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INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE www.iom-world.org
Workshop for Management of Hazardous and Flammable Substances (Based on ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001)
Harry HoPrincipal OH&S Auditor
Zephan ChanOccupational Hygienist
Course Objectives
Upon successful completion of this module, participants will be able to:
•Understand the importance of Hazardous and
flammable substances (HFS)
•Characterize HFS in relation to safety, health and
environmental impact
•Know the various measures of managing HFS
ISO 14001 and BS OHSAS 18001
INTRODUCTION TO THESE STANDARDS
SCOPESessions Management Elements
1 Visible Policy
2 Risk-based Planning
3 On-going Implementation & Operation
4 Periodic Checking
5 Review for Continual Improvement
6 Occupational Hygiene and Health: tool for risk evaluation and continuous monitoring
Session 1 Visible Policy
A visible policy on managing HFS
• A policy is a statement from the top management
• States the organisations strategy and commitment
on use of HFS
• Includes the duties and responsibilities of various
persons
Why is the policy important?
• Provides a direction for the organisation
• Endorsed by the top management shows that they
care
• Demonstrate care for the employee and the
environment by proper managing HFS
What must be included in a good policy ?
• Commitment of the top management
• A commitment to at least comply with applicable
legal requirements
• Responsibilities of various people
• Strategy on management HFS
• A commitment to continual improvement
What to do with a good policy?
• Visible
• Communicated to all persons
• Reviewed periodically
Policy content
• Scope
• Purpose
• Applicability
• Definitions
• Procurement of hazardous materials
• Handling ,storage and disposal details
• Training
Example
Cont..
Cont..
Cont..
HFS Committee
• A team should be formed and the composition based on
company and size and the risk of exposure to hazardous
chemicals.
• The team could comprise technical personnel like health &
safety, procurement and operation.
HFS Committee
• A senior management staff should take charge of and lead
the programme.
• He/ She should formulate chemical management policy
and form the HFS committee
HFS Committee Duties and Responsibility
• Review the policies and procedures pertaining to hazards
management.
• Review incidents involving HFS-related injuries, illness etc.
• Review effectiveness of communication, participation &
consultation in relation to managing HFS.
HFS Committee Duties and Responsibility
• Review employee complaints regarding hazards
management.
• Analyse work injury and illness statistical records.
• Conduct inspections of worksites as the practiced.
Cont..
• Review competency level & status (including training
records) to ensure compliance with regulatory training
requirements and operational needs in relation to
managing HFS.
Cont..
• Recommend safety measures wherever it need to be
improve
• Discuss in the monthly safety meetings any issue related to
HFS issues & Designate Employee Safety and Health
Representatives.
Role of FSM / WSHO
• Assist in establishing the policy
• May have the role to support the policy & establish good procedures in storage and management of hazardous and flammable material in some organisation.
• Make necessary amendments in the existing policy to suit the company needs and ensuring a safer working place
Cont...
• Update / implement policy related time to time based on change in legislations
• Manage change of use or any new HFS introduced to the workplace
• Perform random checks to monitor the effective implementation
• Periodic maintenance check and evaluation of all the emergency equipment to ensure its capability
Cont..
• To monitor proper usage of all the PPE by the employees while they are working
• Implementing new types / advanced PPE for safer work place
• Any unsafe conditions / act in the work place environment when brought to the attention of the FSM/RSO – necessary actions should be carried out ASAP
• Employee safety training should be practised regularly. Videos of incident/demo must be conducted
Activity 1 Policy Assessment
SCOPESessions Management Elements
1 Visible Policy
2 Risk-based Planning
3 On-going Implementation & Operation
4 Periodic Checking
5 Review for Continual Improvement
6 Occupational Hygiene and Health: tool for risk evaluation and continuous monitoring
Session 2 Risk-based Planning
Definition-Hazard
• A hazard is any source of potential damage, harm
or adverse health effects on something or
someone under certain conditions at work.
• It can cause harm or adverse effects (to
individuals as health effects or to organizations as
property or equipment losses).
