World Bank Documentdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/en/629611492661483602/... · 2017-04-20 · GOVERNMENT)OF)MONGOLIA) Ministry)of)Energy) March)2016) COMPONENT(1:(SOCIAL(ASSESSMENTREPORT(P152343)MONGOLIA)SECOND)ENERGY)SECTOR)PROJECT)

GOVERNMENT OF MONGOLIA Ministry of Energy

March 2016

COMPONENT 1: SOCIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT P152343 MONGOLIA SECOND ENERGY SECTOR PROJECT

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1 P152343 Social Assessment Report

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This document is the Social Assessment Report for the World Bank Second Energy Sector Project in Mongolia prepared by the Ministry of Energy between September and February 2016. The purpose of the report is to provide an overview of the Project’s Component 1 (Rehabilitation of Distribution Networks) beneficiary population profile; assess the distributional impacts of Component 1 benefits on different stakeholder groups; identify differences in assets and capabilities to access Project benefits; and determine any applicable measures for future subproject planning.

Under the Ministry of Energy are the implementing units of two electricity distribution companies, Baganuur-‐South-‐eastern Region Electricity Distribution Network (BSEDN) and Erdenet-‐Bulgan Electricity Distribution Network (EBEDN).

As of 2015 the population in EBEDN and BSEDNs regions is 981,266 people, occupying 32.1% of the population of Mongolia. Data from 2010 suggestes that 51% of households in these regions were connected to the grid, however as of 2016 we know that all soums in Mongolia (except 2) are grid connected. Survey data from the social assessment suggests that on average 4 people live in one household, 53% of households live in ger dwellings and 23% in detached houses. The average dwelling size is 38 square meters. The most common electrical appliances in residences are lights, televisions, electric irons and refrigerators. The majority of grid-‐connected households have smart phones and 3 per 5 people browse the internet with these devices.

In terms of the gendered division of household labor, women bear the burden of unpaid work such as cooking, dishwashing, laundry, cleaning and clothes ironing. An estimated 37 hours is spent on household labor per week.

The findings of this social assessment confirm that all electricity consumers (in the Project target areas) -‐ institutional, industrial, commercial and domestic – will eventually benefit from more reliable energy supply than would be possible without the Project. Women and children will be particularly benefited by improved electricity services (new connections/reliability), critical for modern education, health and communications services, for relieving the drudgery of household tasks (washing, ironing, fuel collection), food security (i.e. refrigerator storage) and for facilitating small income-‐generating activities that help families.

In terms of negative social impacts, subproject civil works, may result in minor disturbances related to generation of dust, noise and movement of contractors. For the most part, these potential impacts are anticipated to be localized, of limited duration and will be readily managed through the Project Environmental and Social Framework and Environmental Codes of Practice.

Some new household connections (less than 200) will be established by the Project. The social assessment findings noted however that inability to pay connection fees (and equipment) may present a barrier for some poor households. The social assessment therefore recommends that support for households receiving new connections be further considered in subproject design.

Household internal wiring was identified as a common cause of electricity related issues and may prevent households from experiencing the improved reliability associated with the Project. Whilst internal wiring within household property is beyond the scope of the Project, this assessment recommends the provision of guidance to households on standardised internal wiring be further investigated by the distribution companies.

A lack of understanding about electricity usage, costs and meter functioning was identified during the social assessment. As such, a gender sensitive media campaign or user education program is recommended to improve household energy efficiency and safe usage, as well as use of the new digital meters which will be installed by the Project.


The social assessment examined electricity constraints among small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Many SMEs especially in ger districts reported they were unable to access 380 voltage connections, essential for operating certain machinery. The social assessment therefore recommends that the distribution companies consider reviewing their application processes to ensure that all SMEs seeking 380 KV connections can receive access.


CONTENTS

ABREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................................. 5

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 6

Project description ......................................................................................................................................................................... 6

2. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................ 4

Geographic Scope of Assessment .............................................................................................................................................. 4

Secondary Data Collection ........................................................................................................................................................... 4

Primary Data Collection ............................................................................................................................................................... 5

Sampling & Units of Analysis ...................................................................................................................................................... 5

Survey Administration .................................................................................................................................................................. 8

Qualitative Data Methodology .................................................................................................................................................... 8

Research Challenges ...................................................................................................................................................................... 8

3. SOCIO-‐‑ECONOMIC CONTEXT ............................................................................................................. 10

Demography and employment ............................................................................................................................................... 10

Type of dwelling and electricity source ............................................................................................................................... 11

Fire Incidents ................................................................................................................................................................................ 13

4. ASSESSMENT FINDINGS (HOUSEHOLDS) ...................................................................................... 14

Households Socio Economic Profiles .................................................................................................................................... 14

Household patterns of energy use ......................................................................................................................................... 17

Gender aspects of energy planning and time use ............................................................................................................. 17

Household Electricity Use ......................................................................................................................................................... 19

Reasons for Non-‐‑Connection ................................................................................................................................................... 20

Reliability of Connection ........................................................................................................................................................... 21

Household Energy Cost Considerations ............................................................................................................................... 30

5. ASSESSMENT FINDINGS (BUSINESSES) ......................................................................................... 32

Commercial Connections .......................................................................................................................................................... 32

Small & Medium Enterprise Considerations for Energy Planning .............................................................................. 34


Social Impacts and Risks ........................................................................................................................................................... 35

6. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................... 37

Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................................................... 37

General Recommendations ...................................................................................................................................................... 37

ANNEX I: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS FOR IDI AND FGD ..................................................................... 39

ANNEX II : FDG INSTRUMENT ............................................................................................................... 40

ANNEX III: IN-‐‑DEPTH INTERVIEW GUIDE ......................................................................................... 41

ANNEX IV: SURVEY INSTRUMENT ........................................................................................................ 44


ABREVIATIONS

Aimag Mongolia is divided into 23 ‘Aimags’ administrative provinces Bagh Administrative districts within a Soum BSEDN Baganuur -‐Southeastern Region Electricity Distribution Network CAPI Computer assisted interview EBEDN Erdenet-‐Bulgan Electricity Distribution Network ESMF Environmental Social Management Framework Ger A portable tent structure traditionally used by herders for shelter. HHs Households Khashaa A parcel of land allocated for private residential use MoE Ministry of Energy MMCG Mongolian Marketing Consulting Group NPTG National Power Transmission Grid NSO National Statistical Office PMO Project Management Office PIU Project Implementing Units SRS Sample Random Sampling Soum A rural administrative subdivision of an Aimag


SOCIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT

Mongolia: 2nd Energy Sector Project

1. INTRODUCTION

This document is the Social Assessment Report for the World Bank Second Energy Sector Project (hereafter ‘the Project’) in Mongolia. The purpose of the social assessment is to provide an overview of the Component 1 (see below) beneficiary population profile, assess the distributional impacts of Component 1 benefits on different stakeholder groups, identify differences in assets and capabilities to access Project benefits and determine any applicable measures for future subproject planning.

This document has been prepared by the Project Management Office (PMO) under the Mongolian Ministry for Energy (MoE) with assistance from the Mongolian Marketing Consulting Group (MMCG) a local consulting agency. Under the PMO are the implementing units (PIUs) of the two electricity distribution companies, Baganuur-‐South-‐eastern Region Electricity Distribution Network (BSEDN) and Erdenet-‐Bulgan Electricity Distribution Network (EBEDN). The social assessment was undertaken between September and February 2016.

Contained in this report is a description of the Project, the methodology applied for the social assessment, the findings from data collection, conclusions and recommendations.

Project description

The development objective of the proposed Project is to improve access to sustainable and reliable electricity services in selected regional distribution utilities and improve energy regulatory capacity in Mongolia. Key expected results from the proposed Project are: (i) increased access to electricity supply; (ii) reduced system interruption frequency due to distribution faults; (iii) generation capacity of renewable energy constructed under the Project; (iv) estimated GHG emission reduction; and (5) tariff policy recommendations published.

The Project is envisioned to consist of three components as described below:

Component 1. “Rehabilitation of Distribution Networks”. The purpose of this component is to reduce system losses and improve reliability of and access to electricity services in selected parts of the distribution network through strengthening of power infrastructure. This component will have three sub-‐components: (1.1) Upgrade and Expansion of BSEDN, (1.2) Upgrade and Expansion of EBEDN; (1.3) Rehabilitation of switchgears in the National Power Transmission Grid (NPTG). The social assessment contained herein relates to this component.

Component 2. “Solar Power Plant” will finance construction of a 10 MW solar PV power plant in the Western Energy System, as identified under Mongolia’s SREP Investment Plan. This component is outside the remit of this social assessment and is addressed through a separate social assessment.

Component 3. “Capacity Building” will cover project management, technical assistance and training including regulatory aspects. The purpose of this component is to strengthen the capacity of the project management office (PMO) under the Ministry of Energy and the implementing units (PIUs) of the regional distribution companies through provision of technical assistance, training and study tours. The component includes: (i) technical assistance for Project implementation and special studies; (ii) training programs to improve the project management capabilities; and (iii) project management cost.

Since most of the Component 1 investments are relatively small, for the sake of efficiency a “subproject” shall be considered to be a number of investments assembled together as a single procurement package.


EBEDN serves 74,328 customers spread over 94 soums in 11 aimags (see Figure 1). The majority of residential customers live in ger areas, where most residents are poor. The aimags include: Khuvsgul, Zhavkhan, Arkhangai, Govi-‐Altai, Bayankhongor, Bulgan, Uvurkhangai, Tov, Dundgobi, Umnugobi, Selenge. The majority of residential customers live in ger areas, where most residents are poor.

Figure 1: EBEDN Network in Mongolia

BSEDN distributes and supplies electricity to a total of 44,541 customers in the Baganuur District close to Ulaanbaatar and in 56 soums (villages) of 7 aimags (districts) as shown in Figure 2. The vast majority of the customers are residential households with a small portion of SMEs and mines.


Figure 2: BSEDN Network in Mongolia


2. METHODOLOGY

This section outlines the methodology applied for the social assessment, with field work undertaken between September 26th and October 28th 2016.

The specific objectives of the social assessment for Component 1 are the following:

§ Analyze distributional impacts of the intended Project benefits on different stakeholder groups. § Identify differences in assets and capabilities to access Component 1 benefits. § Confirm potential negative impacts and risks (relative to different stakeholder groups), and any

mitigations which could be incorporated into future subproject planning (i.e. consultation and participatory planning processes).

§ Confirm likely social development outcomes of the Project and assess whether additional measures are necessary to strengthen social inclusion.

The social assessment results will contribute to the finalisation of the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) where available; to the finalisation of indicators for monitoring and criteria for evaluation; and recommendations which could be incorporated into future subprojects prepared during implementation.

Geographic Scope of Assessment

The geographic scope of the social assessment is the 14 Aimags serviced by the two distribution companies. This includes the following Aimags: Khuvsgul, Zhavkhan, Arkhangai, Govi-‐Altai, Bayankhongor, Bulgan, Uvurkhangai, Tov, Dundgobi, Umnugobi, Selenge, Khentii, Gobisumber, Sukhbaatar as shown in the Figure below. Secondary data collected was across all 14 aimags, primary data collection focused on Orkhon (Bayan-‐Under soum, Erdenet city) and Baganuur district of Ulaanbaatar.

Figure 3: Geographic Scope of Assessment

Secondary Data Collection

Secondary data was collected on a variety of factors to support the preparation of a socio-‐economic profile for Component 1 as displayed in Table 1 below. This included: demography, population movements, population perspectives and grid connected households from the national statistics office. Data on grid

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connection applications were provided by EBEDN and BSEDN. Electrical fire incidents were sourced from the Emergency Authority. Detailed data at Soum level was often not available.

Table 1: List of secondary data by sources

№ Indicators NSO Census 2010 Date range Deadline range 1 Population number X Soum and bagh End of 2015 2 Population number X Age groups End of 2015 3 Household number X Soum End of 2015 4 Perspective estimation of population X Nationwide 5 Workforce 15 years and over X Province End of 2015 6 Workforce 15 years over employed X Province End of 2015 7 Unemployment rate X Province End of 2015 8 Average wage amount X Province End of 2015 9 Types of household dwellings X X Province 2010 10 Household electricity sources X X Soum 2010 11 Sources for household cooking X X Soum 2010 12 Applications for connections EBEDN/ BSEDN by sector 2013-‐2015 13 Number of customers EBEDN/ BSEDN As of Q3 2016 14 Fire conditions Emergency department -‐ Nationwide 2015-‐2016 Q3

Primary Data Collection

Primary data was collected in Bagnuur district and Orkhon Aimag (Erdenet city), to provide a contrast of the beneficiary population profile for Component 1. Potential primary data collection points were discussed by the World Bank, MoE and local consultants to determine which would provide sufficient contrast for the social assessment purposes. Erdenet and Bagannur were chosen as they represent key population centers for the two distribution companies. Erdenet is Mongolia’s second largest city, whilst Baganuur district is one of the largest rural population centres for BSEDN. Primary data collection, involved a mixed methods approach which included three key methods: household survey; Focus group discussions; and Key informant interviews. A detailed description of the methodology applied for these methods is provided below.

