words in news

‘owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;’ pmtkyfudk jrefrmowif;or*~ u jynfwGif; jynfy&Sd

owif;ESifh pmayynm&Sifrsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_jzifh xkwfa0jcif;jzpf+yD;/

ukefuspm;&dwfudk National Endowment for Democracy tzGJ@u uscHygonf?

uGefjyLwmjrefrmpmvHk;rsm;udk Radio Burma Group tzGJ@u aus;Zl;ðyygonf?

Words in the NewsWords in the NewsWords in the NewsWords in the NewsWords in the News

yxrt}udrf yHkESdyfjcif;

2006 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;2

abdicationeef;pGef@ jcif;eef;pGef@ jcif;eef;pGef@ jcif;eef;pGef@ jcif;eef;pGef@ jcif; (bk&if odk@r[kwf bk&ifru

rdrd oabmtavsmuf eef;rS qif;ay;jcif;)?????

abrogation(Oya'/ pmcsKyf/ oabmwlnDcsuf ponfwdk@

udk ESpfOD;ESpfzuf odk@r[kwf wOD;wnf;

oabmt&) y,fzsufjcif; y,fzsufjcif; y,fzsufjcif; y,fzsufjcif; y,fzsufjcif;?????

absolutismtºuif;rJ htm%m&Sifpepf?tºuif;rJ htm%m&Sifpepf?tºuif;rJ htm%m&Sifpepf?tºuif;rJ htm%m&Sifpepf?tºuif;rJ htm%m&Sifpepf?

academic freedomynma&;qdkif&m vGwfvyfcGif h?ynma&;qdkif&m vGwfvyfcGif h?ynma&;qdkif&m vGwfvyfcGif h?ynma&;qdkif&m vGwfvyfcGif h?ynma&;qdkif&m vGwfvyfcGif h?

accord(yHkrSeftm;jzifh treaty ac: pmcsKyfxuf

wqifhedrfhonfh) oabmwlnDcsuf? oabmwlnDcsuf? oabmwlnDcsuf? oabmwlnDcsuf? oabmwlnDcsuf?

accountabilitywm0efcHr_? wm0ef,lr_?wm0efcHr_? wm0ef,lr_?wm0efcHr_? wm0ef,lr_?wm0efcHr_? wm0ef,lr_?wm0efcHr_? wm0ef,lr_?

Achilles’ heelaysmhuGufaysmhuGufaysmhuGufaysmhuGufaysmhuGuf (*&d '¾m&Dyg ppfol}uD; tmcD;

vDpf Achilles Zmwfvrf;udk trDSðyI ay:

vmaom pum;)?????

acid testrSwfausmufwifjcif;?rSwfausmufwifjcif;?rSwfausmufwifjcif;?rSwfausmufwifjcif;?rSwfausmufwifjcif;?

cd kifrmr_ppfaq;jcif;?cd kifrmr_ppfaq;jcif;?cd kifrmr_ppfaq;jcif;?cd kifrmr_ppfaq;jcif;?cd kifrmr_ppfaq;jcif;?

t+yD;owfprf;oyfcsuf?t+yD;owfprf;oyfcsuf?t+yD;owfprf;oyfcsuf?t+yD;owfprf;oyfcsuf?t+yD;owfprf;oyfcsuf?

act of state

tpdk;&vkyf&yftpd k;&vkyf&yftpd k;&vkyf&yftpd k;&vkyf&yftpd k;&vkyf&yf (vlwOD;wa,mufxHwGif

wm 0ef&Sdonf[k rqdkEdkifaom

tpdk;&vkyf&yf)?????

activism(EdkifiHa&;/ vl@tcGifhta&; ponfwdk@twGuf

wufºupGm) v_yf&Sm;r_? v_yf&Sm;r_? v_yf&Sm;r_? v_yf&Sm;r_? v_yf&Sm;r_?

activist(EdkifiHa&;/ vl@tcGifhta&; ponfwdk@twGuf

wufºupGm) v_yf&Sm;ol?v_yf&Sm;ol?v_yf&Sm;ol?v_yf&Sm;ol?v_yf&Sm;ol?

