In the village, the residents may be able to smell odors from the

particular the wastewater treatment plant in Panjin will treatment plant.intercept and treat 100,000 m3/d raw wastewater currently

discharged to the Liao river 30 km upstream of the Zone. There will however be a significant positive impact in terms

Although the treatment capacity is small compared with the of air quality improvement related to the project. Currently,

16

0 Montgomery WatsonlLUCRPO

tens of thousands of urban and rural residents live close to expected to be below the day time standards of 60-65 dB(A)

open ditches or canals which essentially carry nothing but and night time standard of 55 dB(A). In Panjin, however, the

raw sewage. The site investigation of these areas and night noise at the boundary will te up to 61 dB(A) for the

discussions held with the residents have shown that there are treatment plant and 63 dB(A) for pumping stations,

nuisance odors, as well as other health and hygiene concerns, respectively. These exceed the night day noise standard by

from these open sewers. Particularly in the summer, such about 8 dB(A). For the wastewater treatment plants which

odors and other concerns are bad. With the LBRP's sewer are located in suburb countryside, there is no sensitive

upgrading and interception pipeline components, many of receptors although the incremental increase of noise against

the open sewers will be converted to underground, properly- the currently quiet baseline noise is high. In the more

engineered box culverts and sewers. The wastewater congested and built-up area in the city wherc the pumping

treatment plants in the project will substantially improve the stations are to be located, any exceedance in noise standards

water quality of the receiving waters. Both will substantially could be a concem. The two pumping stations in Panjin are

reduce the odor from these sources, bringing significant located in an industrial area which is not considered noise

environmental, health, sanitation and aesthetic benefits to the sensitive.

project area and residents.

8.7 SLUDGE DISPOSAI. IMPACTS

Table 8.1 Odor Standard and Protected Distance The four municipal and one industrial wastewater treatment

Items City NU3 H'S Methyl plants of the LRBP will generate a total of 880 tonnes/day ofsulfide sludge containing 80% moisture. The Shenyang plant alone

Smelling threshold 0.1 0.00 0.0021 will generate 560 tonnes/day sludge. This represents a large(mg/m,

3) 047

Bo/ndary Jniniit 1.5 0.06 0.007 and complex task for handling and final disposal of sludge in

(mg/m3 ) a safe, proper and environmentally responsible manner.Residential 0.2 0.01 - Three miethods have beeni considered for sludge disposalstandards (mg/mn) within the LRBP:T ype of smell Acidulous Bad Acidulous

eggsr Aui * Sanitary landfill disposal, in Shenyang, Jinzhou,egg~ sulfur

Impacted distance Shenyang 200 100 400 Yingkou and for Yingkou paper mill;(M) Jinzhou 130 90 lO0 * Sludge composting, in Shenyang and Panjin. Jinzhou

Panjin 102 98 91 and Yingkou will also consider the option ofYingke,u 110 o10 140 composting, subject to further feasibility studies for

composting technologies, the economics and the market8.6 NOISE IMPACTS for the compost products in the regions; and

Main noise sources during the operation phase includes the * Temporary sludge storage, in Shenyang because the

sound of lifting pumps. sludge pumps and blowers in the amount of sludge generated is too large to be disposed

wastewater treatment plant and submerged pump motors in of by the above first two options alone and because the

the pumping stations. The noise at the source is 92-95 dB(A) compost produced cannot be absorbed by the users due

for various equipment at wastewater treatment plants and 93 to seasonal demand for compost.

dB(A) inside pumping stations. About 30 m from a pumping

station, the noise level is attenuated to 61 dB(A). There are municipal solid waste disposal sites in Shenyang

(Laohuchong), Jinzou (Nanshan) and Yingkou (Xipaotai).

A fixed source noise attenuation model was applied in the All three cities have in place plans to upgrade and convert

EA to forecast noise impacts. The modeling results show that these sites into sanitary landfills. The main upgrading

except for Panjin, noise levels at the property boundary of nieasures will include installation of separation layers at the

the wastewater treatment plants and pumping stations are all bottoms of the landfill to protect the groundwater, leachate

17

a) Montgomery Watson/LUCRPO

collection system, site drainage control, application of daily

cover and other engineering and operation control measures Sludge hauling is another potential environmental concern.

to minimize the impacts of the landfills to the surrounding Potential leakage from trucks, odors as well as heavy traffic

environment. The relevant authorities in the municipality of of hauling trucks themselves would affect the environment