Sampling & Units of Analysis

The household survey needed to address all households’ living in Baganuur district of Ulaanbaatar city and Bayan-‐Undur soum of Orkhon aimag (hereafter ‘Erdenet city’). According to the Statistical Division of Orkhon aimag a total of 28,089 households and 98,750 people live in Erdenet city as end of 2015 (Table 2).

Table 2: Total number of households of Erdenet city and Baganuur District by type of dwelling as end of 20151

Type of dwelling # of HHs of Erdenet city # of HHs of Baganuur district

Apartment 14,953 3,427 Ger 6,491 3,174 Improved separate house 83 78 Simple separate house 5,958 1,755 Dormitory 522 -‐ Other type of dwelling 82 28 Total 28,089 8,462

1 Statistical Division of Orkhon aimag and Ulaanbaatar 2015


Sample size for Erdenet city: To address the social assessment objectives relative to the population profile, barriers and potential Component 1 benefits the survey scope covered all 28,089 households. Consideration was then given to the dwelling type of households (ger area or apartment), as ger area households will be the main beneficiaries of Component 1 investments and therefore important to capture in the sampling. In Erdenet city 52.3% of all households (14,690 households) reside in apartments. Based on above mentioned statistical data and considerations, a survey sample size with a 95% confidence interval2, 7% confidence level3, was calculated as shown below.

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Here: n – sample size, Z – Z score that corresponds to a confidence interval, p – the proportion of the attribute

expressed in decimal, e – percent confidence level in decimal

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0.9584n = 200 n =

A total of 200 units (households) were calculated for the survey with 95% confidence interval and 7.0% confidence level. Survey results or indicators are weighted i.e. estimated parameters of the population were determined using estimators. 140 grid connected households were selected from the ger area; 30 households not grid connected; and 30 households selected from the apartment area.

Sample size for Baganuur district: In Baganuur district, the scope of the household survey needed to cover 8,462 households and 28,419 people. Again, consideration was given to grid-‐connection status and dwelling type. Based on above mentioned statistical data and considerations, the sample size of the survey was calculated with a 95% confidence interval, 6.8% confidence level.

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0.52)(0.52)(1x 2(1.96)n =

Here: n – sample size, Z – Z score that corresponds to a confidence interval, p – the proportion of the attribute

expressed in decimal, e – percent confidence level in decimal

0.0046

0.9584n = 200 n =

A total of 200 units (households, HHs) were selected for the survey with 95% confidence interval and 6.84% confidence level. Survey results or indicators are weighted i.e. parameters of population were calculated using estimators. A total of 140 grid connected households were selected from the ger area; 30 households not grid connected; and 30 households selected from the apartment area. In Mongolian ger districts, registered ‘khashaa’ plots often include multiple ger tents and households living within the plot (i.e. extended family, renters). The main khashaa household can apply and be connected to the grid, common practice is to use

2 Confidence interval: Confidence intervals are constructed at a confidence level. It means that if the same population is sampled on numerous occasions and interval estimates are made on each occasion, the resulting intervals would bracket the true population parameter in approximately 95% of the cases. 3 Error level: High-‐level deviations of parameters from statistical indicators.


extension cords to connect other (secondary) gers within the khashaa. In order to collect information about distributional Project impacts and access to Component 1 benefits the survey planned to include at least 30 secondary connected households in khashaa’s.

Sampling Frame: the sampling design combined a list frame together with an area based frame. Google Earth maps and other information sources were used to develop an area based sampling frame for each baghs (see Baganuur example in Figure 3). Using an area based frame was chosen given its advantages: it’s easy to construct when the map is available and boundaries are clear; and problems do not arise such as units have moved or are not within a frame.

From Google Earth an area based frame for mapping the apartments was applied. We note that the size, distribution and shape of the apartment sections in each baghs are different.

Figure 4: Area based sampling frame in the Baganuur district

Household selection: Each door or household in the apartment and ger area were given an ID/ unique number. From the list of doors or households we selected 200 doors in each area (Erdenet city and Baganuur district) or households through the Sample Random Sampling (SRS) detailed in an MS-‐Excel sheet.

Instrument design: The survey, focus group and interview instruments were initially developed together with MoE, World Bank and the assessment leaders. Field pre-‐testing of survey instruments was then conducted along with methodology approaches such as how to find respondents and conduct interviews. The pre-‐test was conducted on October 8th with 15 ger area (grid-‐connected and not connected) and apartment area households in Baganuur district. Minor changes to the instruments were made, primarily to streamline questions (refer Annex I for the final household questionnaire). Subsequent to this a database was created for the household survey using the latest version of CSPro program.

The questionnaire design followed sub clauses of ISO 20252:2012, including 4.4.1 (Conception and design of questionnaires), 4.4.2 (Translation of questionnaires and discussion guides or any other Project-‐related documents) and 4.4.3 (Pre-‐testing questionnaires).


Survey Administration

Field interviewers and Supervisors training: The data collection team included 6 contract interviewers. The supervision and quality control on data collection process was conducted by data quality control team of 3 researchers. In performing quality control, the researchers called participating households and verified if the information collected was correct.

Data collection administration: The household survey was conducted through Face-‐to-‐Face Interview at the target households using computer assisted based questionnaire (CAPI) and carried out by trained interviewers. Interviewers were selected that are familiar with household surveys, participating in surveys and survey training at last two times. During training, the survey purpose, assignments of interviewers, interviewers’ manual overview and the questionnaire were explained. Household survey data collection was conducted from 7th of October to 18th of October, 2016.

Data entry and processing: A data entry form was created using data entry tools from updated versions of CSPro software program developed by the census. The census and Survey Processing System is a public-‐domain software package for entering, editing, tabulating primary data.

Data operators were responsible for computer data entry and submitting to the data editors. All errors occurred during data entry and verification was documented and archived.

Data processing, including tabulation, validity tests and estimation of mean for the Social Assessment was done by IBM SPSS 20 and MS-‐Excel worksheet.

Qualitative Data Methodology

The social assessment team applied the following three methods of qualitative data collection, with the totals show in Table 3 below. These included focus group discussions (FGD); In-‐depth interviews with people of acute social needs (IDI); and Key informant interviews with specialists (KII).

Table 3: Qualitative Data Activities

Respondents Erdenet city Baganuur district

FGD KII IDI FGD KII IDI Representatives of Small-‐Medium Enterprises 5 5 Engineer of Energy Distributor Station 1 1 Representatives of National Commerce & Industry Chamber 1 1 General Engineer of ongoing construction 1 1 Civil society Organizations and Owners Association 1 1 Not connected to electricity network HHs 1 1 Connected to electricity network HHs 1 1 Electricians 1 1

In addition to the quantitative survey, we organized 4 FGDs in Erdenet city and Baganuur district on environment issues, the energy service, community participation and current situation of energy services. We organized a total of 32 IDIs in Erdenet city and Baganuur district. Totally 4 interviews were conducted using semi-‐structured questionnaires.

Research Challenges

It should be emphasized that the survey results, mentioned in the report, are directly based on the electricity consumption, knowledge, attitudes and opinions of the households, which are grid connected, not connected to electricity and which share grid connections. The primary data collected herein is not intended to be representative of all Component 1 Aimags, however it is intended to contribute to the socio-‐economic profile


of the target areas and inform the Project team with regards to potential barriers, constraints to accessing component 1 benefits as well as the likley social development outcomes of component 1.

As descibed in Socio-‐Economic context chapter 3, secondary data was not always available at soum level. In addition, the most recent census in Mongolia was in 2010, therefore aimag level data could be considered as somewhat dateted and many not fully represent the current socio-‐economic profile, we note however that triangulation between secondary and primary data has been used to address these challenges.


3. SOCIO-‐ECONOMIC CONTEXT

Demography and employment

This section provides an introduction to the broader socio-‐economic context of the two beneficiary regions of Component 1, drawing on readily available statistical data. As of 2015 the population of Mongolia is 3,057,778 and is expected to grow to over 4 million by 20404. As of 2015 the population within EBEDNs network (see Table 4 below) is 438,496 people (approximately 128,232 households), which account for 14% of Mongolia’s total population. As of 2015, over 23,000 citizens migrated out from EBEDNs region and over 12,000 citizens moved into the region. The population within BSEDNs network (referred to as region) is lower, at 230,147 people (70,999 households), occupying 7.5% of Mongolia’s total population. The region has seen almost equal in-‐and-‐out migration as of 2015, with 6,300 citizens migrating away from the region and 5,359 citizens migrating in.

Table 4: Demographic data of the local area within the EBEDN and BSEDN regions as of 20155

Local area Total population

15 and above years old

Total household

Migration 6 Moved Arrived

Local area within EBEDN Orkhon (2 soums) 100,731 72,724 28,089 3,263 2,374 Bulgan (16/all soums) 60,014 43,198 18,479 1,800 1,072 Arkhangai (19/ all soums) 92,059 64,547 26,727 1,706 637 Uvurkhangai (19/all soums) 112,353 78,561 33,438 2,639 849 Tuv (Undurshiree, Erdenesant, Buren, Delgerkhaan soums) 10,836 7,633 3,334 3,578 2,303

Khuvsgul (Rashaant, Ikh-‐Uul, Tarialan, Jargalant, Galt, Shine-‐Ider, Erdenebulgan) 29,903 20,704 8,678 2,016 874

Selenge (Baruunburen soums) 3,123 2,102 891 3,900 1,999 Dundgovi, Saikhan-‐Ovoo soum 2,150 1,516 640 -‐ -‐ Zavkhan, Ikh-‐Uul soum 6,078 4,073 1,682 2,073 703 Umnugovi, Mandal-‐Ovoo soum 1,620 1,169 530 1,369 1,130 Bayankhongor (Jinst, Bogd, Bayanlig, Bayan-‐Ovoo, Bayan-‐Undur, Shinejinst, Bayantsagaan soums)

19,629 13,443 5,744 1,614 545

Total 438,496 309,670 128,232 23,958 12,486 Local area within BSEDN Dundgobi (14 soums/without Saihkan-‐Ovoo) 42,279 30,094 13,260 792 1,152

Dornogobi (14 soums) 65,267 45,310 20,018 1,912 1,505 Gobisumber (3 soums) 16,522 11,257 5,017 677 799 Khentii (17 soums) 72,609 50,748 23,484 2,919 1,903 Tuv, Mungunmorit soum 1,985 1,447 758 -‐ -‐ Ulaanbaatar, Baganuur district 29,088 20,739 8,462 -‐ -‐ Sukhbaatar, Tumentsogt soum 2,397 1,717 735 -‐ -‐ Total 230,147 161,312 70,999 6,300 5,359

Employment within EBEDN’s region as of 2015 is higher than that of BSEDNs region. Likely reflecting the employment opportunities available in Orkhon (Erdernet city) as one of the country’s largest industrial towns. The economically active population aged 15 years and over within EBEDNs region is 413,352 people (see Table 5), of which 94.6% are employed. The unemployment rate in EBEDNs region is 5.8%, compared with BSEDNs

4 National statistics office of Mongolia 5 National statistics office of Mongolia 6 National Statistics office of Mongolia (the above indicator is not available at soum-‐level, therefore, we included results of the provinces, related to EBEDN and BSEDN regions.)


region which is 11.7%. The average monthly wage of citizens is MNT 695,400 ($285 USD) and the maximum wage is MNT 1,060,800 (USD $435). The economically active population aged 15 and over within BSEDNs region is 565,813 of which 90% are employed workers. In 2015 the average monthly wage was MNT 756,000 (USD $309).

Table 5: Employment & unemployment rate, monthly wage average within EBEDN & BSEDN networks as of 20157

Aimags Workforce # 15 years & over

Number of employed aged 15 and over

Unemployment rate %

Average wage (thous.MNT)

Aimag within EBEDN Orkhon 39,841 39,401 1.1 1060.8 Bulgan 26,923 26,432 1.8 657.5 Arkhangai 42,133 39,275 6.8 615.4 Uvurkhangai 41,888 41,039 2.0 621.3 Tuv 47,010 45,398 3.4 639.6 Khuvsgul 57,927 54,829 5.3 619.6 Selenge 36,982 35,965 2.7 693.5 Dundgobi 20,557 18,913 8.0 671.9 Zavkhan 32,995 28,240 14.4 659.9 Umnugobi 27,656 23,568 14.8 761.7 Bayankhongor 39,440 37,856 4.0 648.1 Total 413,352 390,916 5.8 695.4 Aimag within BSEDN Dundgobi 20,557 18,913 8.0 671.9 Dornogobi 26,860 22,892 14.8 810.0 Gobisumber 5,770 5,070 12.1 804.6 Khentii 28,003 22,596 19.3 652.4 Ulaanbaatar 453,863 412,893 9.0 956.2 Sukhbaatar 30,760 28,620 7.0 640.6 Total 565,813 510,984 11.7 756.0 Grand total 1,164,060 1,067,589 8.3 868.5

The main economic sector of Orkhon province is mine quarries, with Erdernet being the second largest city in Mongolia and notable for the Erdernet copper mine. A range of hotels, shops, services (beauty, photographers, shoe repairs, TV repair workshops, dry cleaners, canteens) and trade services are available8. The main economic sector in Baganuur district is also mining, however these operations are smaller and therefore less attractive for associated small and medium scale enterprises.