Examples
Examples of Hazards and Their Effects
Workplace Hazard Example of Hazard Example of Harm Caused
Thing Knife Cut
Substance Benzene Leukemia
Material Asbestos Mesothelioma
Source of Energy Electricity Shock, electrocution
Condition Wet floor Slips, falls
Process Welding Metal fume fever
Practice Hard rock mining Silicosis
Flammable liquid Diesel Fire /explosionGas Hydrogen peroxide Fire /explosionLiquefied Gas LPG Fire /explosionDust (Sugar,Wood, Fire /explosion
Fine powder any solid)
GHS – The Base for Planning
� United Nations (UN)
� The Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals
� Global harmonisation of rules and regulations on:
I. Classification
II. Labelling
III. Hazard Communication
Singapore GHS Journey
GHS Implementation deadlines
Activity 2 MIX and MATCH
GHS – Chemical Classification
� Physical hazards (16 hazard classes)
� Health hazards (10 hazard classes)
� Environmental hazards (1 hazard class)
� Hazard Class – Nature of hazard
� Hazard Category – Severity of hazard
GHS Physical Hazard
GHS Health Hazard
GHS - Environmental Hazards
GHS Chemical Classification
HFS in the workplace are categorised into three
different types:
• Physical hazards
(e.g., flammable, explosive, and reactive)
• Health hazards
(e.g., toxic, corrosive, narcotic, irritating and carcinogenic)
• Environmental hazards
(e.g., aquatic toxicity and ozone depleting)
Physical hazards further Classified to…
•Corrosive substances
•Flammable substances
•Explosives
•Oxidising substances
•Pyrophoric substances
•Gases under pressure
•Organic peroxides
• Self-heating substances• Self-reactive substances• Substances which when in
contact with water, emit flammable gases
• Toxic substances• Mutagens
• Carcinogens• Teratogens• Sensitizers• Irritants
Flammable substances further classified into…
•A liquid is considered to be flammable if it has a flash point less than 37.8ºC, e.g. chloro benzene.
•Liquid substances and preparations having Flash points below 21ºC are said to be highly flammable, e.g. ethanol, methanol, propanol, toluene.
Note:
A liquid is considered to be combustible if it has a flash point of 37.8ºC or more, but less than 93.3ºC, as determined by the appropriate test method.
(Cont’d)
• Solids and preparations are highly flammable if they readily catch fire after brief contact with a source of ignition and continue to bum after removal of the source of ignition.
• Some substances and preparations, evolve highly flammable gases in dangerous quantities when they come into contact with water or damp air.
How does HFS affect health?Some of the short-term effects are:
Long-term effects e.g. dermatitis.
Unconsciousness and even death can result from exposure to very high concentrations ofsolvent vapours.
• irritation of eyes, lungs and skin;
• headache;
• nausea;
• dizziness;
• light-headedness.
• Increased chance of having an accident.
How can HFS get into the body?
• Breathing in vapours and fumes
• Contact with skin
• Ingestion (e.g. hand to mouth contact, eating with
contaminated hands)
GHS Labelling
• Product identifier
• Pictogram
• Signal words
• Hazard statement(s)
• Precautionary statement(s)
• Supplier information
• Supplementary information
GHS Labelling
• Product identifier – The chemical identity of the chemical
• Pictogram
• Signal words
• Hazard statement(s)
• Precautionary statement(s)
• Supplier information
• Supplementary information
GHS Labelling
• Product identifier
• Pictogram – Harmonised hazard symbols plus other graphic elements, e.g. borders, background patterns or colours
• Signal words
• Hazard statement(s)
• Precautionary statement(s)
• Supplier information
• Supplementary information
GHS Labelling
• Product identifier
• Pictogram
• Signal words – Relative hazard severity
• Hazard statement(s)
• Precautionary statement(s)
• Supplier information
• Supplementary information
Signal Words
GHS Labelling
• Product identifier
• Pictogram
• Signal words
• Hazard statement(s)
• Precautionary statement(s)
• Supplier information
• Supplementary information
Precautionary statements
� Describe the recommended measures that should be taken to minimise or prevent adverse effects resulting from exposure / or improper storage / handling of a hazardous chemical
� 5 Types of precautionary statements:
1) General
2) Prevention
3) Response
4) Storage
5) Disposal
Hazard Precautionary Statement
Hazard Precautionary Statement
GHS Labelling Requirements
• Dimensions (e.g. At least 52mm x 74mm for containers not exceeding 3 litres)
• Suppliers and Occupier: Updating within 6 months after receiving new information
• Suppliers: Every 5 years
Training Requirements
� Employers and Employees
� Hazard communication training
� At least once every 3 years
• Chemicals and their hazards
• Prevention / Minimising of exposure
• SWP
• Responsibilities
• Locating SDS
• Reading & interpreting labels / SDS
Risk Management involves:
• identifying and analyzing safety and health hazardsassociated with work;
• assessing the risks involved;
• prioritizing measures to control the hazards andreduce the risks;
• controlling and monitoring the risks; and
• communicating these risks to all affected persons.