adjournment(tcsdeftwdkif;twmwcktwGuf) &yfem;jcif;?&yfem;jcif;?&yfem;jcif;?&yfem;jcif;?&yfem;jcif;?

a¶$‹qd kif; jcif;?a¶$‹qd kif; jcif;?a¶$‹qd kif; jcif;?a¶$‹qd kif; jcif;?a¶$‹qd kif; jcif;?

adjudication(tr_wckudk w&m;±Hk;wGif)

pD&ifqH k; jzwfjcif;?pD&ifqH k; jzwfjcif;?pD&ifqH k; jzwfjcif;?pD&ifqH k; jzwfjcif;?pD&ifqH k; jzwfjcif;? pD&ifcsuf?pD&ifcsuf?pD&ifcsuf?pD&ifcsuf?pD&ifcsuf?

administrationtpdk;&tzGJ@? tkyfcsKyfa&;tzG JŒ?tpd k;&tzGJ@? tkyfcsKyfa&;tzG JŒ?tpd k;&tzGJ@? tkyfcsKyfa&;tzG JŒ?tpd k;&tzGJ@? tkyfcsKyfa&;tzG JŒ?tpd k;&tzGJ@? tkyfcsKyfa&;tzG JŒ?

adversary system(w&m;vdk/ w&m;cH ESpfOD;pvHk;twGuf a&SŒae

rsm;xm;I =um;aew&m;ol}uD;u qHk;jzwf

ay;aom) w&m;òyifpepf?w&m;òyifpepf?w&m;òyifpepf?w&m;òyifpepf?w&m;òyifpepf? t+ydKifpepf?t+ydKifpepf?t+ydKifpepf?t+ydKifpepf?t+ydKifpepf?

aegistumtuG,f? taxmuftyhH?tumtuG,f? taxmuftyhH?tumtuG,f? taxmuftyhH?tumtuG,f? taxmuftyhH?tumtuG,f? taxmuftyhH?

affidavit(vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom odk@r[kwf

usrf;usdefI xGufqdkaom) xGufqdkcsuf? xGufqdkcsuf? xGufqdkcsuf? xGufqdkcsuf? xGufqdkcsuf?

0efcHuwdðycsuf? tmrcHcsuf?0efcHuwdðycsuf? tmrcHcsuf?0efcHuwdðycsuf? tmrcHcsuf?0efcHuwdðycsuf? tmrcHcsuf?0efcHuwdðycsuf? tmrcHcsuf?

affirmative action

A

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 3

(,cifu zdESdyfcHcJh&aom vl enf;pkwdk@tm;

tcGifhta&; ydkay;aom) OD;pm;ay;pepf?OD;pm;ay;pepf?OD;pm;ay;pepf?OD;pm;ay;pepf?OD;pm;ay;pepf?

affluencetv#Hy,fjzpfjcif;? uHkvH k ºu,f0jcif;?tv#Hy,fjzpfjcif;? uHkvH k ºu,f0jcif;?tv#Hy,fjzpfjcif;? uHkvH k ºu,f0jcif;?tv#Hy,fjzpfjcif;? uHkvH k ºu,f0jcif;?tv#Hy,fjzpfjcif;? uHkvH k ºu,f0jcif;?

pnf;pdrfcsrf;om?pnf;pdrfcsrf;om?pnf;pdrfcsrf;om?pnf;pdrfcsrf;om?pnf;pdrfcsrf;om?

affluentcsrf;omaom? tv#Hy,fjzpfaom?csrf;omaom? tv#Hy,fjzpfaom?csrf;omaom? tv#Hy,fjzpfaom?csrf;omaom? tv#Hy,fjzpfaom?csrf;omaom? tv#Hy,fjzpfaom?

uHkvH k ºu,f0aom? pnf;pdrfjynfh0aom?uHkvH k ºu,f0aom? pnf;pdrfjynfh0aom?uHkvH k ºu,f0aom? pnf;pdrfjynfh0aom?uHkvH k ºu,f0aom? pnf;pdrfjynfh0aom?uHkvH k ºu,f0aom? pnf;pdrfjynfh0aom?

agendavkyfief;pOf?vkyfief;pOf?vkyfief;pOf?vkyfief;pOf?vkyfief;pOf?