Type of dwelling and electricity source

Whilst slightly outdated, data from the Population and Housing census in 2010 (recent data is unavailable) suggested that the registered number of households within EBEDNs region was 232,473 households, of which 61% live in ger dwellings and 38% live in houses. The registered number of households in BSEDNs region was 366,813, of which 34% households lived in ger dwellings, 64% live in houses, and 1.4% households live in dwellings not designed for residential purposes. This is in comparision with the nationwise total of 45.2% which live in gers; whilst 53.6 live in houses.

7 National Statistics office of Mongolia, Labor Force Survey (the above indicator is not available at soum-‐level, therefore, results of the aimags are included relative to, EBEDN and BSEDN regions.) 8 www.erdenet.mn


Figure 5: Household dwelling type, within EBEDN and BSEDN networks from Census 2010

Data from the 2010 census finds that 60% of the total households, living in EBEDNs region, were connected to the central grid, 30% used renewable energy and 5.6% were not connected. In BSEDNs network 73% of households, were connected to the central electrical grid, 18% used renewable energy and 3.2% were not connected to electricity. However, data provided by BSEDN suggests that as of 2016 approximately 26 households are not connected to the grid whilst this is 138 households in EBEDNs region.

Table 6: Household electricity sources within EBEDN & BSEDNs networks by Population & Housing census 2010

Aimags Source of electricity (% of households)

Grid connected

Diesel station

Renewable Energy

Small-‐ electric generators

Not connected

Local area within EBEDN Orkhon (2 soums) 96.2 -‐ 2.6 0.4 0.8 Bulgan (16/all soums) 56.9 -‐ 34.4 3.5 5.2 Arkhangai (19/ all soums) 46.0 -‐ 40.5 4.9 8.6 Uvurkhangai (19/all soums) 58.8 1.0 31.9 2.6 5.7 Tuv (Undurshiree, Erdenesant, Buren, Delgerkhaan) 32.7 0.2 53.6 6.8 6.7 Khuvsgul (Rashaant, Ikh-‐Uul, Tarialan, Jargalant, Galt, Shine-‐Ider, Erdenebulgan) 47.0 -‐ 42.8 2.7 7.5

Selenge (Baruunburen soums) 47.4 -‐ 47.0 0.9 4.7 Dundgovi, Saikhan-‐Ovoo soum 49.6 -‐ 36.1 11.2 3.1 Zavkhan, Ikh-‐Uul soum 52.0 0.4 36.5 1.7 9.4 Umnugovi, Mandal-‐Ovoo soum 44.6 1.4 46.0 0.5 7.5 Bayankhongor (Jinst, Bogd, Bayanlig, Bayan-‐Ovoo, Bayan-‐Undur, Shinejinst, Bayantsagaan soums) 12.3 -‐ 66.8 8.7 12.2

Total 60.1 0.3 30.9 3.1 5.6 Local area within BSEDN Dundgobi (14 soums/without Saihkan-‐Ovoo) 60.4 -‐ 30.6 3.8 5.2 Dornogobi (14 soums) 76.1 1.9 13.9 2.6 5.5 Gobisumber (3 soums) 87.8 -‐ 9.8 0.7 1.7 Khentii (17 soums) 68.1 0.2 21.5 3.8 6.4 Tuv, Mungunmorit soum 45.2 -‐ 44.8 2.9 7.1 Ulaanbaatar, Baganuur district 96.0 -‐ 1.4 1.5 1.1 Sukhbaatar, Tumentsogt soum 64.4 -‐ 21.3 5.7 8.6 Total 73.1 0.6 18.3 3.0 5.0 Grand total 76.7 2.7 15.6 1.8 3.2

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Ger House Non5residential


According to the Population and Housing Census (2010) the majority of households in EBEDNs region (61%) used firewood for cooking fuel, whilst this is dried dung in BSEDNs region (37.8%). This may reflect the environmental conditions in EBEDNs aimags, which include more forested areas, whilst BSEDNs aimags include more desert conditions. Conversely in 2010, 12.6% of EBEDNs region used electricity for cooking and 25.7% in BSEDNs region.

Table 7: Household Cooking Fuel Type, in local areas within EBEDN & BSEDNs networks from the Census 2010

Aimags The types of fuel, used for cooking (% of households)

Electricity Gas Firewood Coal, brick Dung Other

Local area within EBEDN Orkhon (2 soums) 42.3 0.6 56.3 0.4 0.4 -‐ Bulgan (16/all soums) 3.7 0.5 76.1 0.4 19.1 0.2 Arkhangai (19/ all soums) 2.6 0.5 85.4 0.3 11.1 0.1 Uvurkhangai (19/all soums) 5.8 0.3 38.0 12.0 43.7 0.2 Tuv (Undurshiree, Erdenesant, Buren, Delgerkhaan soums) 2.4 0.2 0.5 1.7 95.1 0.1

Khuvsgul (Rashaant, Ikh-‐Uul, Tarialan, Jargalant, Galt, Shine-‐Ider, Erdenebulgan) 0.3 0.7 96.6 0.2 2.1 0.1

Selenge (Baruunburen soums) 0.5 0.3 84.7 0.1 14.4 -‐ Dundgovi, Saikhan-‐Ovoo soum 2.1 -‐ 0.4 1.8 95.7 -‐ Zavkhan, Ikh-‐Uul soum 0.3 0.4 98.8 -‐ 0.4 0.1 Umnugovi, Mandal-‐Ovoo soum 10.9 0.7 0.7 20.7 67.0 -‐ Bayankhongor (Jinst, Bogd, Bayanlig, Bayan-‐Ovoo, Bayan-‐Undur, Shinejinst, Bayantsagaan soums)

3.5 0.2 1.3 2.0 91.0 2.0

Total 12.0 0.5 60.1 3.5 23.7 0.2 Local area within BSEDN Dundgobi (14 soums/without Saihkan-‐Ovoo) 14.5 0.5 0.8 18.0 66.1 0.1 Dornogobi (14 soums) 40.6 2.8 3.7 24.2 27.9 0.8 Gobisumber (3 soums) 47.3 0.7 1.4 34.3 16.3 -‐ Khentii (17 soums) 18.4 0.5 39.0 4.3 36.8 1.1 Tuv, Mungunmorit soum 2.0 0.3 95.9 0.6 1.2 -‐ Ulaanbaatar, Baganuur district 50.3 0.4 11.0 35.3 2.8 0.2 Sukhbaatar, Tumentsogt soum 14.8 0.3 -‐ 0.2 84.7 -‐ Total 29.3 1.1 16.6 17.8 34.5 0.7 Grand total 31.8 1.1 26.7 21.5 18.4 0.5

Fire Incidents

As of the 3rd quarter of 2016 there were 3111 reported fires in Mongolia, of which 15% were caused by misuse of electricity. The fires in 2016 resulted in losses of MNT 7.2 billion, 29 people died, 29 people were injured and 1294 dwellings were destroyed. Compared to the same period last year the number of reported fires decreased by 22.4%. The reasons for the fires during the reported period include: i) 2097 cases caused by open flames, sparks and ash; ii) 491 cases from maluses of electricity; iii) 189 cases from improper electricity assembling; and iv) 105 cases from technical electricity damage9.

9 Emergency Department, Fire conditions as of October 2016


4. ASSESSMENT FINDINGS (HOUSEHOLDS)

This section further describes the socio-‐economic profile of the Project beneficiary regions, using quantitative (survey) and qualitative data (FDGs/KIIs) from the social assessment in late 2016. Consideration is given to different households and groups to identify differences in assets and capabilities to access Project benefits.

Households Socio Economic Profiles

A total of 402 households were interviewed for the household surveys in Baganuur district and Erdenet cities, with 62.4% female respondents and 37.6% male as shown in Table 8. The average age of survey respondents was 3910 and 16% of respondent housholds were headed by females. The average family size was 4, with a maximum of 12 people11 in one household. The majority of respondents (53%) live in ger dwellings and 23% live in detached houses. The average size of the dwellings in ger districts, is 38 square meters12. Nearly all respondents were connected to electricity (96.5%). The survey data suggests that 20% of respondent households share electricity between other households13, a common practice in Mongolia.

Table 8: Socio-‐economic profile of household respondents by source of electricity

Selected indicators Household (% of Respondents) Connected household Not connected household Total

Gender of the respondents14 Male 97.4 2.6 37.6 Female 96.0 4.0 62.4 Relationship to the head of household15 Head of household 96.8 3.2 46.3 Spouse 95.9 4.1 42.3 Child 97.3 2.7 9.2 Other (relatives) 100.0 -‐ 2.2 Household head Gender16 Male 96.4 3.6 83.6 Female 97.0 3.0 16.4 Type of dwelling17 Ger 94.4 5.6 53.2 Detached house 97.9 2.1 23.4 Improved detached house 100.0 -‐ 9.0 Apartment 100.0 -‐ 14.2 Other 100.0 -‐ 0.2 Grand total 96.5 3.5 100.0 Note: an ‘improved detached house’ has been constructed and connected to all or one of the following public service systems: central water supply, sewage, heating, ventilation, electric, and commutation systems. A ‘detached house’ is generally located in ger areas, with one or more rooms and used for residential purposes; it is not connected to any central water and heating supply systems besides electricity.

For both locations, the respondent households have been living in their current plots for an average of 9.4 years (median 6 years), with 57 years being the maximum residence18. The majority of households have been connected to electricity since 1959s with the original source of electricity being the Mongolian and Russian

10 Household data collection tool, Q.3 11 Household data collection tool, Q.8 12 Household data collection tool, Q.6 13 Household data collection tool, Q.6 (cross with Q.9 khashaa) 14 Household data collection tool, Q.1 (cross with Q.12) 15 Household data collection tool, Q.4 (cross with Q.12) 16 Household data collection tool, Q.4.1 (cross with Q.12) 17 Household data collection tool, Q.5 (cross with Q.12) 18 Household data collection tool, Q.2


distribution system. On average 2 households live in one khashaa, with a maximum of four households sharing a plot19. The vast majority (85%) live in their own dwellings, whilst 6% pay rent to live in others’ dwellings.

In terms of khashaa status/ownership in respondent ger districts the majority (62%) live in their own khashaa plot, while 27% rent within anothers khashaa (see Table 9). In terms of property ownership status over 51% of respondents in Baganuur district own their khashaa plot with a certificate of immovable property; 18.5% are occupants with land occupancy certificates. In Erdernet city, over 48% of survey respondents own their khashaa plot with a certificate of immovable property. A total of 13% of respondents were occupants without any documents. Between the two survey locations, dwelling ownership was slightly higher in Baganuur along with khashaa rental as compared to Erdenet city20.

Table 9: The status of ownership of dwelling and khashaa by location

Selected indicators Location (% of Respondents) Baganuur district Erdenet city Total

The status of ownership of dwelling21 Owned / co-‐owned 52.6 47.4 85.6 Owned with credit or leasing 18.2 81.8 2.7 Right of tenure / protected tenant 42.9 57.1 1.7 Rented 66.7 33.3 3.0 Occupied for free (although not owner) 32.0 68.0 6.2 Other -‐ 100.0 0.7 Total 50.2 49.8 100.0 The status of ownership of khashaa22 Owned / co-‐owned 43.5 56.5 62.0 Owned with credit or leasing 50.0 50.0 0.6 Right of tenure / protected tenant 69.6 30.4 6.7 Rented 71.4 28.6 2.0 Occupied for free (although not owner) 59.1 40.9 27.0 Other 50.0 50.0 1.7 Total 50.1 49.9 100.0 Certificate status of this khashaa plot23 Owner of khashaa plot with certificate of immovable property 51.8 48.2 47.5 Owner of khashaa plot with governor’s order to own the land 75.0 25.0 1.2 Occupant with land occupancy certificate 65.3 34.7 14.2 Occupant without any document 26.7 73.3 13.0 Other 49.4 50.6 24.1 Total 50.1 49.9 100.0

The survey data suggests that 10% of households run small scale business activities inside their khashaa plot, with slightly more undertaking business activities in Erdenet as opposed to Baganuur24. As shown in Figure 6, grocery stores, vegetable sales and wooden product production were the most common activities inside khashaa plots in both locations25.