Definition-Risk
• It is the likelihood that a person may be harmed or
suffers adverse health effects if exposed to a
hazard.
• It may also apply to situations with property or
equipment loss.
• Example: The risk of developing cancer from
smoking cigarettes could be expressed as
"cigarette smokers are 12 times (for example)
more likely to die of lung cancer than non-smokers
Preparation WorkForm risk assessment team
Gather relevant informationIdentify activities for each process
HazardIdentification
Risk Evaluation
Risk Control
Identify Hazards associated with activityType of injuries/ ill healthPersons-at-risk
Determine additional control measures required to reduce the risk
Assign action officer and follow-up date
§ Identify existing control measures§ Evaluate potential severity§ Determine likelihood of occurrence§ Assess risk level based on severity and likelihood
Audit to ensure control
measuresare in place and working
Management to approve
and endorse risk assessment
Implementation & Review
Record Keeping
Flowchart of Risk Management
Hazard Identification Risk Evaluation Risk Control
Activity Hazard Possible
Accident/
Ill Health
Existing Risk
Control
Severity Like-lihood
Risk
Level
Additional Risk
Control
Action Party
Spray painting
Toxic solvent vapors
Exposure to vapor can cause ill health
Respirators
LEV
Safe work procedures
Moderate Remote Low Substitute with airless spray method.
Regular spray booth maintenance.
Monitor worker’s exposure to vapor
Plant Manager
Flammable paint mists/ vapors
Explosion can result in serious injury or death
Safe work procedures
LEV
Major Remote Medium
Use explosion proof type of lights and fixtures, non-sparking exhaust fan.
Bond and ground spraying equipment
Risk Assessment FormSample – Spray Painting
5 Steps in Implementation
Assign an action officerAssign an action officerAssign an action officerAssign an action officer from the
appropriate department to which risk is
concerned. He should be competent to
perform the required task and be familiar with the work.
Step 1
Determine the date of completionDetermine the date of completionDetermine the date of completionDetermine the date of completion of risk of risk of risk of risk control measurescontrol measurescontrol measurescontrol measures according to the priority in order to cater the immediate needs of addressing the high risk tasks.
Step 2
5 Steps in Implementation
Control measures like trainingprograms should be carried outaccording to plan by the action officerStep 3
Step 4
Risk Control measures and Safe Work
Procedures should be documented and
information of risk control measures shouldbe disseminated to all relevant departments,and displayed where feasible
5 Steps in Implementation
Assess and review with time to
measure the effectiveness of the risk
management. (at least once every 3
years)
Step 5
Risk Control Measures
• 2 broad categories:
� Safe place measures
� Safe person measures
• Types of control measures:
� Elimination
� Substitution
� Engineering controls
� Administrative controls
� Personal protective equipment (PPE)
For Prevention of Accident Injuries and Ill health
Safe Place Measures
To make workplace, plant, equipment and
materials safe and include:
• Elimination
• Substitution
• Engineering controls
Aimed at people and include:
• Training
• Instruction
• Safe work procedures
• Personal protective equipment (PPE)
Safe Person Measures
ELIMINATION
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
SUBSTITUTION
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
Most Effective
Least Effective
Change the Work Process
Provide safety Gloves, ege glass etc
Use pump and other device to avoid manual handling of
chemicals
Implement control measure
Implement Work Rotation
Hierarchy of Control
Risk control
Elimination
• Total removal of hazard
• Most effective method
• Should be attempted in the very first place
• Examples:
� Providing socket outlet at the point of use toeliminate the need cable trailing
� Pre-cast installation to replace cast-in-situ
Substitution
• Job with a higher level of risk is substituted with another job with a lower one.