Jinzhou and Yingkou have reached agreement with the and residents along the haul routes. In both Shenyang and

wastewater treatment plants for each landfill to accept the 80 Jinzhou, where the hauling distance is significant (32 km and

t/d of sludge for co-disposal with the cities' municipal solid 12 km, respectively), ring roads have been designated for

waste. The case in Shenyang is more complex. After the first sludge transportation, to avoid heavily populated areas or

phase of the landfill upgrading, the landfill will have a business districts. Special, water-tight hauling trucks will be

limited daily capacity of 750 tons. After discussion, the used to avoid odors and leaking from contaminating the haul

landfill will accept 250 t/d of sludge. routes.

Figure 14: Indiscriminate solid waste dumping Shenyang Windrow composting will be used to stabilize the sludge and

produce a sanitary, nuisance-free, pasteurized, humus-like,

nutrient-containing material which may be used as fertilizer

supplement and soil conditioner in the field. This technology

is selected because of its reliability, economics and

simplicity. In addition, in the countryside of Liaoning

province, windrow composting has been used for hundreds

of years to process night soil and animal waste for

agricultural applications. An additive such as wheat straw

will be added to the sludge before composting and the

windrows will be turned manuaUly once or twice a week.

Total composting time will be 4-6 weeks (shorter in the

summer) and composted sludge will be stockpiled on site for

another 4 weeks for curing. A drainage control system will

A key potential environmental concern is contamination of be constructed and the leachate and surface runoff from the

groundwater by leachate from the landfills. This will contain sludge processing area diverted back to the treatment plants

high concentrations of organics and heavy metals present in less than 1 km from the composting sites in both Shenyang

the sludge. The installation of impermeable layers and and Panjin.

interception drains at the landfills will prevent the leachate

from percolating into the ground and allow collection and An available market for compost products is the key for

treatment of leachate. In Shenhyang and Jinzhou, a leachate sustainable operation of the composting process. Panjin is

treatment plant is included as part of the landfill upgrading surrounded by saline land and compost will be used for soil

while in Yingkou the leachate will be pumped back to the conditioning and land reclamation. In Shenyang, the

municipal wastewater treatment plant since it is only 2 km compost product is to be used for the city's greening project

away. of the city. Both cities plan to supply the compost product

free of charge at the beginning. In view of concern at the

There are no sensitive receptors in the areas surrounding the heavy metals in the sludge, neither city plans to use compost

landfills. Furthermore, good landfill management techniques for agricultural application. However, all project cities plan

will be adopted, including daily coverage of newly deposited to launch studies of the applicability of sludge for

sludge with a 20-30 cm layer of clean soil to minimize odor agricultural application. The composting operation is

and flies nuisance. planned to be expanded once agricultural use of the

lS

Montgomery Watson/LUCRPO

composted sludge has been proven safe and interest in the Construction Phase

product in the local market has been developed. * Construction sites, transportation routes and materials

handling sites will be water sprayed in dry, windy

A large quantity of sludge will be generated in Shenyang. A conditions Lip to 4-5 times a day, especially if these sites

site near the wastewater treatment plant has been set aside are near sensitive areas, such as villages and residential

for temporary sludge storage. In particular, the need for areas.

compost for landscaping may be seasonal and the compost L Construction activities will be scheduled carefully to

product will need to be stored temporarily between minimize the impact of noise from construction

application seasons. The temporary sludge storage facility machinery to the surrounding environment. Night timewill allow the city time to undertake a feasibility study for a use of certain noisy plant such as pile-drivers, concrete

safe, economic, environmentally responsible and sustainable vibrators, etc. will be prohibited.sludge disposal method. * In conjunction with the relevant authorities, traffic plans

will be prepared ahead of construction in congested8.8 Socio-ECONOMIC IMPACTS urban centers, particularly in areas where roads will be

Resettlement and compensation plans have been prepared closed or sem-closed for construction.and are set out in a separate "Resettlement Action Plan" e Sewage and other waste from construction camps will

(RAP). A summary of land acquisition and people affected is be collected and diverted to municipal systems to avoid

shown in table o.2. contamination of the surrounding areas.0 Temporary land occupation, particularly in the

Table 8.2 Project Affected Land Statistics agricultural areas, will be planned well ahead of theconstruction. '[his will be undertaken in consultation

Project City Permanent Land Temporary Land with farmers and others affected to minimize loss ofAcqluisition (ha) (ha)LAnduis Peoplea Land Peopcrops. At the end of the construction, land will beLand People Land People

__________ Acquisition Affected ______ Affected reinstated to its original condition.Shenyang 58.4 356 38 0Panjin 8.2 1,300 6.1 ( Operational PhaseJinzhou 6.0 36 7 21 * Operational procedures will be carefully followed, andYingkou 8.0 24 2.4 238 plants and sludge disposal facilities will be operated asTotal 80.6 1,716 53.5 259 designed.