agreement(oHwrefa&;Y treaty ac: pmcsKyfxufydkI

usOf;ajrmif;aom oabm&Sdonfh ESpfEdkifiH

odk@r[kwf EdkifiHwum) oabmwlnDcsuf?oabmwlnDcsuf?oabmwlnDcsuf?oabmwlnDcsuf?oabmwlnDcsuf?

aggregate demandtpkpk 0,fvdktm;?tpkpk 0,fvdktm;?tpkpk 0,fvdktm;?tpkpk 0,fvdktm;?tpkpk 0,fvdktm;?

aggregate supplytpkpk a&mif;ukef? tpkpk a&mif;tm;?tpkpk a&mif;ukef? tpkpk a&mif;tm;?tpkpk a&mif;ukef? tpkpk a&mif;tm;?tpkpk a&mif;ukef? tpkpk a&mif;tm;?tpkpk a&mif;ukef? tpkpk a&mif;tm;?

aggression&efpr_? usL;ausmfr_?&efpr_? usL;ausmfr_?&efpr_? usL;ausmfr_?&efpr_? usL;ausmfr_?&efpr_? usL;ausmfr_?

agitationv_H@aqmfr_?v_ H@aqmfr_?v_ H@aqmfr_?v_ H@aqmfr_?v_ H@aqmfr_?

agrarianajr,mqdkif&m? pd kufys d K;a&;qdkif&m?ajr,mqdkif&m? pd kufys d K;a&;qdkif&m?ajr,mqdkif&m? pd kufys d K;a&;qdkif&m?ajr,mqdkif&m? pd kufys d K;a&;qdkif&m?ajr,mqdkif&m? pd kufys d K;a&;qdkif&m?

ahistoricalordkif;ESif h roufqdkifaom?ordkif;ESif h roufqdkifaom?ordkif;ESif h roufqdkifaom?ordkif;ESif h roufqdkifaom?ordkif;ESif h roufqdkifaom?

aide-de-campudk,fa&;t&m&S d ud k,fa&;t&m&S d ud k,fa&;t&m&S d ud k,fa&;t&m&S d ud k,fa&;t&m&S d (ppfwyf toHk;tE_ef;)?

Aidsudk,fcHtm;usa&m*g?ud k,fcHtm;usa&m*g?ud k,fcHtm;usa&m*g?ud k,fcHtm;usa&m*g?ud k,fcHtm;usa&m*g?

alienEd kifiH jcm;om;?Ed kifiH jcm;om;?Ed kifiH jcm;om;?Ed kifiH jcm;om;?Ed kifiH jcm;om;?

alienationoD;jcm;jzpfatmif z,fxkwfjcif;?oD;jcm;jzpfatmif z,fxkwfjcif;?oD;jcm;jzpfatmif z,fxkwfjcif;?oD;jcm;jzpfatmif z,fxkwfjcif;?oD;jcm;jzpfatmif z,fxkwfjcif;?

allegianceopPmcHjcif;?opPmcHjcif;?opPmcHjcif;?opPmcHjcif;?opPmcHjcif;?

alliancer[mrdwf?r[mrdwf?r[mrdwf?r[mrdwf?r[mrdwf?

altruismudk,fusdK;pGef@0g'? udk,fusdK;pGef@ jcif;?udk,fusdK;pGef@0g'? udk,fusdK;pGef@ jcif;?udk,fusdK;pGef@0g'? udk,fusdK;pGef@ jcif;?udk,fusdK;pGef@0g'? udk,fusdK;pGef@ jcif;?udk,fusdK;pGef@0g'? udk,fusdK;pGef@ jcif;?

y&[dw0g'?y&[dw0g'?y&[dw0g'?y&[dw0g'?y&[dw0g'?

altruisttrsm;tusK d;aqmifol? y&[dworm;?trsm;tusK d;aqmifol? y&[dworm;?trsm;tusK d;aqmifol? y&[dworm;?trsm;tusK d;aqmifol? y&[dworm;?trsm;tusK d;aqmifol? y&[dworm;?

ambassadoroHtrwf}uD;?oHtrwf}uD;?oHtrwf}uD;?oHtrwf}uD;?oHtrwf}uD;?