19 Household data collection tool, Q.7 20 Household data collection tool, Q9 khashaa (cross with location) 21 Household data collection tool, Q.9 dwelling (cross with location) 22 Household data collection tool, Q.9 khashaa (cross with location) 23 Household data collection tool, Q.10 (cross with location) 24 Household data collection tool, Q.11 (cross with location) 25 Household data collection tool, Q11.1 (due to rounding)


Figure 6: % of respondents with business activities inside Khashaa of Baganuur District & Erdenet city 26

The average monthly income of respondent households is MNT 803,249 (USD$325) with the average monthly expenditure being MNT 671,319 (USD$271). The monthly incomes and expenditure between Baganuur district and Erdenet city are relatively similar (see Table 11 below). The average monthly income of respondents in Baganuur district is MNT 766,266 (USD$310), consistent with census data from 2010 (see Section 3). They spend on average 81% of their income on household consumption. In Erdenet city the average monthly income of respondents is slightly higher at MNT 840,419 (USD$340) and they spend on average 86% of their income on household consumption. In both locations, rent and housing costs accounted for the largest component of monthly household expenduture (59%). Households spend average MNT 22,893 (USD$9.3) on electricity each month. The survey respondents pay 2.8% of their average monthly income on electricity bills each month.

Table 10: Average monthly expenses and average monthly income of the respondent households in MNT

Selected indicators Baganuur district Erdenet city Total

Type of expenses27 Food and drinks 182,709 194,003 186,964 Rent and housing charges* 208,571 481,250 398,261 Heating charges (coal, wood, fuel) 30,784 53,973 42,496 Communication and transport 57,785 89,452 73,539 Clothing & footwear 80,026 70,013 74,981 Medical care 27,242 27,765 27,514 Education 86,537 67,307 76,108 Social charges, pension & income taxes 109,272 96,778 103,584 Other (domestic appliance, loan) 49,520 125,058 86,133 Grand Total (without rent and house charging) 623,874 724,347 671,319 Average of monthly salary28 766,266 840,419 803,249 *Rent fee is considered even if the property owner or the renter has lease29

26 Household data collection tool, Q.11.1 (due to rounding) 27 Household data collection tool, Q51 28 Household data collection tool, Q52 29 From the 202 households in the select area, 7 households rent and housing charges From the 200 households in the select area, 16 households rent and housing charges

12.52.52.5

5.05.05.05.05.05.0

10.020.0

25.0

Other (make gloves, running kiosk, make bridle )

Car wash

Food processing

Car, electronic products repair centre

Tailor shop(clothes, shoes etc.)

Sells coals

Make weld

Farmer

Make block

Make wooden products

Sells garden vegetables

Grocery store


Household patterns of energy use

Nearly all households connected to the grid had televisions (97%), electric stoves (99%), fridges (98%) and lighting (98%), with very similar results between locations. Furthermore the vast majority use smart phones (97%) with over 63%30 browsing the internet from their phones. Meanwhile very few of those not connected to the grid had such appliances, nor did many have smart phones (2.4%), see Figure 7 below. Less than 15%31 of all households were connected to the internet, likely reflecting that the majority of survey respondents were from ger districts, which lack such infrastructure.

Figure 7: Availability of electric appliances in households by selected indicators 32

Gender aspects of energy planning and time use

The survey data suggests that in most households’ women undertake the majority of unpaid household labor such as cooking, dishwashing, laundry, cleaning (see Figure 8). The participation of girls between 5-‐15 years is higher in activities such as dishwashing, cleaning and ironing than in other house activities.

30 Household data collection tool, Q54 31 Household data collection tool, Q53 32 Household data collection tool, Q14 (cross with location and Q12, direct questions (Yes, No))

94%

95%

96%

97%

98%

99%

100%

Connected Not2connected


Figure 8: Family Members Undertaking Household by labour by percentage of respondent

As shown in figure 9, on average 37 hours a week are spent on unpaid household labor. The survey data suggests that there is little difference in the gender division of household unpaid labor. Men and women both reported spending the same hours per week, however, men spend 3 minutes more time than women on cooking and spend 20 minutes less than women doing laundry. Other gender studies in Mongolia, such as those by the United Nations, suggest that in rural areas (especially pastoral areas) women tend to be heavily engaged in unpaid work, and there are some indications that women’s labour has increased with the growth in the livestock sector, whereby women are devoting 2.5 hours more per day to unpaid work, than men33.

Figure 9: Average Time (minutes) spent on unpaid household labour by electricity and gender 34

The reported time spent cooking, washing, cleaning and ironing was similar between households with electricity and those without. Notably, households without electricity spent more time cleaning. However, we

33 http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan038216.pdf 34 Household data collection, Q48 (cross with location and Q12)

9.0 8.0 7.5 8.5 7.2

80.872.9

83.3 78.1 83.1

Meal preparation Washing dishes Washing clothes Cleaning house Ironing clothes

Senior woman (55 or above) Senior man (60 or above)Boy (5-‐15 age) Girl (5-‐15 age)Adult man (16-‐59 age) Adult woman (16-‐54 age

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Cooking Washing1dishes

Washing1clothes

Cleaning Ironing

Connected1 Not1connected

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Cooking Washing1dishes

Washing1clothes

Cleaning Ironing

Female Male


note the Figure does not include time spent traveling to friends’ homes to wash/iron, which is discussed later in this chapter.

Household Electricity Use

In terms of cooking and energy use, the majority of households (43%) do not use any electrical appliances for meal preparation common in Mongolia given use of stove fires, whilst 38% did use electricity for cooking (see Figure 10). The majority of households (64%) do not use electricity when cleaning their homes. Survey data suggests that 77% of households use electrical appliances for laundry and 84% use an electric iron. Therefore, we note that electricity usage amongst households is primarily for cooking, lighting and laundry purposes.

Figure 10: Sources used for doing typical household labour 35

For households not connected to the grid, they use a stove fuelled by firewood, dung or coal for cooking. Thus spending additional time collecting fuel such as dung, firewood and coal from the market. These households also experience other challenges, such as lighting for children to complete homework in the evenings, and spend considerable time traveling to wash-‐iron clothes and uniforms at households who have electricity36. Resulting in opportunity costs for other activities. See Box 1 below, for direct quotes from survey respondents.

Box 1: Challenges for Households Not grid-‐connected

My children do their homework with candle light. We live in the province center, however, my children live at the school dormitory. When they go to school, they face many risks and dangers such as dark streets, angry dogs and so on. It’s almost impossible for small children to do their homework. We wash our clothes manually and do not dream of wearing ironed clothes. I just need to find a flame iron. Currently I iron clothes at someone else’s home as I don’t want my children going to school in dresses that are creased.

I have tried to share the cable from a household with electricity power. But shared electricity was weak and the appliances turn off. I store food that will spoil in a friends refrigerator. And I carry a piece of meat for daily meals every day. The family, which stores our meat, is located 2 km from us. If we had money, we would have bought all appliances and installed an electricity line. But our salary is just enough for food and clothes. We try to wear cheaper clothes to save money, but still cannot afford it. If we have electricity, we will store our food at home, avoid visiting others homes to iron our clothes, save money and buy a washing machine. But

35 Household data collection tool, Q48 (cross with location and Q12) 36 Focus group discussion tool, Households not connected to electricity in Erdenet city

38.8

17.9

77.4

25.1

84.3

43.3

53.2

19.2

64.2

11.4

17.9

28.9

3.5

10.7

4.2

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Cooking3meals

Washing3dishes

Washing3clothes

Cleaning3house

Ironing3clothes

Appliance By3Hand Other3(Gas/Fire)


now we spend much for public transportation to go here and there. And also we waste much time. Residential Not-‐connected, Erdenet city

Reasons for Non-‐Connection

The social assessment sought to understand reasons for non-‐connection in ger districts. The main reason was distance (see Figure 11), over 71% of the respondent households with no electricity are located too far from the nearest electricity line, and therefore, cannot be connected to the grid37. On average, those not connected were 171 meters to the nearest line, with the farthest distance being 600 meters and the closest distance 2 meters38. Survey data suggests that 78% of households not connected are aware of how to get connected and interestingly some 40% have home lighting. When this was queried, respondents explained that they share a cable from the elecricity pole to their home (i.e. they are secondary households within a khashaa). In order to get an official connection a citizen, must: i) apply to the Customer service center, ii) bear the expenses for the materials for the new connection, iii) make a contract on supplying electricity power, and vi) receive high quality and standard execution of network connection and only after such steps the citizen is connected to electricity39.

Figure 11: Resons for lack of electricity connection (% of respondents)

For households not grid-‐connected, the survey sought to understand their future plans, expectations and willingness to pay with regards to electricity connections. The survey data found that 85% of households not grid connected40 plan to connect within the next 12 months. Furthermore, 91%41 expect to spend less than MNT 500,000 (USD $205) for installing an electricity line. Respondents said they can afford a maximum MNT 500,000 and a minimum of MNT 30,000 (USD $12) for installation42. There is a calculation that a household requires on average MNT 1,000,000-‐1,500,000 (USD$411-‐617) to connect to the grid43. The households not connected to electricity expect to pay on average MNT 13,583 (USD$5.50) a month after the electricity is connected. The average ger area household residential monthly bill in EBEDN’s networks is between MNT20,000 (USD$8.1) (cold season) and MNT25,000 (USD$10.1) (summer season) and MNT 20,000 (USD$8.1)

37 Household data collection tool, Q13 38 Household data collection tool, Q20 39 Ulaanbaatar Electricity Distribution Network state owned JSC, Manual for electricity users, http://my.tog.mn 40 Household data collection tool, Q22 41 Household data collection tool, Q23 42 Household data collection tool, Q24 43 Focus group discussion tool, Not connected electricity household, Erdenet city

Distance)to)Electricity)Line

72%

Cost21%

7%

Distance)to)Electricity)Line Cost Meter)Exploitation)period)has)expired


and MNT 25,000 (USD$10.1) in BSEDNs network44. Therefore we can conclude that responedents expect their bills to be lower than the average residential monthly bills in each of the networks.

Box 2: Grid-‐Connection Perceptions

A household requires on average MNT 1,000,000 to connect to the electricity power: if 3 households buy one electricity pole, the average cost will be MNT 40,000. Depending on the distance from the sub-‐station the cost will be MNT 300,000-‐500,000. Moreover, rental payment for a crane to install the pole (per hour) and other expenses are required, altogether, a household requires on average MNT 1,000,000. Although there are many households in our region, just a few of them now live in their khashaas. In cold seasons they move to a place with electricity, some rent, some just beg for a living. Focus group discussion of households without electricity, Erdenet city

By connecting to electricity the households will be able to buy electrical appliances to relieve the drudgery of household labor, run a small and medium scale business inside their khashaas and children will have lighting to do their homework at night. Figure 12 displays respondents thoughts on opportunities associated with connection to electricity.

Figure 12: Opportunities by percentage for households after connecting to the grid 45

Box 3: Improved Access to Information

We are not connected to electricity, therefore, sometimes we use an electric generator. We spend 30 liters of fuel to run it for 4 days only. We receive news and information via word of mouth while on public transportation. We shared an electricity wire from a household with electricity for a while. But the electricians always yell at us as the household, who steals electricity. They are such impolite people.

Focus group discussion of households without electricity, Baganuur district

Reliability of Connection

The Project is anticipated to result in improved electricity reliability. Of the households surveyed who were grid-‐connected, 20% of them share electricity with other households46. This is usually via an extension cord between ger dwellings within one hashaa plot. Among surveyed households, 44% in ger districts have more

44 “Erdenet Bulgan Electricity Distribution Network” state-‐owned joint stock company and “Baganuur South Electricity Distribution Network” state-‐owned joint stock company 45 Household data collection tool, Q26 open ended 46 Household data collection tool, Q6 (cross with Q9)

28.6 28.6 28.6

14.3

Buy household electrical appliances

Watch TV and keep with current news

Run a small and medium scale business inside the

khashaa

Children can do their homework at nights.


than 1 household inside their khashaa, (see Figure 13) below for an example of multiple gers inside one Khashaa plot.

For those that share a connection, there are many challenges, from poor reliability through to reliance on the main household to pay bills on time. The survey found that among ger district households, 71%47 share one meter among the households. Of these households 63%48 share the monthly bill. Meanwhile 20% pay the monthly bill by themselves as the owner of the khashaa and 1.8% occupy the khashaa for free, therefore, they pay for the monthly electricity bills in return for free rent. A total of 2.8% live as temporary occupants, the owner, therefore, pays the monthly electricity bills49.

Figure 13: Example of a Khashaa land plot with 4 gers

Box 4: Sharing Electricity in the Khashaa

There are 3 households in our khashaa and only one cable goes from the electricity pole to our khashaa and the 3 households share from that cable. We are the third wire share. We pay the electricity bill in shifts. In recent months we pay MNT 40.000. We gave the meter indicator for inspection to the related institution. They concluded that there are no damages in meter indicators. We live at the end of the micro district, therefore, there is no street lights as well the waste is not collected and loaded on time. Focus group discussion with households connected to electricity, Erdenet city

In case more than one household is living in one khashaa, they branch out/share the input cable from the electricity pole from the electricity shield (See figure 14).

47 Household data collection tool, Q16 48 Household data collection tool, Q17 49 Household data collection tool, Q17 (cross with Q9)

Main cable

Sharing cable

Sharing cable

Sharing cable


Figure 14: Sharing electricity in a Khashaa across multiple Gers

The survey sought to understand the current types of meters in use and perceptions regarding meter readings among participant households. The types of meters currently used are presented in Table 11 below, the survey found that the majority (87%) of households use a pulse meter. Moreover, 72% of the households were unaware of what a ‘smart or digital meter’ was and for households who had heard about digital meters, they considered that the digital meters allow for control of consumption and are fully automatic50.