• Alternative substance needs to be assessed.
• Examples:� Asbestos � Man-made fiberglass
� Sandblasting � Hydroblasting
� Powder form � Gel or Paste form
� Solvent based paint � Water based paint
Engineering controls
• Stair case access painted in yellow with handrails
Spark Extinguishing unit
• It is designed to detect hot particles, sparks and flame that might become the ignition source for a fire or explosion.
• A few hot particles entering a dust collector handling a combustible dust are enough to trigger a dust explosion.
Deflagration vent panels
• An explosion vent is designed to
be the weakest part of the
external structure.
• As the explosion vent
experiences the pressure rise, it
opens quickly allowing the
rapidly expanding heated gases
to be released to the outside.
• By doing so, the internal walls,
floor, and ceiling are spared
from the damaging overpressure
experienced during a
deflagration.
Flashback arrestor for gas cylinders installed
73
Administrative Controls
• 2 purposes:
� To reduce the duration exposure of employees
� To provide guides in performing jobs or tasks in the safest possible manner
• Examples:
� Training
� Safe Work Practices
� Job rotation
Copyright © 2007 by Concord Associates. All rights reserved.
Administrative controls
• Safety communication like PPE signs.
Administrative controls
• Hazards communication
• Confined space PTW system
Administrative controls
• Lock out Tag out system
Administrative controls
• Lock out Tag out system
Administrative controls
• Warning signs to keep clear of swinging doors
√√√√√√√√
• Cylinders stored and secured in upright position
• Stored under shelter, away from sunlight and
other heat source
• No smoking within the area
• Signage being displayed at the storage area
Engineering and Administrative Controls
PPE types
• Head protection
• Eye and face protection
PPE types cont’d
• Ear protection
• Respiratory protection
PPE types cont’d
• Torso protection
Foot and leg protection
PPE types cont’d
• Arm and hand protection
Full suit
• Highest level of respiratory, eye, and skin
protection
Legal & Other Requirements
• Legislation
• What are Other Requirements?
Objectives and Targets
• Industry based
• Risk based
�S ____________
�M ____________
�A ____________
�R ____________
�T ____________
Activity 3Risk assessment
SCOPESessions Management Elements
1 Visible Policy
2 Risk-based Planning
3 On-going Implementation & Operation
4 Periodic Checking
5 Review for Continual Improvement
6 Occupational Hygiene and Health: tool for risk evaluation and continuous monitoring
Session 3 On-going Implementation and Operation
Employer Responsibilities
• To obtain SDS from supplier
• Ensure appropriate labelling (supplier and workplace)
• Provide adequate instruction and training to employees
• Sort and file the SDS in a clearly indicated and easily accessible area
Employee Responsibilities
• Conduct themselves to ensure their health and safety
• Report hazards
• Wear/use protective equipment
Supplier Responsibilities
Suppliers must:
• Label controlled products intended for workplace use
• Supply SDS with each controlled product
Worker Training and Education
• An employer shall ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, to provide required training
• The employee being able to apply the information as needed to protect the employee’s health and safety.
Worker Training and Education
Anyone working with or near controlled products must be trained in hazard information and procedures regarding:
1. Safe use2. Storage3. Handling4. Disposal5. Emergency procedures
Worker Training and Education
The training should be:
• Relevant to the workplace• Performance oriented• Reviewed at least annually• Modified as conditions change
Hazard Communication
• Appoint a Responsible Person for compiling and maintaining the master SDS
• Inventory (includes chemical names, quantity / locations stored / used)
• Review and evaluation of SDS obtained / compiled
• Labelling of all chemical containers
• Appoint a PIC to check and maintain chemical labelling
Operational Control
• Safe Work Procedures includes the proper usage of appropriate PPE and emergency responses
• Control on the usage, handling, storage and disposal of hazardous substances
• Control on the operation and maintenance of machinery and equipment
• Control on the selection, evaluation and performance monitoring of contractors
Control measure for the following HFS
• Oxidizing Material
• Explosives
• Corrosive Material
• Compressed Gas
• Flammable and Combustible Material
• Toxic Chemicals
• Poisonous and Infectious Material
• Dangerously Reactive Material
Properties of HFS
The following slides will help to understand
each category items properties with
chemical name.