amendment(pm&Gufpmwrf;/ Oya' ponfwdk@tm;

jznfhpGufjcif;/ tpm;xkd;jcif;/ ðzwfy,fjcif;

ðyonfh) jyifqifcsuf?jyifqifcsuf?jyifqifcsuf?jyifqifcsuf?jyifqifcsuf?

amnestyvGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGif h?vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGif h?vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGif h?vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGif h?vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGif h?

analyseqef;ppfonf// cG J jcrf;pdwfjzmonf//qef;ppfonf// cG J jcrf;pdwfjzmonf//qef;ppfonf// cG J jcrf;pdwfjzmonf//qef;ppfonf// cG J jcrf;pdwfjzmonf//qef;ppfonf// cG J jcrf;pdwfjzmonf//


analysisqef;ppfjcif;// cG J jcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;//qef;ppfjcif;// cG J jcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;//qef;ppfjcif;// cG J jcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;//qef;ppfjcif;// cG J jcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;//qef;ppfjcif;// cG J jcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;//

analystqef;ppfol// a0zefr_Y u|rf;usifol//qef;ppfol// a0zefr_Y u|rf;usifol//qef;ppfol// a0zefr_Y u|rf;usifol//qef;ppfol// a0zefr_Y u|rf;usifol//qef;ppfol// a0zefr_Y u|rf;usifol//

anarchyrif;rJ hp±k duf?rif;rJ hp±k duf?rif;rJ hp±k duf?rif;rJ hp±k duf?rif;rJ hp±k duf?

anarchismrif;rJ h0g'?rif;rJ h0g'?rif;rJ h0g'?rif;rJ h0g'?rif;rJ h0g'?

anarchistrif;rJ h0g'D?rif;rJ h0g'D?rif;rJ h0g'D?rif;rJ h0g'D?rif;rJ h0g'D?

anatomycE<maA'?cE<maA'?cE<maA'?cE<maA'?cE<maA'?

annexation(e,fy,fwcktm; xdke,fae vlxk. qENrygbJ

EdkifiHwcku) odrf;yd kufjcif;? odrf;oGif;jcif;?odrf;yd kufjcif;? odrf;oGif;jcif;?odrf;yd kufjcif;? odrf;oGif;jcif;?odrf;yd kufjcif;? odrf;oGif;jcif;?odrf;yd kufjcif;? odrf;oGif;jcif;?

anthropologistrEk\aA'ynm&Sif?rEk\aA'ynm&Sif?rEk\aA'ynm&Sif?rEk\aA'ynm&Sif?rEk\aA'ynm&Sif?

anthropologyrEk\aA'?rEk\aA'?rEk\aA'?rEk\aA'?rEk\aA'?

Anti-ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM)(tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifh ,cif qdkAD,uf

jynfaxmifpkwdk@ csKyfqdkcJhaom)

wdkufcsif;ypf 'H k;usnfwdkufcsif;ypf 'H k;usnfwdkufcsif;ypf 'H k;usnfwdkufcsif;ypf 'H k;usnfwdkufcsif;ypf 'H k;usnf

xdef;csKyfa&;pmcsKyf?xdef;csKyfa&;pmcsKyf?xdef;csKyfa&;pmcsKyf?xdef;csKyfa&;pmcsKyf?xdef;csKyfa&;pmcsKyf?

anti-colonialismudkvd keDpepfqef@usifa&;0g'?udkvd keDpepfqef@usifa&;0g'?udkvd keDpepfqef@usifa&;0g'?udkvd keDpepfqef@usifa&;0g'?udkvd keDpepfqef@usifa&;0g'?

anti-clericalism

(EdkifiHa&;wGif) bmoma&;acgif;aqmifwd k@bmoma&;acgif;aqmifwd k@bmoma&;acgif;aqmifwd k@bmoma&;acgif;aqmifwd k@bmoma&;acgif;aqmifwd k@

v$rf;rd k; jcif;ud k qef@usifaom0g'?v$rf;rd k; jcif;ud k qef@usifaom0g'?v$rf;rd k; jcif;ud k qef@usifaom0g'?v$rf;rd k; jcif;ud k qef@usifaom0g'?v$rf;rd k; jcif;ud k qef@usifaom0g'?