Over 38% of respondents did not believe that their current meter gave correct readings. Respondents noted that the problems (see figure 16), related to recording and reading the meter indication as well as bill payment. The most frequent issue reported was that the electricity bill was high as the meter indicator was wrong, even if the households consumption was low that month the bill was still high; when the household was absent for the month the electricity bill was the same as it was in the previous month. Issues with meter indicators were reported, such as that: people cannot control the meter indicators, suspect that the person writes the wrong readings, other household(s) use the meter secretly. The main process of calculating bills for EBEDN and BSEDN are similar. An inspector verifies and records the electricity meter indicator per household. Most of the respondents do not know the exact date when the inspector records the electricity counter indicators. As a result some households have conflicts when their electricity bill is too high at the end of the month and the citizens and the electricity distributing company have arguments. The households’ electricity meters are placed outside their khashaas and several electricity meters are placed ion one large box. (see Figure 15).

Figure 15: Examples of Apartment and Khashaa Electricity Meters

бөбыөыбөббббббббббббб

50 Household data collection tool, Q40 and Q41


Respondents noted that they want to be aware about: consumed kW and cost per kW; and how many kW per hour for different types of appliances. This awareness would assist in avoiding problems related to payments.

Table 11: Types of meters, used by households, and correctness of the meter indicators by location

Selected indicators Location % respondents

Total Baganuur district

Erdenet city

Type of electricity meter51 Full electronic meter 82.1 17.9 7.2 Pulse meter 45.3 54.7 87.6 Current transformers 100.0 -‐ 4.4 Prepaid meters 66.7 33.3 0.8 Electricity meter shows correct amount52 Strongly disagree (20%) 50.8 49.2 15.7 Disagree (40%) 70.8 29.2 22.9 Somehow agree (60%) 33.9 66.1 14.4 Agree (80%) 49.2 50.8 32.0 Strongly agree (100%) 39.6 60.4 12.4 Don’t know 30.0 70.0 2.6

Figure 16: Reasons for disagreements over meter readings (% of respondents) 53

51 Household data collection tool, Q15 (cross with location) 52 Household data collection tool, Q17.1 (cross with location) 53 Household data collection tool, Q17.2

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

1.3

2.7

3.4

6.0

1.3

2.7

5.4

10.1

14.1

13.4

43.0

Meter indicator runs quickly

Unaware about the date of taking records

Don’t believe to the meter quality

kW is low but the money amount is high

Suspect that someone else is also using the meter

Meter indicator is wrong, meter indicator fluctuate

The person makes wrong readings of the meter indicator

Cannot control the meter indicator

When one household is using, the bill is high but when 3 households are using the bill is low

Don’t trust as we cannot see the meter indicator by ourselves

We use a few electric appliances, however the electricity bill is till high

Fluctuate each month

The bill is same as it was in previous month even we were absent whole month

Bill is higher than consumption

Electricity bill is highPAYMENT

PROBLEM FOR METER ESTIMATED


Box 5: Household Energy Use

I live in ger district and electricity meters are changed frequently. We don’t know why the price for electricity power has increased. Even the consumption is same, the bill is higher. There is much fluctuation in the electricity bill, therefore, I think that it is abstract. They insist payment every time they verify the meters. It is impossible to control the meter indicators. They demand much money in addition to the electricity bill payment. They don’t inform but just cut off the power at once. The on-‐call technicians are too slow to arrive. And the inspectors are impolite and rude. Focus group discussion with households connected to electricity, Baganuur district

The table below shows an example for an electricity bill. The majority of the consumers think that the bill is calculated as the difference of previous and current meter indicators is multiplied by the unit kW evaluation, but the exact electricity bill includes:

- The difference between day and night tariff; - Basic price; - Support fee; - Additional capacity fee and additional fees.

We note that consumers reported often not understanding the additional fees; nor are the inspectors able to provide sufficient explanations when questioned about these charges.

Table 12: Example of an electricity bill

Respondents overwhelmingly described their bills as providing clear information; however they were less certain about the capacity of the electricity supplied and the correlation of their bills to their monthly

Paid%date: 08/15/2016 Paid date: 09/21/2016

Previous%indicator

Current%indicator% kW Tariff% Price% Previous%

indicatorCurrent%indicator% kW Tariff Price

8,462 8,597 135 98.4₮ 13,284₮8,597 8,747 150 98.4₮ 14,760₮8,747 8,778 31 118.4₮ 3,664₮

Basic price 2,000₮ Basic price 2,000₮Support 533₮ Support 714₮Capacity 0₮ Capacity 0₮VAT 1,582₮ VAT 2,114₮Sum of electricity power 17,399₮

USD$7.0

Sum of electricity power 23,252₮

USD$9.4


consumption. Nearly 78% of respondents were content with the information provided in their bill statement, see Table 13. Similarly, many were content with the capacity of their electricity 79%. However, fewer agreed that their consumption matched their bill statement (only 43.5%). This is consistent with issues mentioned during focus group discussions: inspectors making incorrect readings of meter indicators, inability of citizens to see their meter indicators and therefore confirm their consumption.

Table 13: Agreement of respondents with statements about the electricity power by location

Statement Location % respondents

Total Baganuur district

Erdenet city

Clearness of the information in electricity consumption bill 54 87.1 72.9 78.7 Provided with electricity power with good capacity 55 82.6 77.6 79.6

Bill suits the household monthly consumption 56 48.5 40.1 43.5

The following scheme shows the electricity bill of a household.

Figure 17: Process of electricity billing of a household

The survey sought to attain information on the reliability of the current electricity supply. The majority (47%) said it was good, whilst 40% said it was bad, 12% said it was poor57. Morning voltage quality (07:00-‐09:00 AM) was evaluated as good enough by 71.9% of respondents but less agreed with the quality in the evening (17:00-‐21:00PM) with only 52.2% agreeing it was sufficient (see figure 18). Respondents mentioned that the electricity voltage reaches the households unequally. That the electricity voltage is lower to households in the city suburbs. Sometimes the electricity voltage surges, which causes damage to electric appliances. Focus group participants believed the issues are usually caused by poor quality localized electrical assembling, which

54 Household data collection tool, Q.33 55 Household data collection tool, Q.34 56 Household data collection tool, Q.35 57 Household data collection tool, Q.29


causes fires58. We note that this is the participants perceptions regarding the reasons behind poor eletrical supply.

According to technical specialists, the input cables and internal household wiring, used by the citizens, often does not meet standard requirements, therefore, the electricity safety is lost. In other words, the citizens mostly choose cheaper input cables and inside assembling cable wires for their dwellings. This is often due to restrictions in household budgets59.

Figure 18: Electricity power supply service and voltage quality60

For those reporting poor electrical quality, they noted a variety of reasons with poor voltage perceived as the main issue, see Figure 19.

Figure 19: Perceived reasons for poor quality electricity supply services by location (% of respondents) 61

58 From results of focus group discussion with households connected to electricity 59 Key informant interview, Baganuur city 60 Household data collection tool, Q.31 61 Household data collection tool, Q30 (due to rounding)

Fair10.8%

Bad17.3%

Good71.9%

07:00-‐09:00 AM

Fair25.3%

Bad22.7%

Good52.1%

17:00-‐21:00 PM

21.3

8.5

12.8

23.4

31.9

48.9

Others (electricians maloperate, cut off without notification, unable to control the meters)

Plugs of the wire to the households is bad and cause damages

Electricity power often interrupts

Too long line

Electricity power distribution network company

Bad electricity voltage


Box 6: Reliability Experiences

We live at the end of the micro district and therefore, the electricity voltage is poor. Two households bought an air cable (MNT 170,000) and installed by ourselves. In order to have the air line, we bought and installed more than 200 meters of wire. We bought Monel TV from the Nomin Store but it burnt down within just a month. We took the burnt television to a repair person and he diagnosed as electricity voltage surge. In fact, the electricity reading is recorded wrongly. We matched the indicator, recorded by the inspector, with the meter indicator and it was recorded with 4 Kw more. So the inspectors just record roughly. Focus group discussion with households connected to electricity, Erdenet city

Half of survey respondents perceived that electricity power network lines and equipment must be modified in order to improve the current electricity power services (see Figure 20). This was followed by the need to improve the activities of the distribution companies. Which shows a reasonable level of knowledge among participants about the energy sector, given the aging infrastructure in the EBEDN and BSEDN networks requires upgrading.

Figure 20: Proposals about improvement of electricity power services by location (% of respondents62)

A large proportion of survey respondents have never called for electrical service assistance (40%). As for the households, which called for electricity service support, they made this over 2 months ago63. Typically, women aged 16-‐54 years old are responsible for fixing problems related to electricity for the household64.

The majority of households perceive that their current input wiring and internal assembling meets technical safety requirements; however experts also note that this is the key reason for low voltage and damage to appliances. As shown in Table 14, 75.2% believe their electrical wiring meet safety requirements. Meanwhile 89.4% of the total respondent households replied that input cable wires do not meet the requirements or they would buy new cable wires in case of sharing electricity. According to technical experts, households often use input cable wires and internal assembling wires, which do not meet the quality requirements, causing low voltage and damage of electric appliances. However over 32% of households need a voltage of 380V which

62 Household data collection tool, Q36 (due to rounding) 63 Household data collection tool, Q38 64 Household data collection tool, Q39

6.1

20.9

37.8

57.7

2.1

29.7

40.1

43.2

4.1

25.3

38.9

50.5

Others (taking measures to reduce electricity prices, install additional transformers, keep the meters inside each

household, build additional stations)

No improvements are needed as the services are good enough

By improving the activities of the electricity power distribution company

By modifying the lines and equipment of the electricity power distribution network

Total Erdenet city Baganuur district


enables them to do welding, run small productions and tailoring within the khashaas; as well as use for floor heating65.

Table 14: Quality of inserting cable and opportunities for buying new ones

Selected indicators

Percentage of respondents

Current input wires & internal assembling wires, used by HHs, meet requirements for technical safety operations 66

Input cable wires do not meet requirements, or the HH will

buy new wire in case of sharing others connection 67

Households, that require voltage of

380V68

Yes Yes Yes Location Baganuur district 72.5 85.7 28.2 Erdenet city 78.0 93.2 37.0 Gender for head of household Male 77.4 90.4 33.9 Female 65.6 84.4 25.8 Grand total 75.2 89.4 32.6

Box 7: Internal Wiring

When I am at on-‐call services, mostly the cable line is damaged, and bad quality cables cause damages. Internal assembling is damaged and they cannot change it. Households cannot change their switches, plugs, lights. Because they cannot afford electric devices, therefore, they cannot change them. Therefore, we just wrap the bad quality and damaged wires with electrical tape.

In-‐depth interview, Electrician, Baganuur district

As shown in Figure 21, electricity was highly preferred by survey respondents in terms of public maintenance priorities, over and above other local services.

Figure 21: Public maintenance services, preferred by the percentage of respondents 69

65 Household data collection tool, Q50.1 66 Household data collection tool, Q42 67 Household data collection tool, Q45 68 Household data collection tool, Q50 69 Household data collection tool, Q49


Household Energy Cost Considerations

Approximately 200 new connections will be part of the Project. However, to connect new households to the electricity grid, a challenge exists with the need for households to purchase their own cables and therefore data was collected during about cables. The survey data suggests that households purchased their current cable wires at an average cost of MNT 91,323 (USD$37). The cabels were purchased from construction material shops (43.2%), the ‘100 AIL’ construction materials market in Ulaanbaatar city (24.2%) and from individuals (4.8%). The households mostly purchase and use copper-‐cored cable from Russia70. Households bought their current cable on average 7 years ago71.

The survey found that on average households consume 148 kW of electricity a month during winter, and use 154 kW of electricity a month during the warm season. As shown in Table 15, the average electricity bills cost MNT 22,736 (USD$9.20) per month in winter and MNT 23,051 (USD$9.40) during the warm months. According to respondents, the deadline for electricity bill payment is 17 days on average during any season. Of the respondents, 52.1% of households pay their electricity bills at Customer service centers/branches and 43.8% of the respondents pay the bill at a bank.

Electricity cost awareness was included in the survey, with the findings suggesting that the majority of respondents were unaware of current tariffs. The cost of 1 kW tariff without VAT during the night is currently MNT77.1 and MNT104.3 during the day. A total of 91.5% of respondent households didn’t know the cost of the 1 kW tariff during the night, nor did 78.1% of them know the cost of 1 kW tariff during the day. Ultimately households thought that the tariffs were higher, than the true cost. They thought the average night terrif was MNT 82 and they daily tariff was MNT 119. Over 50% of the respondent households pay their electricity bills at Customer service centers (and branches), whilst 43.8% of the respondents pay their bill at a bank.