GHS Pictograms
What does this symbol represent?
Oxidiser- can burn without air/intensify fire in combustible material• Poses a fire and/or explosion risk in the presence of
flammable or combustible material• May react violently when comes into contact with
combustible materials (e.g. fuels, wood)
• May burn skin and eyes upon contact
Examples
• Perchloric acid
• Hydrogen peroxide
• Nitric acid
• Compressed oxygen
• Ozone
What does this symbol represent?
An explosive substance is a solid, liquid /gas substance (or mixture of substances) which is in itself capable by chemical reaction of producing gas at such a temperature and pressure and at such a speed as to cause damage to the surroundings.
Also defined as the rapid increase in volume and release of energy in an extreme manner
Examples
• Perchlorate
• Tetracene
• Nitrogen sulphide
• Copper acetylide
• Mixtures of potassium chlorate with red phosphorus or with various other substances
• Lead salts of picric acid
• Ammonium Nitrate
• Trinitrotolune(TNT)
• Nitrocellulose
• Nitro glycerine
• Liquid oxygen mixed with wood pulp
• Fuming nitric acid mixed with nitrobenzene
What does this symbol represent?
• Causes severe eye and skin irritation upon contact• Causes severe tissue damage with prolonged contact• Often produces vapor or fumes that may be harmful if
inhaled
Corrosives
Examples
• Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)
• Hydrochloric acid
• Nitric acid
• Sulfuric acid
What does this symbol represent?
• Poses an explosion danger because the gas is under pressure
• Container may explode if heated or dropped• Container may become a projectile if the stem
is broken off
Examples
• Oxygen
• Acetylene
• Propane
• Organ
• Etc.
What does this symbol represent?
• Will burn and is therefore a potential fire hazard• May burn at relatively low temperatures; flammable materials catch
fire at lower temperatures than combustible materials• May burst into flame spontaneously in air, or release a flammable gas
on contact with water• May cause a fire when exposed to heat, sparks, or flames, or as a
result of friction
Combustible and Flammable Material
Examples
Flammable
Butane, propane, hydrogen gas, acetone, gasoline, isopropyl alcohol, magnesium alloys, etc.
Combustible
Kerosene, diesel, mineral spirits, varnish, etc.
What does this symbol represent?
• Acute toxicity (harmful)
• Not immediately dangerous to health
• May cause death or permanent damage as a result of repeated
exposure over time
• May be a sensitizer, which produces allergic reactions
• May cause cancers, birth defects, or sterility
Toxic chemicals
Examples
• Asbestos
• Lead
• Cadmium
• Benzene
• Mercury
What does this symbol represent?
• Acute toxicity (severe)
• Is a potentially fatal poisonous substance
• May be fatal or cause permanent damage if it is inhaled or swallowed or if it enters the body through skin contact
• May burn eyes or skin upon contact
Poisonous and Infectious Material
Examples
• Sodium cyanide
• Hydrogen sulphide
• Carbon monoxide
• Sulphuric acid
• Toluene
What does this symbol represent?
• Is very unstable
• May react with water to release a toxic or flammable gas
• May explode as a result of shock, friction or an increase in temperature
• May explode if heated when in a closed container
• Undergoes vigorous polymerization
Dangerously Reactive Material
Examples
• Vinyl chloride
• Picric acid
• Some cyanides
Common Control measures -
Workplace Labels
Example: Methanol• Avoid inhaling vapours,
handle with care
• Flammable
• Avoid eye and skin contact
• See SDS for more information
� Product Identifier
� Information on safe handling of the product
�Reference to SDS
…Cont.