* Contingency plans will be developed for the discharge

8.9 ENVIRONMX1ENTAL MITIGATION MEASURES of raw wastewater into the receiving environment. The

Design Phase plans will anticipate power failure, overflows,* All project sites will be carefully selected to avoid or equipment malfunctions and other conditions that may

minimize potential impacts to the environment. affect the proper functioning of the plants.* The Shenyang plant layout will be designed in such a * Regular consultation with residents in the nearby

way that the source of noisc and odor will be located as communities will be undertaken. Prompt response to

far away from Xiaoyu village as possible. any concerns with regard to operation of the facilities

* Mitigation measures such as composting site drainage will be made.

control, leachate collection and conveyance to the

treatment plant will be incorporated into the designstage.

19

a Montgomery Watson/LUCRPO

9. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING

PLAN 9.2 ENVIRONMENTIAL MONITORING

9.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT In order to ensure that the project is implemented in

Several organizations will take responsibility for compliance with relevant environmental standards and

environmental management and monitoring. They are: regulations and in accordance with the EA, a comprehensive

* Liaoning Provincial Construction Commission, will take monitoring program has been prepared for water, air and

the ultimate responsibility for environmental protection noise. The plan covers both the construction and operation

and management. This organization is the overall phases of the LRBP for all four project cities. The

leading agency for project implementation; monitoring program is summarized in Table 9.1 and the

* The Project Managemiient Office (PMO) of each project estimated cost of the monitorinig program is presented in

city and LURCPO is the working group for project Table 9.2.

management under the Construction Commission, will

be responsible for day to day environmental

management during the construction phase. Their Table 9.1 Environmental Monitoring Program

responsibilities will include engagement of professional Environment Monitoring Construction Operation

supervision and monitoring services, allocation of Category Items Phase Phase

budget for environmental management, response to Watcr Parameters Oil, pH, SS. SS. pH, COD,

environmental monitoring reports and the taking of wastewater BOD,

appropriate mitigation actions. They will also handle flow wastewater flowI.ocations Uipstrcam and Inlet and outlet

any environmental events which may occur during downstream of eachdownstream of each

construction. of the adjacent treatment plant;

* Liaoning Provincial Environmental Bureau and its rivers upstream and

municipal counterparts will be responsible for downstream of

enforcement of environmental regulations and standards adiacent rivers

and review of environmental monitoring reports. Frequency 3 consecutive Inlct and outlet

* Environmental monitoring stations operated by days a year monitoring

Provincial and local EPB's will undertake twice a day;river monitoring

environmental monitoring of air quality, noise, water twice a year.

quality, and other impacts to the environment from the Groundwater Parameter Hardness, pH, COD, iron, E. coli,

project construction and operations. Locations 100 m upstrcam, 100 m

* The individual Wastewater companies will be downstream, and 5()( m

responsible for day to day environmental management downstream

during the operational phase. Frequency Twice a year, at high and lowflows respectiv ly

Air Parameter TSP Odor, TSPA training program, will be undertaken during project Locations I at treatment I at the nearest

implementation for management and technical staff from the plant sites and village and I

above mentioned organizations. Training course contents 3 at pipe sites near the plants

will include environmental regulations, wastewater treatment Frequency 2 consecutive 3 days each in

technologies, environmental monitoring, sludge handling days a year hot and cold

and disposal, and handling and responses to environmental seasons for TSP

incidents. In total, it is planned that 90 people will participate aind FH2S.Daily in the

in the domestic environmental training and 25 in overseas summer for

training courses. odor.

