Work and Energy

Physicist’s definition of “work”

dist

Work = F x dist∥

A scalar

(not a vector)

dist∥

Atlas holds up the EarthBut he doesn’t move, dist∥ = 0

Work= Fx dist∥ = 0

He doesn’t do any work!

Garcon does work whenhe picks up the tray

but not while hecarries it around

the room

dist is not zero,but dist∥ is 0

Why this definition?

Newton’s 2nd law: F=m aDefinition of work+ a little calculus

Work= change in ½mv2

A scalarequation

A vector

equation

This scalar quantity is givena special name: kinetic energy

Work = change in KE

This is called:

the Work-Energy Theorem

Units again…

Kinetic Energy = ½mv2

kg

m2

s2work = F x dist∥

N m =kg

ms2 m

=1Joulesame!

Work done by gravity

start

end

dist dist∥

W=mgWork = F x dist∥

= -mg x change in height= -change in mg h

change in vertical height

Gravitational Potential Energy

Workgrav = -change in mgh

This is called:“Gravitational Potential Energy” (or PEgrav)

Workgrav = -change in PEgravchange in PEgrav = -Workgrav

If gravity is the only force doing work….

-change in mgh = change in ½ mv2

0 = change in mgh + change in ½ mv2

change in (mgh + ½ mv2) = 0

mgh + ½ mv2 = constant

Work-energy theorem:

Conservation of energy

mgh + ½ mv2 = constantGravitational

Potential energy Kinetic energy

If gravity is the only force that does work: PE + KE = constant

Energy is conserved

Free fall (reminder)

V0 = 0t = 0s

V1 = 10m/s

t = 1s

V2 = 20m/s

t = 2s

V3 = 30m/s

t = 3s

V4 = 40m/s

t = 4s

75m

60m

35m

0m

height

80m

m=1kg free falls from 80m

V0 = 0 h0=80m t = 0s

V1 = 10m/s; h1=75m

t = 1s

V2 = 20m/s; h2=60m 600J 200J 800J

t = 2s

V3 = 30m/s; h3=35m 350J 450J 800J

t = 3s

V4 = 40m/s; h4=0 0 800J 800J

t = 4s

mgh ½ mv2 sum

800J 0 800J

750J 50J 800J

pendulum

W=mg

T

Two forces: T and W

T is always ┴ to the motion(& does no work)

Pendulum conserves energy

hmax

E=mghmaxE=mghmax

E=1/2 m(vmax)2

Roller coaster

Work done by a springRelaxedPosition

F=0

F xI compressthe spring

(I do + work;spring does

-work)Work done by spring = - change in ½ kx2

Spring Potential Energy

Workspring = -change in ½ kx2

This is the:“Spring’s Potential Energy” (or PEspring)

Workspring = -change in PEspring

change in PEspring = -Workspring

If spring is the only force doing work….

-change in ½ kx2 = change in ½ mv2

0 = change in ½ kx2 + change in ½ mv2

change in ( ½ kx2 + ½ mv2) = 0

½ kx2 + ½ mv2 = constant

Work-energy theorem:

Conservation of energysprings & gravity

mgh + ½ kx2 + ½ mv2 = constantGravitational

potential energyKinetic energy

If elastic force & gravity are the only force doing work: PEgrav + PEspring + KE = constant

Energy is conserved

springpotential energy

Two types of forces:

“Conservative” forcesforces that do + & – work

•Gravity

•Elastic (springs, etc)

•Electrical forces

•…

“Dissipative” forcesforces that only do – work

•Friction

•Viscosity

•….

-work change in PE

-work heat(no potential energy.)

(-)Work done by frictionheat

Thermal atomic motion

Heat energy= KE and PE associated with the random thermal motion of atoms

Air solid

Work-energy theorem(all forces)

Workfric = change in (PE+KE)Work done

dissipative

Forces(always -)

Kinetic energy

-Workfric = change in heat energy

potential energyFrom all

Conservative forces

-change in Heat Energy = change in (PE+KE)

Workfric = -change in heat energy

Work – Energy Theorem(all forces)

0 = change in Heat Energy + change in (PE+KE)

0 = change in (Heat Energy+PE+KE)

Heat Energy + PE + KE = constant

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy conversion while skiing

Friction: energy gets converted to heat

Potential energy

Potential energykinetic energy

Units againHeat units:1 calorie = heat energy required to raise the temp of 1 gram of H2O by 1o C

1 calorie= 4.18 JoulesKg m2/s2

Food Calories1 Calorie = 1000 calories = 1Kcalorie

1 Calorie= 4.18x103 JoulesThe Calories you read on food labels

8 x 105 J

7 x 106 J

2 x 106 J

Power

Rate of using energy: amount of energyelapsed time

Units: Joulesecond 1 = 1

Watt

Power =

A 100 W light bulbconsumes 100 J of

electrical energy eachsecond to produce light

Other units

Over a full day, a work-horse can

have an average work output of more than 750 Joules each

second

1 Horsepower = 750 Watts

Kilowatt hours

energytimePower = energy = power x time

power unit x time unit = energy unit

Elec companies use:Kilowatts(103 W)

hours(3600 s)

1 kilowatt-hour = 1kW-hr

= 103 W x 3.6x103 s = 3.6x106 WsJ

x