Table 15: Electricity cost per unit kW, average monthly payment by location and payment methods

Selected indicators Grand Average

Baganuur district

Erdenet city

Cold seasons72 Reference period Day 17 16 14 Quantity of electricity consumption kW 148 131 148 Payment MNT 22736 22636 22837 Warm seasons Reference period Day 17 17 17 Quantity of electricity consumption кВт 154 171 148 Payment MNT 23051 23279 22822 Tariff (1 kW)73 Day tariff (1 kW) MNT 119 105 131 Night tariff (1 kW) MNT 82 76 92 To pay for your electricity bills 74 Go to the bank % 43.8 87.1 12.9 Using internet and mobile bank to transfer money to customer service centre % 1.8 85.7 14.3

Go to customer service centre and its branch cashiers % 52.1 18.8 81.2 Other (deduction frim wage, pays to owner of house) % 2.3 44.4 55.6

70 Household data collection tool, Q43 71 Household data collection tool, Q44 72 Household data collection tool, Q18 73 Household data collection tool, Q19 74 Household data collection tool, Q27


Box 8: Household Electricity Knowledge

I have poor information about electricity power. I think more statements, meetings and discussions on electricity must be organized. We don’t know the price for 1 kW. And we don’t know about the type of meter we have, if the meter has day and night tariffs. We want to control the meter indicator. If someone invites me to see how the readings is made, I will be happy to join. I am sure that too frequent verification of the electricity meters is just for making profit. No one knows if the meters are really verified. I remember when we had the old black meters, they were not verified so frequently. It is not necessary to verify unless it is broken or damaged and the verification deadline must be longer, we don’t want to pay for sudden current expenses. Focus group discussion with households connected to electricity, Baganuur district


5. ASSESSMENT FINDINGS (BUSINESSES)

In considering social aspects of component 1 investments, there is potential for positive impacts on small and medium enterprises (SMEs); who may be a significant beneficiary for the Project, given they currently experience energy constraints. The social assessment therefore sought to capture and analyze data to provide more specific information on the current constraints and opportunities for SMEs in the target areas.

In order to establish a connection to the grid, every consumer is obliged to sign a contract with the electricity distribution network. The entities/consumers must provide the following documents.

- Certificate of immoveable property (cadastral drawing); - National ID card of the entity management/authority; - Confirmation of residence; - Meter certificate; - Technical conditions; - Earthing, connection protocols; - Entity certificate; and - Certificate of voltage transformer.

Technical conditionals are provided for new installations of 220-‐380V connections, building new facilities, buildings opening new industrial, service units, expanding industrial/service units, changing the purpose of premises, buildings and exploitation. Consumers must apply to the following authorities to receive technical conditions.

- Electricity distribution center for application of 220V voltage technical conditions; - Electricity distribution company headquarters for less than 1000 kW capacity technical conditions; - Ministry of energy for more than 1000 kW capacity technical conditions.

Commercial Connections

As of the 3rd quarter of 2016 EBEDN provides electricity for 7,118 entities75. Between 2013-‐2015 EBEDN received applications for grid connection from 1,441 entities, from which the technical conditions of 1,289 or 89.5% were solved as such, this means that since 2013, 152 business entities could not be connected.

Table 16: Percentage of technical conditions resolved for applicants, submitted to EBEDN over last 3 years 76

Branches Application for providing electricity

2013 % 2014 % 2015 % Total Entities HHs Entities HHs Entities HHs

Erdenet Total 14.2 18.0 18.1 20.0 18.0 11.7 47.0 Technical cond. solved 14.3 19.3 17.8 19.5 17.6 11.4 42.6

Kharkhorin Total 23.0 26.4 16.2 16.6 10.6 7.2 8.9 Technical cond. solved 23.0 26.4 16.2 16.6 10.6 7.2 10.0

Bulgan Total 24.6 14.0 26.7 13.3 13.2 8.2 21.6 Technical cond. solved 23.9 14.7 25.4 14.0 13.3 8.7 23.1

Arkhangai Total 24.5 17.2 28.5 12.4 12.4 5.1 10.4 Technical cond. solved 24.5 17.2 28.5 12.4 12.4 5.1 11.6

Uvurkhangai Total 23.6 25.8 9.3 11.5 14.9 14.9 12.2 Technical cond. solved 25.6 25.9 10.1 10.4 16.2 11.8 12.6

Grand total Total 19.4 18.8 19.8 16.4 15.3 10.3 100.0 Technical cond. solved 20.0 19.6 19.7 16.0 15.1 9.7 100.0

75 www.energy.gov.mn 76 “Erdenet Bulgan Electricity Distribution Network” state-‐owned joint stock company


Conversely, BSEDN’s network services a lower number of business entities, presently 3,689. This reflects the regional nature of BSEDNs network. As of the 3rd quarter of 2013-‐2016 BSEDN resolved the technical conditions of 402 applications, from which 49.1% were connected to electricity and 94.0% of the total places with electricity are entities. As such, this means that 178 business entities were not connected since 2013.

Table 17: Percentage of technical conditions resolved of applicants submitted to the BSEDN for last 3 years

Branches Application for providing electricity

2013% 2014% 2015% 2016% Total

Entities HHs Entities HHs Entities HHs Entities HHs

Baganuur Technical cond. solved 54.7 1.1 16.8 0.6 17.3 4.5 5.0 -‐ 44.2 Electricity connected 67.6 1.0 14.7 1.0 11.8 1.0 2.9 -‐ 51.3

Gobi sumber

Technical cond. solved 23.7 7.9 26.3 2.6 18.4 -‐ 15.8 5.3 9.4 Electricity connected 25.0 6.3 37.5 6.3 18.8 -‐ 6.3 -‐ 8.0

Dorno gobi

Technical cond. solved 29.3 6.9 27.6 1.7 17.2 -‐ 15.5 1.7 14.3 Electricity connected 30.0 5.0 40.0 -‐ 15.0 -‐ 10.0 5.0 10.1

Dundgobi Technical cond. solved 20.9 2.3 16.3 2.3 46.5 2.3 9.3 -‐ 10.6 Electricity connected 16.7 5.6 5.6 5.6 55.6 -‐ 11.1 -‐ 9.0

Khentii

Technical cond. solved 25.3 9.2 21.8 5.7 27.6 -‐ 9.2 1.1 21.5 Electricity connected 20.9 4.7 34.9 4.7 32.6 -‐ 2.3 -‐ 21.6

Grand total

Technical cond. solved 38.3 4.4 20.2 2.2 22.7 2.2 8.9 1.0 100.0 Electricity connected 45.7 3.0 22.6 2.5 21.1 0.5 4.5 0.5 100.0

Key informants were queried about the common reasons why business connections cannot be processed, the main reasons are displayed in Figure 22 below. In both Erdenet and Baganuur the capacity of the electricity equipment (i.e. lines and connections cannot overcome the voltage/tension) was a common reason, along with inability to pay for the connection and a lack of permission to undertake the associated business activity.

Figure 22: Common reasons why applicant businesses remain unconnected to electricity by location.

Baganuur'district

•The'capacity'of'the'electric' equipment'does'not'satisfy'the'consumption' of'the'related'business'unit' (lines'and'connections' cannot'overcome'the'voltage/tension)•The'applicant' discontinues' application•Unable'to'pay'connection' costs•The'business'connection' will'cause'defects'to'the'electricity' consumption' of'other'consumers•The'applicant' business'has'not' received'special'permission' to'run' its'activities

Erdenet'city

•The capacity of the electric equipment does not satisfy the consumption of therelated business unit•The examination of technical conditions confirmed that it will drop the electricityvoltage•It is impossible to provide the applicant with electricity power for a long time.•The buisness has no permission(s) on the land/real estate.•The applicant business has not received its special permission to run activities•Unable to pay the connection costs, based on the requirements for technicalconditions


Small & Medium Enterprise Considerations for Energy Planning

Given the known energy constraints for small and medium enterprises, the social assessment met with local business stakeholders to understand their perspectives on the energy sector as well small and medium business related considerations and opportunities. A total of 19 discussions were held with representatives of local small and medium-‐scale entrepreneurs, local chamber of commerce and industry, engineers from local construction sites, active citizens, and representatives of the associations of apartment owners.

The SMEs reported reduced business income for a variety of reasons including: lack of workers for physical labour; breakers are tripped when connecting more than 2 pieces of equipment within the micro district; too many steps to install the voltage of 380V; and high costs for installation of 380V.

Table 18 groups the most common electrical problems and perceived issues among small and medium-‐size businesses. The majority of problems are related on one hand, with a lack of information and knowledge about electricity consumption and on the other hand, with a lack of knowledge about electrical equipment and consumption. Key issues restricting businesses from effectively accessing the grid include the process for applying for 380V electricity connections and long wait periods. Conversly once they are connected, there are challenges with sudden power cuts (disconnection, breakers tripped), bill statements are percieved as high with unclear additional costs and issues resulting from poor quality wiring.

Table 18: Problems, reasons, solutions, & benefits, related to electricity among SMEs told by Respondents

№ Problem Reason Solution method Benefits 1. Improving the communication of service workers

1 Bad communication of electricians and inspectors

- Don’t know work duties. - Don’t have knowledge of communicating with people. - Impolite behavior to customers because feel stressful at work. - Get angry when clarifying information on electricity bills (don’t give explanations).

-‐Communication training for staff. -‐Consider communication skills of jobs applicants (i.e. selection criteria). -‐ Improve proficiency in providing explanations on electricity data. -‐ Correctly regulate the work load of workers.

Provide service employees with good communication skills and the customers will feel satisfied.

2. Improve the knowledge of the small and medium scale entrepreneurs on electricity

2 High service payment for installing 380V voltage

- People don’t know duration of connection process.

- People don’t understand the additional payments, on their electricity bills.

- People don’t know about the tariff for connecting to electricity.

- People don’t know the deadline to pay bills.

- Offer expensive input cables and internal wires.

-‐ Service workers should provide citizens with information about the services and quality of cable wires. -‐ Initial knowledge about the electricity power must be provided to the citizens beginning in secondary schools during physics and other lessons.

These measures would assist in resolving conflicts resulting from poor knowledge of citizens about electricity use.

3 Too many documents are required along with the application for electricity

4 Wait long until the application is solved

5 Additional payments on the electricity bills are unclear

6 Bad quality of electrical cable wires

7 High electricity bills 8 Sudden power cut offs

3. Rational use of electricity 9 Reduce ineffective

consumption - Lack of knowledge about the efficient use of electricity.

- Few electric appliances used but the electricity bill is high.

Provide the citizens with information and knowledge about efficient use of electricity.

Lower electricity bill


Participants were also asked about potential solutions to perceived problems and issues with grid connections and supply, see Table 18. They suggested improved electricity education in schools; improving peoples knowledge about choosing equipment for electricity power consumption, correct application (input cable, internal assembling wires and so on). Moreover, if the citizens are provided with information about the area, where 380 kW is available and it is possible to run trade and service activities there, it will reduce problems such as poor equipment working at low capacity due to electricity voltage and inefficient production as well as facilitating increase labor77.

Social Impacts and Risks

The Project will contribute to social and economic development, which is currently energy constrained. This section discusses potential social impacts (positive and negative) that could be brought about by the implementing the Project. A discussion of social risks is also included, which conversely may have consequences for the effective implementation of the Project. Each of these aspects is discussed below.

In terms of positive benefits, energy services are considered a crucial input to the primary development challenge of providing adequate food, shelter, clothing, water, sanitation, medical care, schooling, and access to information. Energy supports the provision of basic needs such as cooked food, a comfortable living temperature, lighting, the use of appliances, piped water or sewerage, essential health care (refrigerated vaccines, emergency and intensive care), educational aids and communication (radio, television, electronic mail, internet)78. Energy also fuels productive activities, including agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, industry, and mining. Conversely, lack of access to energy contributes to poverty and deprivation and can contribute to economic decline. A list of potential positive and negative impacts associated with the Project is summarised in Table 19 below.

Table 19: Project Potential Positive and Negative Social Impacts of Component 1 Investments

Potential Positive Social Impacts (benefits) Potential Negative Social Impacts

- More reliable energy supply for all electricity consumers (in the Project target areas) -‐ institutional, industrial, commercial and domestic.

- Extended electrification to currently unserved micro, small and medium enterprises.

- New grid connections for ger district households, potentially up to 200 new connections.

- Indirect impacts associated with improved educational environments (i.e. reliable supply of electricity for schools and HH lighting for completing homework, as well as more time for education activities through relieving the drudgery of household labour).

- Indirect/induced impacts, associated with improved communication (i.e. reliable electricity for radio, TV, email, internet usage).

- Induced impacts, on health of households associated with decreased use of indoor stoves for heating.

- Dust generation associated with minor civil works noise and movement of contractors.

- Noise generation associated with minor civil works. - Movement of contractors associated with minor

civil works.

77 From results of the in-‐depth interviews with the SME representation, Baganuur, Erdenet city 78 UNDP, World Energy Assessment, Chapter 2 Energy and Social Issues


- Indirect/induced impacts, associated with relieving drudgery of household tasks (washing, ironing, fuel collection) particularly for women and children.