Workplace labels
• Must be displayed to give clear warning to
employees
• May be a label, tag, sign or other
• Is not required to be bilingual; can be in the
language of the workplace
Sample
Safety Data Sheets
The SDS is:
• A technical information reference for worker education, control measures and emergency response
• A document that can be distributed
• A document that must be available to workers
• Periodically reviewed by suppliers not longer than 5 years from the last date of issue
SDS should contain 16 sections as follows:
Section 1: Identification
Section 2: Hazards identification
Section 3: Composition/ Information on ingredientsSection 4: First aid measures
Section 5: Firefighting measures
Section 6: Accidental release measures
Section 7: Handling and storageSection 8: Exposure controls/ Personal
protection
Section 9: Physical and chemical propertiesSection 10: Stability and reactivity
Section 11: Toxicological information
Section 12: Ecological informationSection 13: Disposal considerations
Section 14: Transport informationSection 15: Regulatory informationSection 16: Other information
Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
16 Sections of aSafety Data Sheets
• Example
Developing safety in your workplace
Step 1• Assign responsibility• Inventory and list supplier and workplace labels
Step 2• Get current SDS• Determine storage, handling, training, first aid and
disposal
Step 3• Train employees• Implement control measures and SDS binders
Activity 4Training Needs
SCOPESessions Management Elements
1 Visible Policy
2 Risk-based Planning
3 On-going Implementation & Operation
4 Periodic Checking
5 Review for Continual Improvement
6 Occupational Hygiene and Health: tool for risk evaluation and continuous monitoring
Session 4 Periodic Checking
Performance Measurement and Monitoring
• Objectives and Targets
• Periodic
Evaluation of Compliance
• Legal Requirements
• Other Requirements
• Periodic
Incident Investigation, Corrective/Prevention Actions
• Reporting procedures
• Investigation procedures
• Analysis
• Corrective / Prevention Actions
• Communication
• Effectiveness
Fatal Accident27 Feb 2009Brief Description
• ABC Industries was engaged a subcontractor XYZ to clean a heat exchanger.
• When pumping 70% Nitric Acid into a heat exchanger to clean the vessel it react with the residual chemical left in
the vessel.
• As a result, the contents of the heat exchanger, which included a mixture of nitric acid, were forced out of the heat exchanger.
Fatal Accident
• At the same time, a large amount of toxic fumes was emitted.
• The mixture splashed onto the workers, causing chemical burns. Four workers were killed and one was injured
• In response to the incident, the WSH Council has sent out an alert on 5 March to the industry on the safe use of hazardous chemicals at work.
• WSH Council is deeply saddened by the needless loss of four lives in this tragedy.
Fatal Accident
• The chemical industry must pay heed to the important points that this incident has brought up and take all necessary measures to ensure the safe use of chemicals.
• The Council has also published technical advisories and case studies on the safe use of such chemicals.
• “We know what must be done to keep all workers safe in
this industry and every company and person must do their
part to achieve this important goal.”
Two Ways to Monitor & Review
• Active Systems: to monitor the achievement of
plans and the extent of compliance with standards or targeted benchmark.
• Reactive Systems: to monitor accidents, ill health
and incidents such as fire, near miss.
Active Monitoring
• gives an organization feedback on its performance
before an accident.
• monitor the specific plan and objectives set
• measures success and reinforces positive achievements by recognizing efforts rather than penalizing after the occurrence of accidents
Types of Active Monitoring
• Routine procedures to monitor specific objectives like monthly / quarterly reports.
• Regular internal review of performance, assessment and record of training needs and training schedule.
• Periodic Inspection of the premises, plants, equipmentsby supervisors, safety management or representatives.
Types of Active Monitoring
• Environmental monitoring and health surveillance to check on the effectiveness of implemented control measures and to detect hazards at the early stages
(e.g. air sampling, health check-ups)
• Auditing of safety & health management system
• Periodic Risk Assessment and Team Meetings to monitor risk assessment & control
Reactive Monitoring
It includes:
• Injuries and cases of ill health (monitoring of sickness absence records);
• Loss of life, damage to property (plant)
• Incidents, including those with potential to cause injury, ill-health etc.
• Hazards
• Weakness in following any specific step of Safe Work Procedures
Reactive monitoring system takes place only afteran event has happened and it includes identification and reporting process.
InspectionInspectionInspectionInspection
• Basic for analyzing the effectiveness of controlmeasures
• Effective tool and assistant
• Important:
� To improve the safety standards
� To note and act upon unsafe behaviors
� To spot the unsafe conditions
� To measure the supervisor’s performance
Effective Inspection System
• Well-designed inspection forms to analyze the present situation and to initiate the corrective measures
• Corrective actions indicated with names of responsible persons and department concerned
• Periodic inspection
• The inspection should reflect specific legal requirements and prompt the settings of priorities
• The schedule time frame for follow-ups
• High risk hazards need to be inspected on a more frequent basis and in detailed manner
• Recommendations made by senior team leaders during inspections
Effective Inspection System
HEALTH SCREENING AND MONITORING
Pre-employment Exams
• Determine the general health status
• Determine ability/disability to perform workIf the prospective employee cannot meet the job requirements, his/her services is not needed!