20

@) Montgomery Watson/LUCRPO

Environment Monitoring Construction Operation third round was designed to ensure public awareness of the

Category Items Phase Phase EA effort and final project definition and mitigation by

Noise Paramctcr DB(A) dB(A) presenting a draft EA report to the public through

Locations Construction Boundary of the information disclosure procedures. As part of the process ofsites plantsSensitive Nearnst villages public participation, telephone hotlines have beenreceptors maintained in each PMO to solicit public comments. Details

Frequency Once a week Twice a year in of the three rounds of public participation undertaken are

winter and presented in Table 10.1.summer

Table 10.1 Three Rounds of Public Participation

Table 9.2 Summary of Monitoring Cost Round Project Stage Main Objective

Environmental Monitoring Cost First Project * Identify stakeholdersProject City Estimates (RMB/Year) (screening) identification! * Sccure PMO commitment to

Construction Operation Total Environmental public consultationphase phase screening . Agree on the extent and mode

Shenyang 49.000 77,0(10 126,000 of consultationPanjin 34.000 48,00(1 82,000 * Initial public concerns aboutJinzhou 37,000 57.000 94.000 the LRBPYingkou 40,000 61,000 101.000 Second Before * Communicate project andTotal annual cost 160,000 243.000 403.(0() finalization of impact information

EA TOR * Invite public opinions andconcerns

10. PUBLIC CONSULTATION * Prepare for the TOR* Initial response on mitigation

Community Stakeholders were consulted during the project measures

EA, particularly those who will be directly affected by the Third After EA draft * Communicate EA findings

Project. These included urban and rural residents near rcport * Finalizing mitigation measures

proposed pipelines, wastewater treatment plants, and sltdge * Overall public acceptance ofthe LA effort

disposal sites. The primary methods applied to publict

participation included public meetings/hearings, interviews,n ~~~~~~1 0.1 PUBLIC MEETIN GS

questionnaires, and use of public media such as newspapers.

The EA team organized and chaired the public meetings In all three rounds of public participation, public meetings

which were also attended by project planners, design were held. Public meetings allow direct communication with

engineers, government officials from the project the public and allow semi-literate individuals the opportunity

management offices and LURCPO. to participate. Details of these meetings are sumrnarized inTable 10.2.

Consultation has been undertaken throughout project

preparation. Each of the project cities have carried out at

least three rounds of public participation. The first round

focused on environmental screening to define public

concerns and to assist identification of key environmental

issues. The second round was designed to draw public

response and comments on the initially developed mitigation

measures for the potential adverse impacts identified. The

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tm Montgomery Watson/LUCRPO

10.2 PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY

Table 10.2 Summarv of Public MeetingsPublic opinion surveys have been undertaken as one of the

City Date Time Locations No. of key tools of public consultation. The questionnaires,participants prepared by the EA team, were widely distributed to the

Shenyan 7/2/00 5 pm Yuliangpu 150 public. Details of public opinion surveys undertaken areg 8/4/00 village meeting 148

12/8! hall, Xiaoyu 149 summarized in Table 10.3 and Table 10.4.

2000 village mcetinghall Table 10.3 Public Opinion Survey (No. of People

Jinzhou 7/10/ 3 pm Dishuihu village 90 Surveyed)20001 meeting hall

7/30/ Dishuihu 88 Background Item Shenyang Pan- Jinzhou Yingkou Total20001 village meeting rotal 1668 681 665 673 4167

11/28/ hall 93 Sex Male 917 348 336 348 22072000 ._F emale 751 333 329 325 1960

Panjin 7/7/00 3 pm Wangjia village 9(1 Age 18-35 636 293 287 264 1134

8/6/0() meeting hall, 89 36-60 900 321 301 351 213512/10/ 9( >60( 132 67 77 58 3702(000 Profession Cadre 504 202 166 298 1285

Yingkou 9/10/ 3 pm Yingkou Public 89 Framer 602 180 208 66 12362000 Utility Bureau Worker 334 176 180 196 10018/51() Yingkou 9( Student 126 87 76 85 422

Drainage Other 102 36 35 28 223Education Primary 18 9 8 4 44

school12/1ll Yingkou Public 96 Junior 639 214 288 248 15832000 [) Utility Bureau middle

school

In addition, several smaller scale informal public meetings Senior 387 174 131 198 997

were held at the pumping station sites. Figure 13 shows middleschool

attendance at the public meeting held at Yuliangpu, Vocation 296 151 102 102 747

Figure 15: Yuliangpu Village public participation _University 328 133 136 121 796

meetingTable 10.4 Organizations Participated in the Survey

Entity Number No. of People in the- ____________________ ________ ~~ ~~~~Organizations

lDI1| 1111 3*. hi iii EU lGovernmental agencies 76 4560

Institutions and NGO's 65 4615=~ mum _ iCorporations 89 400,501

5Villages 1(1 39,608

10.3 RESULTS OF CONSULTATION

While the overwhelming majority of the public strongly

supported the objectives of LRBP, concerns were expressed

at the potential impacts, both long-term and short-term,

during the construction and operation phases of the LRBP.