anti-communismuGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;0g'?uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;0g'?uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;0g'?uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;0g'?uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;0g'?

anti-Semitism*sK;qef@usifa&;0g'?*sK;qef@usifa&;0g'?*sK;qef@usifa&;0g'?*sK;qef@usifa&;0g'?*sK;qef@usifa&;0g'?

anti-trust laws(vlwpk wzGJ@u xdef;csKyfxm;+yD;

vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_udk xdyg;aponfh)

csKyfud kifpD;yGm;pepfudk qef@usifonfhcsKyfud kifpD;yGm;pepfudk qef@usifonfhcsKyfud kifpD;yGm;pepfudk qef@usifonfhcsKyfud kifpD;yGm;pepfudk qef@usifonfhcsKyfud kifpD;yGm;pepfudk qef@usifonfh

Oya'rsm;?Oya'rsm;?Oya'rsm;?Oya'rsm;?Oya'rsm;?

apoliticalEd kifiHa&;ESif h roufqdkifaom? Ed kifiHa&;Ed kifiHa&;ESif h roufqdkifaom? Ed kifiHa&;Ed kifiHa&;ESif h roufqdkifaom? Ed kifiHa&;Ed kifiHa&;ESif h roufqdkifaom? Ed kifiHa&;Ed kifiHa&;ESif h roufqdkifaom? Ed kifiHa&;

ryg aom?ryg aom?ryg aom?ryg aom?ryg aom?

apologeticsc&pf,mef umuG,fa&;0g'?c&pf,mef umuG,fa&;0g'?c&pf,mef umuG,fa&;0g'?c&pf,mef umuG,fa&;0g'?c&pf,mef umuG,fa&;0g'?

apologist(,Hk=unfcsuf/ bmomw&m;/ rl0g' ponf

wdk@tm;) umuG,fa&;om; ajymqdkol?umuG,fa&;om; ajymqdkol?umuG,fa&;om; ajymqdkol?umuG,fa&;om; ajymqdkol?umuG,fa&;om; ajymqdkol?

apologyumuG,fjcif;? acsyjcif;? avsmufvJjcif;?umuG,fjcif;? acsyjcif;? avsmufvJjcif;?umuG,fjcif;? acsyjcif;? avsmufvJjcif;?umuG,fjcif;? acsyjcif;? avsmufvJjcif;?umuG,fjcif;? acsyjcif;? avsmufvJjcif;?

appeasement(rw&m;onfh awmif;qdkcsufudk) tnHhcHtnHhcHtnHhcHtnHhcHtnHhcH

vd kufavsmjcif;? vdkufavsmausat;jcif;?vd kufavsmjcif;? vdkufavsmausat;jcif;?vd kufavsmjcif;? vdkufavsmausat;jcif;?vd kufavsmjcif;? vdkufavsmausat;jcif;?vd kufavsmjcif;? vdkufavsmausat;jcif;?

appropriation(tpdk;&toHk;pm;&dwf twGuf) vsmxm;aiG?vsmxm;aiG?vsmxm;aiG?vsmxm;aiG?vsmxm;aiG?

Arabism


tm&yftrsd K;om;0g'?tm&yftrsd K;om;0g'?tm&yftrsd K;om;0g'?tm&yftrsd K;om;0g'?tm&yftrsd K;om;0g'?

tm&yfEd kifiHrsm; nD!Gwfa&;0g'?tm&yfEd kifiHrsm; nD!Gwfa&;0g'?tm&yfEd kifiHrsm; nD!Gwfa&;0g'?tm&yfEd kifiHrsm; nD!Gwfa&;0g'?tm&yfEd kifiHrsm; nD!Gwfa&;0g'?

arbitraryxif&mðyjcif;?xif&mðyjcif;?xif&mðyjcif;?xif&mðyjcif;?xif&mðyjcif;?

arbitration(=um;vl. jzefajzr_a=umifh tvkyform;

jy\em) ajy+idrf; jcif;?ajy+idrf; jcif;?ajy+idrf; jcif;?ajy+idrf; jcif;?ajy+idrf; jcif;?