• Should assess relevant areas of the bodyEx: Ears, for exposure to noise levels above OSHA requirements
Periodic Health Exams
• May be on a voluntary or required basis
• Required
� For employees with exposure
• Frequency depends on:
� Quality of engineering controls
� Nature of the exposure
� Findings on each examination
Periodic Health Exams
• Special examinations
� Return-to-work
• Purpose
� Control communicable diseases
� Determine ability to return after NON-occupational illness or injury
Employee Medical Records
• Documentation of the health status of “at risk”employees� Made or maintained by physician, nurse, or other health
care personnel
• Confidentiality
� Separate� Secure
Employee Medical Records
Should include:
• Medical and employment questionnaires
• Results of medical exams
• Medical diagnoses, opinions, and physician’s notes and
recommendations
• Descriptions of treatments
• Prescriptions
• Employee medical complaints
Employee Medical Records
Should NOT include:
• Blood and urine samples not needed for medical or legal requirements
• Records concerning health insurance and workers’ compensation claims (if maintained separately)
• Employee assistance program records (if maintained separately)
• Drug testing program records (if maintained separately)
Employee Exposure Records
• Documentation of exposure to a toxic substance or a harmful physical agent via any route
• Harmful physical agents
• Physical stresses
� Hazardous chemicals or
biological agents
� Noise, heat, cold, vibration, repetitive motion,
ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation
Exposure & MedicalRecords
• Retention time� Medical records: employment + 30 years
� Exposure records: at least 30 years
• Access� Open for employees and their designees
First Aid Systems
• Employer provisions
� At least one person trained in First Aid if:
o No medical personnel onsite
o Medical facility not within close proximity
� Written plan for medical emergencies
• Records retention
• Employment + 30 years
Activity 5 Inspections
SCOPESessions Management Elements
1 Visible Policy
2 Risk-based Planning
3 On-going Implementation & Operation
4 Periodic Checking
5 Review for Continual Improvement
6 Occupational Hygiene and Health: tool for risk evaluation and continuous monitoring
Session 5 Review for Continual Improvement
Concept of continual improvement
• In safety and health, continual improvement involves seeking better ways to work
• Systematically evaluating compliance with procedures, standards and regulations;
• Understanding the causes of incidents and injuries;
• Openly acknowledging and promptly correcting any deficiencies.
Management Review for Continual Improvement
� Top Management
� Periodic
• Performance
• Objectives and targets
• Results of evaluations of compliance
• Communications from interested parties
• Status of corrective / preventive actions
• Recommendations for improvement
Activity 6 MR Preparation
Activity 6 MR Preparation
SCOPESessions Management Elements
1 Visible Policy
2 Risk-based Planning
3 On-going Implementation & Operation
4 Periodic Checking
5 Review for Continual Improvement
6 Occupational Hygiene and Health: tool for risk evaluation and continuous monitoring
Session 6Occupational Hygiene and Health: tool for risk evaluation and continuous monitoring
Types of Hazards Example
Physical
agents
Noise and vibration.
Heat and cold.
Electromagnetic fields, lighting etc.
Chemical agents
Gases, vapours, solids, fibres, liquids, dusts,mists, fumes, etc.
Biological
agents
Bacteria , fungi, etc.
Ergonomic
factors
Lifting, stretching, and repetitive motion.
Psychosocial
factors
Stress, workload and work organisation.
Occupational Hazards
The Occupational Hygienist’s expertise
is more than knowing how to use the measuring devices.