- Indirect/ induced impacts associated with improved household food security (i.e. refrigerator storage).

- Indirect/ induced impacts associated with improved opportunities for small income-‐generating activities for households.

All electricity consumers (in the Project target areas) -‐ institutional, industrial, commercial and domestic – will eventually benefit from more reliable energy supply than would be possible without the Project. Women and children will be particularly benefited by improved electricity services (new connections/reliability), critical for modern education, health and communications services, for relieving the drudgery of household tasks (washing, ironing, fuel collection), food security (i.e. refrigerator storage) and for facilitating small income-‐generating activities that help families.

In terms of negative social impacts, subproject civil works, may result in minor disturbances related to generation of dust, noise and movement of contractors. For the most part, these potential impacts are anticipated to be localized, of limited duration and will be readily managed through the ESMF and Environmental Codes of Practice. For example, civil works will finish by 6pm on weekdays or earlier depending on the legal requirements; contractors mufflers are required to be in good condition; dust control measures will be implemented; households will be notified prior to civil works commencing. The ESMF also provides a grievance redress mechanism, so that households have a process by which they can raise any complaints associated with the civil works.

It is expected that under this Project no involuntary land acquisition, physical relocation of households or commercial entities will occur. It is anticipated that all works will be undertaken on the existing power distribution infrastructure, within the existing right of way or on government land. However, there may still be instances where land must be purchased through negotiated settlement or voluntary donation for small-‐scale works. As any sites and potential impacts on populations are yet to be finalised a Resettlement Policy Framework has been prepared and incorporated into the Project ESMF.

Social risks have also been evaluated, which could have consequences for the effective implementation of the Project. In terms of broad contextual social risks, the Mongolian national elections were held in June 2016, which have led to a change in political leaders as well as bureaucratic reshuffling. This presents a degree of uncertainty regarding future individuals (i.e. new directors of distribution companies) and their ongoing support for the effective implementation of the Project. However, as of this report finalization (January 2017) we note that none of the election related changes have so far effected commitment to the Project or related in delays.

There are some minor risks associated with vulnerability, such as households in ger districts who are currently bypassing the energy meter or direct hooking from the line, which will be become more difficult when new digital meters are installed as part of the Project. In addition, households level of knowledge and expectations regarding new connection costs may preclude their ability to actively participate in the Project. However, we note that not many new connections (approximately 200 household) will be established through the Project. The need for households to purchase cables for grid connections, the cost of these cables and given they are not covered by the Project, may also present risks some households from fully benefiting from the Project.


6. Conclusions & Recommendations

Conclusions

Households not connected to electricity: The main reason households cannot connect to the grid is: distance to the electricity pole; the load of the nearest electricity pole is full; and inability to afford the service fee and input cable wires to connect to the grid. The estimated cost of a new connection is MNT 1,000,000 (USD$408) and surveyed households can afford less than MNT 500,000 (USD$204). The payment for connecting to the grid varies, depending on technical requirements of the particular household. As such, inability to pay connection fees (and equipment) presents a potential barrier for poor households to receive new connections established by the Project.

New connections brought through the Project provide an opportunity to improve a variety of factors among beneficiary households. Highlighted during the social assessment were the following: i) improved access to information (i.e. current news); ii) children can complete homework in a comfortable well-‐lit setting; iii) improved food security, by being able to store food for longer in refrigerators; iv) relief from domestic labor such as laundry and ironing, with households previously traveling to other homes to undertake these tasks; v) reduced time spent collecting fuel for cooking and laundry, including reduced household expenditures on fuel.

Households connected to electricity: In order to consider distributional impacts of the Project on those connected, the social assessment evaluated beneficiareis ability to access the improved reliability of electricity and services (i.e. new ditital meters). According to technical experts the cable wires usually don’t meet the quality requirements, resulting in poor quality connections and voltage issues. Furthermore on-‐call electricians confirm that most incidents are caused by poor quality cables wires and sharing the electricity power.

Many concerns raised by households will be addressed through the Project’s use of digital meter technology. Issues raised such as incorrect meter indication and/or wrong readings by the inspector, unplanned amounts on the electricity bills. Households are often stresed when electricity bills are higher than anticipated. We note here that improved knowledge and undrestanding of electricity tarrifs, safe use of electricity, digital meter useage may be needed for beneficiaries to fully access Project benfitits.

Small and Medium Enterprises: The Project will allow some small and medium sized enterprises to be connected to the grid. Currently individuals and entities with small and medium sized businesses face a range of challenges. Their equipment generally requires 380V voltage which is not accessible in some parts of the ger districts and or they don’t meet the technical requirements to install a 380V voltage. Furthermore, the application process for 380 voltage is particularly cumbersome, with payments and deadlines often restricting small businesses from accessing the grid in this capacity.

General Recommendations

The following recommendations are suggested from consideration of the social assessment findings which would strengthen social inclusion for the Project.

• Inability to pay connection fees (and equipment) will potentialy present a barrier for some poor households and should be further considered in subproject design relative to new connections.

• Opportunities to provide guidance and support to residential (especially ger area) customers for installing standardised internal wiring should be further considered in future subproject design.

• A gender sensative media campaign or user education program to improve houshold energy efficancy and safe usage could potentially contribute to the benfits of the Project. Part of this could include information, such as understanding your bill; that under the law customers should pay the bill within 5 days after they receive the electricity bill. Some positive changes could be effected for example the customer can regulate their monthly expenses more effectively.


• Information disemination on digital meter usage, would support beneficiary understanding of Project benefits.

• Improved application processes for small and medium enterprises to access 380 voltage connections, would potentially allow for more entities to benefit from Project related improvements to the network.

• Ensure management of potential negative social impacts (i.e. dust, noise, distrubances) are effectievely managed through the ESMF.


ANNEX I: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS FOR IDI AND FGD

№ Name of participants Type of interview Location 1 Enkh-‐Amgalan.B FGD-‐Not connected electricity Baganuur district 2 Tsedendamba.B FGD-‐Not connected electricity Baganuur district 3 Narantsetseg.G FGD-‐Not connected electricity Baganuur district 4 Buyantogtokh.B FGD-‐Not connected electricity Baganuur district 5 Tsogtbaatar.M FGD-‐Connected electricity Baganuur district 6 Narantsetseg.B FGD-‐Connected electricity Baganuur district 7 Purewsuren.L FGD-‐Connected electricity Baganuur district 8 Oyun-‐Erdene FGD-‐Connected electricity Baganuur district 9 Batchuluun FGD-‐Connected electricity Baganuur district

10 Narantsetseg.D FGD-‐Connected electricity Baganuur district 11 Otgontogtokh.S IDI-‐Small –Medium Enterprise Baganuur district 12 Tungalag.Sh IDI-‐Small –Medium Enterprise Baganuur district 13 Uranchimeg.P IDI-‐Small –Medium Enterprise Baganuur district 14 Jargalkhand.E IDI-‐Small –Medium Enterprise Baganuur district 15 Otgonbaatar.N General manager of Energy Distributor Station Baganuur district 16 Erdenebat.E General Engineer of the ongoing construction building Baganuur district 17 Tungalag.N IDI-‐Small –Medium Enterprise Baganuur district 18 Ganbaatar.D Civil society Organization and Owners Association Baganuur district 19 Baldandorj.D Representative of residents for social activies Baganuur district 20 Burenchimeg.P IDI-‐Small –Medium Enterprise Baganuur district 21 Ider.M electrician Baganuur district 22 Oyuntsetseg.B FGD-‐Connected electricity Erdenet city 23 Amgalan.J FGD-‐Connected electricity Erdenet city 24 Norovlunden.L FGD-‐Connected electricity Erdenet city 25 Bilegt.A FGD-‐Connected electricity Erdenet city 26 Oyunbileg.S FGD-‐Connected electricity Erdenet city 27 Sodnomgerel.P FGD-‐Not connected electricity Erdenet city 28 Davaasuren.J FGD-‐Not connected electricity Erdenet city 29 Odonchimeg.B FGD-‐Not connected electricity Erdenet city 30 Lkagvasuren.Ts FGD-‐Not connected electricity Erdenet city 31 Darijav.B FGD-‐Not connected electricity Erdenet city 32 Ganbayar General Engineer of the ongoing construction building Erdenet city 33 Munkh-‐Erdene General manager of Energy Distributor Station Erdenet city 34 Zorigtbaatar.E IDI-‐Small –Medium Enterprise Erdenet city 35 Bolortuya.D IDI-‐Small –Medium Enterprise Erdenet city 36 Sodontsetseg.Ya IDI-‐Small –Medium Enterprise Erdenet city 37 Batsanaa.Z IDI-‐Small –Medium Enterprise Erdenet city 38 Myagmarjargal.E IDI-‐Small –Medium Enterprise Erdenet city 39 Tsagdaa Representative of residents for social activies Erdenet city 40 Pavdan.Z Civil society Organization and Owners Association Erdenet city 41 Battulga.B electrician Erdenet city


ANNEX II : FDG INSTRUMENT

Type of FGD Baganuur Erdenet

FGD01: Not connected to electricity network HHs

6 respondents 2 back up respondents


FGD02: Connected to electricity network HHs



Key issues Questions A participatory research method

1. Environment issues • What type of benefits does improving the service and capacity of electrical energy have on people and participants?

• Will all households be able to access the improvements?

• How could we help households to access the improvements?

Matrix ranking and scoring, changes and trends and historical transects

Satisfaction analysis

2. The Energy service • How is the current energy service provision for households and your satisfaction level (poor, adequate, good, excellent)?

• The problems with current energy management and involvement of household members to the problems?

• What is the cause of the problems? • What are the consequences? • How could the services be improved? • Who should do improvement?

3. Community participation

• Participation to the residents’ communities • Participation to the meeting of Apartment

Owners’ Union • Attitude and willingness to participate

project development and implementation of public service


ANNEX III: IN-‐DEPTH INTERVIEW GUIDE

GUIDE OF IN-‐DEPTH INTERVIEW WITH STAKEHOLDERS

Good afternoon? My name is “................................” (tell your name). I am in working on the Social Assessment Survey of World Bank’s 2nd project in Energy Sector. Now I am going to conduct an interview on electrical energy and social issues in countryside.

Our interview lasts approximately for 40 minutes and there are no true or false answers. We will use your answer only for the survey purpose to clarify the current situation and the actual problems, facing the energy sector today, and we will not include any information without your permission under the “Personal Confidentiality Law of Mongolia”, and ISO 20252:2012.

Your views and ideas will be very important and valuable source for our survey.

List of particadents: № Baganuur Erdenet 1 Representatives of Small –Medium Enterprise 3 3 2 Engineer of Energy Distributor Station 1 1 3 Representatives of National Commerce and Industry Chamber 1 1 4 General Engineer of the ongoing construction building 3 3 5 Civil society Organization and Owners Association 2 2 Total interviews 10 10

Date of interview:

Number of interview:

1. Respondent’s profile:

1 Name of respondent

2 Organization (representing institution or group)

3 Title or position

4 Contact phone number

5 Email address

2. How do you rate development of Baganuur/Erdenet city? How do you evaluate well-being of the

residents of Baganuur/Erdenet city? What are main issues and challenges encountered to development of Baganuur/Erdenet city?

Five main issues: 1

2

3

4

5


3. How do you rate current situation of the Energy service of Baganuur/Erdenet city?

3.1 What should be improved? 3.2 What is most serious problem with energy sector management in Baganuur/Erdenet city? 3.3 Do electricity service employees carry enough equipment? 3.4 How do you rate electricity service maintenance? 3.5 What should the service maintenance focus on in the future?

4. For the Energy management improvement project what will be your interest or consideration, perceived problem, resource and mandate?

1. Respondent’s interest: 2. Perceived problem: 3. Resource 4. Mandate

5. For the Energy management improvement project who will be main stakeholders and what will be their interests or considerations, perceived problems, resource and mandate?

Stakeholder Stakeholder’s

interest: Perceived problem: Resource Mandate

6. You have mentioned the most serious problem with Energy management in Baganuur/Erdenet city. 6.1 What are problems that are direct causes of the problem? 6.2 How shall those problems be solved?

Main problem:

Cause:

Cause:

Cause:

Cause:

Cause:

Cause:

Mean:

Mean:

Mean:

Mean:

Mean:

Mean:

Solve the problem


7. You have mentioned the most serious problem with Energy management in Baganuur/Erdenet city. 7.1 What are direct effects of the problem? 7.2 How those statements are converted into positive desirable statement?

8. Have you been heard smart meters?

8.1 What do you think what smart meter is? 8.2 What issues do you face when you use the current meter? 8.3 Do small to medium enterprises need to pay for the cable? Or shall it be included in the project? What

are your thoughts on this?

9. What are other comments you have about the Energy management in Baganuur/Erdenet city?

Thank you for your time and effort.