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Montgomery Watson/LUCRPO

For each of the concerns expressed during the public Other comments and recommendations received from the

consultation, a corresponding mitigation measure has been public included:

developed and communicated to the concerned public. Table * Rational planning and design should be undertaken to

10.5 summarizes the concerns and mitigation measures screen possible alternative options to achieve best cost-

proposed. effectiveness:

* Sufficient funds should be provided to the WwTP

Table 10.5 Public Concerns and Responses Company to ensure sustainable operation;

* Construction period should be minimized;Public Opinions * Adequate safety measures such as warning signals.

Po)tential Mitigatioln ____

Potential Meitigatire People Satisfatemporary road diversions and fences should beImpact Measure People Satisfactory

_______ _surveyed (%) installed.Air-borne dust in . Periodical water 1100 100construction phase spray 10.4 INFORMATION DISCLOSURE

S Speed timit forvehicles Advertisements have been placed in the most popular

Noise and . Rationalize 1100 100 newspapers in all four project cities at least twice to describevibration in cerdstrulctio the project and its potential impacts and to invite the publicconstruction phase schedule

. Minimizc night to express their concems about the project. In addition, thecoilstructiota draft EA reports and other project related information

Traffic hold ups . Excavati(o 1080 98 including project environmental information have beendur ing controlled at-id placed in both project management offices andconstruction phase minimized at any environmental institutes involved in the EA for public

one location* Proper disposal of review and comments. The telephone hotline at the EA

spoil teams manned by environmental specialists is another source* Good planning to, of information to the public about the project and potential

relieve tratficcongesti, n project impacts.

Wastewatcr and * Use of septic tank 1071 97solid waste * Dispose solid waste 11. CONCLUSIONSproduced in in landfill The environmental assessment for the LRBP has drawn theconstruction cam4ps ______construcLion camps ~~~~~~~~following conclusions:Odor in operation . Keep odor sources 1100 100

covered or indoor * The LRB has been suffering acute water shortage andNoise in operation * Proper insulation of 1 l()( 10() severe pollution in virtually all its rivers. The region hasphase noise sources only limited industrial wastewater treatment and even

Sludge hauling .avoid populated 1100 100 less capacity for municipal wastewater treatment. As aarea, timing theareaulmg mt mrnug tresult of the direct discharge of contaminants into itshauling in mormng

and night tim_e waterways surface water pollution has been worseningLeachatc from . lining and leacbate 998 91 and has threatened the quality of groundwater and thesludge landfill site collection and Bohai sea.

smallsize treatieneti * The LRBP, to be partially financed by the World Bank,~~~~~~~facility at landfilts

Compensation fosr * Compensate 679 85 fits well into the integrated environmental managementfarmland according to statc plan for the basin. This is one of the top state andacquisition policies provincial pollution control priorities. While the LRBP

Competsation for * Compensate 30 82 alone cannot resolve the problem and meet thehouse demolition according to state

policies government goal for surface water quality. it will be akey step and contribute significantly towards achieving

the goal.

23

Montgomery WatsonlLUCRPO

* The benefits of the LRBP are large. It will cut the COD

load to the basin by about 27%, improve surface waterquality in the reaches of the rivers in the four project

cities to be Category V or better and will improve waterquality downstream from the cities. It will help alleviatc

contamination of groundwater, the Bohai sea and the

wetlands. Health risks related to contaminated water

supply and odors will be reduced.* The LRBP will also cause some adverse impacts to the

environment. During the construction phase, dust, noise,construction camps, construction materials extraction,traffic hold ups and cross river construction will be

experienced. During the operation phase, noise, odors,

sludge hauling, sludge disposal and land acquisition willimpact the villages around the project sites. With carefuldesign and implementation of appropriate mitigation

measures, however, these adverse impacts can bemitigated.

* To further ensure environmental protection and properimplementation of mitigation measures, anenvironmental management plan has been developed.

This includes government and local organizations.

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