ANTICIPATION
RECOGNITION
EVALUATION
CONTROL
Lack of risk evaluation
Chemical hazards may be identified but evaluation not properly
conducted
Risk Assessment (Chemical Agent)
RA comprises of 3 steps:
Step 1: Hazard identificationStep 2: Risk evaluationStep 3: Risk control
Step 1: Hazard identification
The following should be taken into consideration:
• Identify all hazardous chemicals, the GHS hazard classes can
be used as a guide;
• Consider the whole chemical life cycle – from procurement
storage, transfer, usage and to disposal;
• Details on the SDS;
• Identify possible unplanned events (e.g., spillage, leakage,
splash, failure of control measures);
• Consider fire and explosion hazards (identify fuel and ignition
source[s]);
• Consider the hazard of incompatible chemical reactions; and
• Consider the possibility of fugitive emissions and toxic release
In general, the following chemical groups need to be stored separately from one another:
� flammable chemicals;
• corrosive chemicals;
− acids are to be separated from alkalis (bases);
− acids are to be further separated into inorganic acids and organic acids;
• toxic chemicals;
• oxidising chemicals;− oxidising agents to be separated from reducing agents;
• unstable chemicals including:
− water-reactive chemicals;− air-reactive (pyrophoric) chemicals;
− peroxide-forming materials;
− chemicals which can react with themselves (e.g., through polymerisation);− potentially explosive chemicals; and
• incompatible chemicals.
Typical Chemical Life Cycle
Procurement StorageTransfer /
TransportingUsage Disposal
Substance Information andHazard Identification
Precautionary Measures
First Aid and Emergency Response
Additional
Section 1: Identification
Section 2: Hazards
identification
Section 3: Composition/
Information on
ingredients
Section 9: Physical
and chemical
properties
Section 7: Handling and storageSection 8: Exposure controls/
Personal protectionSection 10: Stability and
reactivity
Section 4: First aid measures
Section 5: Firefighting
measures
Section 6: Accidental
release
measures
Section 13: Disposal
considerations
Section 14: Transport
information
Section 11: Toxicological
informationSection 12: Ecological
information
Section 13: Disposal considerations
Section 14: Transport
information
Section 15: Regulatory information
Section 16: Other
information
Useful Information from SDS
Risk = Likelihood x Severity
Step 2: Risk Evaluation (chemical hazard)
Exposure Estimate
Hazard Characterisation
Exposure Estimation
For each identified chemical hazard, consider:
• persons who may be exposed to the hazardous chemical;
• pathways for exposure/ contact with the chemical (e.g., via inhalation,
ingestion, skin contact);
• level of exposure by route of entry (e.g., by modelling or direct
measurement);
• probability of occurrence of chemical accidents (e.g., fire, explosion,
spillage) which may lead to unintended exposure; and
• expected frequency and duration of exposure.
Step 2: Risk Evaluation (determine likelihood)
Permissible Exposure Level (PEL)There are two types of PELs specified in the First Schedule:• PEL (Long Term) is the PEL over an eight hour working day and a 40 hour
working week; and• PEL (Short Term) is the PEL over a 15 min period during any working day.
the PEL values of some common toxic substances.
Determine Likelihood
Step 2: Risk Evaluation (determine severity)
Hazard Characterisation
For each identified hazard, consider:
• the chemical and its physical properties;
• dose-response information;
• toxicological or adverse health effect data; acute/ chronic effect(s) due toexposure;
• exposure standards (e.g., permissible exposure limit and/ or threshold limitvalue); exposure data (measured or estimated) compared to exposure
standards;
• consequence and severity information from past chemical accidents; and
• site-specific severity evaluation criteria.
Permissible Exposure Level (PEL)There are two types of PELs specified in the First Schedule:• PEL (Long Term) is the PEL over an eight hour working day and a 40 hour
working week; and• PEL (Short Term) is the PEL over a 15 min period during any working day.
the PEL values of some common toxic substances.
RPN Rating = Severity Level (S) x Likelihood Level (L)
Evaluate the Risk
Occupational Hygiene Monitoring
The WSH (General Provisions) Regulations requires regular exposure monitoring in workplaces where toxic substances are used or emitted.
Workplace monitoring reveals the workers’ level of health hazard exposure and
helps assess possible health risks.
Additionally, exposure monitoring helps assess the effectiveness and adequacy of hazard control measures already in place and determines compliance with
PELs.
Occupational Health Monitoring
Medical surveillance is a system of monitoring the health status of workers to determine departures from normal health and to take corrective action(s) early
The WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2011 regulates pre-employment
and periodic medical examinations for worker that are employed to any
occupation involving exposure to a prescribed list of substances.
Course Evaluation
Questions and Answer
The End