Main problem:

Effect:

Effect:

Effect:

Effect:

Effect:

Effect:

Objective

Ends

Ends

Ends

Ends

Ends

Ends


ANNEX IV: SURVEY INSTRUMENT

SURVEY ON ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION AND SUPPLY

1

Name Code Interviewed: Aimag, City: Day/month/year Soum, District: Start time : Interviewers name/code:

№ QUESTION ANSWER STEPS I. SOCIO- ECONOMIC INFORMATION

Q1 Gender (Do not ask from respondent)

Male 1 Female 2

Q2 How long have you been living in your dwelling/khashaa

Write(year)

Q3

Та хэдэн настай вэ? /бичгээр бичсэний дараа тохирох хариултыг дугуйлна/

ТӨРСӨН ОН

18 or below 0 Terminate survey

19-24 1

CONTINUE SURVEY

25-29 2 30-34 3 35-39 4 40-44 5 45-49 6 50-54 7 55-59 8

60 or above 9 Terminate survey

Q4 Relationship to head of household

Head of household 1 Wife/Partner 2 Child 3 Other(specify) 4

Q4.1 Gender of household head?

Male 1 Female 2

Good afternoon? My name is “................................” (tell your name). I am from the MMCG research company. We are conducting a survey to make social assessment to the project 2 of Energy sector by the World bank.

By participating in the survey you can make your contribution to the development of energy sector and to the improvement of the energy supply to be implemented under the project. This project is conducted in Baganuur district of Ulaanbaatar city and Bayan-Undur soum of Orkhon province.

Our interview lasts approximately for 40 minutes and there is no true or false answers. We will use your answer only for the survey purpose to clarify the current situation and the actual problems, facing the energy sector today, and we will not include any information without your permission under the “Personal Confidentiality Law of Mongolia”, and ISO 20252:2012.

Your views and ideas will be very important and valuable source for our survey.


2

№ QUESTION ANSWER STEPS

Q5 Type of your current dwelling

Ger 1 Detached house 2 Improved detached house 3 Apartment 4 Other (specify) 5

Q6 What is the overall area of your dwelling: (If it’s yurt, please mention the quantity of lattice wall )

Write down total square meter m2

Q7

How many households are living in the dwelling? If the participant lives in an apartment, ask how many households live in the dwelling

Write the number

Q8

How many people are living in your household according to the age groups below?

Write the number of people living in a household

60 or above

16-59 adult

6-15 child

5 or below child

Total

Q9

What is the status of ownership of this khashaa or apartment? (Choose the appropriate answer from each column.)

Type of ownership Dwelling Apartment owned / co-owned 1 1 owned with credit or leasing 2 2 right of tenure / protected tenant 3 3 rented 4 4 occupied for free (although not owner) 5 5 Other(specify) 6 6

Q10 If rented or leased or owned with credit how much is the monthly payment? /орон сууцны өрхөөс асуухгүй/

Owner of khashaa plot with certificate of immovable property 1

Owner of khashaa plot with governor’s order to own the land 2

Occupant with land occupancy certificate 3 Occupant without any document 4 Other(specify) 5

Q11 Does someone who lives in your dwelling run business activity inside the dwelling or the apartment?

Yes 1

No 2 Move to Q12

What kind of businesses do you have? (Multiple choice)

Grocery store 1

Bath house 2 Barber shop, beauty spa 3 Car, electronic products repair centre 4 Tailor shop(clothes, shoes etc.) 5


3


Q11.1

Café, restaurant 6 Other shop(specify) 7 Car wash Tailor factory 9

Food processing 10 Cashmere processing 11 Felt processing, felt products 12 Sells garden vegetables 14 Other(specify) 13

II. HOUSEHOLD ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION

Q12 Is your household connected to electricity network?

Move to Q14 Yes 1

No 2

Q13 Why is not your household connected to electricity network?

Move to Q20

Distance 1 Cost 2 No lines 3 Other (specify) 4

Q14 Do you have electric appliances products mentioned below at your home? (Multiple choice)

Fridge, freezer 1 Electric stove 2 Hot pot 3 Electric iron 4 Water boiler 5 Television (black and white, digital) 6 Vacuum cleaner 7 Washing machine 8 Light 9 Computer (laptops and PC) 10 Phone (mobile and home) 11 Smart phone 12 Electric shaving machine 13 Electric heater 14 Other (specify) 15

Q15 What kind of electricity meter do you installed at your home?

Full electronic meter 1 Pulse meter 2 Current transformers 3 Mechanical meters 4 Hand control meters 5 Prepaid meters 6 Postpaid meters 7

Q16 Do the households in your khashaa have private electricity meters?

Move to Q17.1 Yes 1

No 2

Q17 If NO who pays for electricity consumption?

Households share the monthly payment 1 Owner of the dwelling pays 2 Other households pay except owner 3


4

№ QUESTION ANSWER STEPS Other(specify) 4

Q17.1

Do you agree that your electricity meter shows you correct amount?

If 3.4.5 move to Q18

Strongly disagree. (20%) 1 Disagree. (40%) 2 Somehow agree. (60%) 3 Agree. (80%) 4 Strongly agree. (100%) 5 Don’t know 6

Q17.2

Why do you disagree? / On what reasons do you disagree? /

Q18

Quantity of electricity consumption? How much do you pay? (The answer has no interval) Cold seasons October –April

(999 don’t know)

Reference period Reference period

Quantity of electricity consumption Quantity of electricity consumption

Payment Payment

Warm seasons: May-September Reference period Reference period

Quantity of electricity consumption Quantity of electricity consumption

Payment Payment

Q19 How much do you pay for 1 kwt/hour of electricity?

Day tariff MNT (99 don’t know) Move to Q27 Night tariff MNT

Only ask from household which are not connected electricity power.

Q20 How far is your dwelling located from electricity line?

write

Q21 Do you know how to connect to electricity network line?

If No move to Q21.1

Yes (How to connect?) 1 No (Why/) 2

Q21.0

If YES, Can you describe the procedures of connecting to electricity network line?

Q21.1 If NO, please specify the reasons

Q22 Does your household have a plan to connect to the electricity network line in upcoming 12 months?

Yes 1 No 2 Move to 26

Q23 Танай өрх цахилгааны шугамд How


5

№ QUESTION ANSWER STEPS much do you think it will cost to connect to electricity network line? (Every extra services as wires, gadgets and other services are included for installing electricity line.)

500,000 less than MNT 1 500,001-1000,000 MNT 2 1000,000 more than MNT 3 Don’t know 4

Q24

How much does your household can afford on installing electricity network maximum and minimum? (Интервалтай тоо бичихгүй)

Хамгийн ихдээ MNT Хамгийн багадаа MNT

Q25

How much do you think to pay for monthly electricity bills after installing electricity network in your household? (Интервалтай тоо бичихгүй)

MNT/month

Q26 What opportunities will be created if your household is connected to electricity network in your opinion? (please write)

Move to Q46

III. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND PROBLEMS

Q27

Only ask from household which is connected to electricity network. How do you pay for your electricity bills

Go to the bank 1 Using internet and mobile bank to transfer money to customer service center

2

Using ATM

3

Go to customer service center and its branch cashiers

4

Using one stop shopmachine 5 Using online banking 6 Other(specify) 7

Q28 What is the basis for calculating the electricity bills of apartment you live in?

Electricity meter 1 Based on number of residents 2 Other(specify) 3 Don’t know 99

Q29 Please rate the service of electrical power supply on a scale from 1 to5?

If 3.4.5 then move to Q31

Worst 1 Bad 2 Average 3 Good 4 Best 5

Q30 What current reason of low quality electricity service? (multiple choice)

Electricity always cut-off 1 Electricity voltage is low 2 Too long line/cable 3 Electricity wires inside households are bad quality 4

Relating to electric distribution company 5 Other(specify) 99


6


Q31 Evaluate your electricity voltage quality on given time.

Worst Bad Average Good Best

07:00-09:00 1 2 3 4 5 17:00-21:00 1 2 3 4 5

Q32

Танай өрхөд цахилгаан эрчим хүчийг ашиглахад ихэвчлэн ямар хүндрэл бэрхшээл гардаг вэ? Хамгийн их тулгамддаг 3 бэрхшээлийг хэлнэ үү? (Ойлгомжтой бичнэ үү)

1.

2.

3.

Q33 Do agree that the information on electricity bill is well understandable?


Do you agree that your household is provided enough high voltage electricity suitable for your consumption?

Q34


Q35 Do you agree that your monthly electricity bill matches your monthly usage?


Q36 How electricity services could be improved? Multiple choice

Improve Relating to electric distribution company’s operation

1

Upgrade appliance and cable for Relating to electric distribution

2

Service is satisfying enough, and there is nothing to improve

3

Other(specify) 4

Q37 Who do you contact when you face a power? Multiple choice

Make a call to service call center, Wait and do nothing

1

Calls dispatcher of the electric supplier, and waits for the repairmen, or waits until power comes back

2


7

№ QUESTION ANSWER STEPS Checks the Main fuses, Circuit Breakers to see if they have blown or tripped.

3

do nothing 4 Other(specify) 5

Q38 When was the last time you made a phone call related to electricity issue?

Days ago

Don’t know 99 If didn’t make a phone call mark as “98”.

Q39 Who is responsible for your household’s electricity issue?

Myself 1 Old woman (55 or above) 2 Old man (60 or above) 3 Adult man (16-59 age) 6 Adult woman (16-64 age 7 Other(specify) 8

Q40 Have you heard about smart electricity meter? ?

Heard, very interested it 1 Heard, little bit interested it 2 Heard, not interested it 3 Never heard 4 Q45 шилжинэ

үү

Q41 What do you think the smart meter is?

Q42

Apartment residents are not to be questioned Does the cable line and the cable wires in your dwelling that you currently use meet the technical and safety requirements?

Yes 1 No 2

Q43

Apartment residents are not to be questioned What type of cable line do you use now and where did you purchase it?

What type of cable line?

Where did you buy it from?

How much did you pay for it:

Q44 How many years do you use currently using cable?

жил

Q45

Would you purchase a new cable if the cable does not meet the requirement or if there is a new cable line that needs to be installed?

Yes 1 No 2

Q46

Ask from All households. Who from your household members usually does the mentioned house works below? Choose the appropriate answer from the row.

Himself/herse

Old woman

Old man (60 or

Boy (5-16 age)

Girl (5-16

Adult man

Adult woman


8

№ QUESTION ANSWER STEPS lf (55 or

above) above) age) (16-59

age) (16-64 age

Cooking meal 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Washing dishes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Washing clothes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cleaning house 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ironing clothes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Q47

How much does your household pay for heating and fuel? Cold months(October –April)

Warm months(May-September)

Q48

How many hours does it take to perform the actions mentioned below? Also, What source do you use usually?

Everyday actions Hours per performing action ( 1

hour = 60 minutes Value has no interval

Write down the source.

1. Usage of home appliances

2. By hand ( Does not use any source of electricity

3. Others ( Usage of gas or fire to wash clothes or do the dishes, etc)

1. Cooking meal

2. Washing dishes

3. Washing clothes

4. Cleaning home

5. Ironing clothes

Q49

Arrange listed life services below according to its importance. (When arranging, 1=not important, 10=very important)

Electricity

Хэрэв өрх цахилгаан шугаманд холбогдоогүй бол Q46 рүү шинжилнэ үү.

Water supply

Heating

Dump and water cleaning factory/bathroom

Dump loading service

Public transportation

Sanitation service

Children education

Health services

Infrastructure(road)

Q50 Does your dwelling need Voltage of 380B? If YES, what would you use it for?

Yes (write) 1

No 2


9


HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION AND INCOME

Q51

In this section we discuss about your household income and expenditure. This information will be used for only statistical purpose. Don’t write down a value that has interval

МNT Food&drinks (MONTH) Rent and housing charges ( Rent fee is considered even if the property owner or the renter has lease (MONTH)

heating charges (coal, wood, fuel) (ЖИЛД)

Communication (MONTH) Transport (Public transportation, and amount of fuel for the car are included)

Clothing & footwear (YEAR) Medical care Education (YEAR) Social charges, pension & income taxes (MONTH)

Other(specify) (MONTH)

Q52

What is the average MONTHLY income of the household (in MNT/MONTH) (PLEASE include salary, pension, child allowance, household business income, private remittance)?

МNT/MONTH

Q53 Do you connect internet in your home

Yes 1 No 2

Q54 Do someone of your household use internet from smart phone?

Yes 1 No 2

Q55 Survey respondent’s name:

Q56 Survey respondent’s mobile phone number:

Phone1

Phone 2

Q57 Could you tell me, about your household official address?

Supervisors name/code: Finished time :


10

INTERVIEWER, DID YOU ASK ALL YOUR QUESTIONS?

PLEASE RE-CHECK YOURSELF

THANK YOU FOR PARTICIPATING IN OUR SURVEY

Documents

World Bank Documentdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/en/629611492661483602/... · 2017-04-20 · GOVERNMENT)OF)MONGOLIA) Ministry)of)Energy) March)2016) COMPONENT(1:(SOCIAL(ASSESSMENTREPORT(P152343)MONGOLIA)SECOND)ENERGY)SECTOR)PROJECT)