archivesarmfuGef;wd kuf? rSwfwrf;wdkuf?armfuGef;wd kuf? rSwfwrf;wdkuf?armfuGef;wd kuf? rSwfwrf;wdkuf?armfuGef;wd kuf? rSwfwrf;wdkuf?armfuGef;wd kuf? rSwfwrf;wdkuf?

aristocracy(csrf;omaom/ *k%fjrifhaom/ ppftiftm;

&Sdaom/ =oZm&Sdaom vlwpku v$rf;rdk;xm;

onfh) vlwpk tpd k;&?vlwpk tpd k;&?vlwpk tpd k;&?vlwpk tpd k;&?vlwpk tpd k;&?

armisticeppfajy+idrf;jcif;? ,m,Dppfajy+idrf;jcif;?ppfajy+idrf;jcif;? ,m,Dppfajy+idrf;jcif;?ppfajy+idrf;jcif;? ,m,Dppfajy+idrf;jcif;?ppfajy+idrf;jcif;? ,m,Dppfajy+idrf;jcif;?ppfajy+idrf;jcif;? ,m,Dppfajy+idrf;jcif;?

arms controlvufeufxdef;csKyf jcif;?vufeufxdef;csKyf jcif;?vufeufxdef;csKyf jcif;?vufeufxdef;csKyf jcif;?vufeufxdef;csKyf jcif;?

atavismikyfaeonhf tusif ha[mif;ikyfaeonhf tusif ha[mif;ikyfaeonhf tusif ha[mif;ikyfaeonhf tusif ha[mif;ikyfaeonhf tusif ha[mif;

ADZa[mif;rsm; jyefay:vmjcif;?ADZa[mif;rsm; jyefay:vmjcif;?ADZa[mif;rsm; jyefay:vmjcif;?ADZa[mif;rsm; jyefay:vmjcif;?ADZa[mif;rsm; jyefay:vmjcif;?

aemufa=umif; jyefjzpaemufa=umif; jyefjzpaemufa=umif; jyefjzpaemufa=umif; jyefjzpaemufa=umif; jyefjzpf jcif;?f jcif;?f jcif;?f jcif;?f jcif;?

Attorney Generala&SŒaecsKyf?a&SŒaecsKyf?a&SŒaecsKyf?a&SŒaecsKyf?a&SŒaecsKyf?

austerityudk,fusif hw&m;? ®c;jcH jcif;?ud k,fusif hw&m;? ®c;jcH jcif;?ud k,fusif hw&m;? ®c;jcH jcif;?ud k,fusif hw&m;? ®c;jcH jcif;?ud k,fusif hw&m;? ®c;jcH jcif;?

autarchy

(jyifyurBmESifh tqufjzwfum pD;yGm;a&;/

EdkifiHa&;tm;jzifh zlvHkpGmaeaom) oD;oef@ oD;oef@ oD;oef@ oD;oef@ oD;oef@

Ed kifiH? wudk,fawmfEd kifiH?Ed kifiH? wudk,fawmfEd kifiH?Ed kifiH? wudk,fawmfEd kifiH?Ed kifiH? wudk,fawmfEd kifiH?Ed kifiH? wudk,fawmfEd kifiH?

authoritariantm%m&Sif?tm%m&Sif?tm%m&Sif?tm%m&Sif?tm%m&Sif?

authoritarianism(vlwOD;csif;pD. tcGifhta&;udk ta&;rxm;

bJ EdkifiHawmfu t&m&mudk xdef;csKyfaom)

tm%m&Sif tpd k;&pepf?tm%m&Sif tpd k;&pepf?tm%m&Sif tpd k;&pepf?tm%m&Sif tpd k;&pepf?tm%m&Sif tpd k;&pepf?

autocracy(tjrifhqHk;acgif;aqmifu tpdk;&tm%m

rSefor# ,lxm;aom) tm%m&Sif pepf tm%m&Sif pepf tm%m&Sif pepf tm%m&Sif pepf tm%m&Sif pepf?????

zdES dyftkyfcsKyfaom pepf?zdES dyftkyfcsKyfaom pepf?zdES dyftkyfcsKyfaom pepf?zdES dyftkyfcsKyfaom pepf?zdES dyftkyfcsKyfaom pepf?

autocratEk difiHa&;wGif zdES dyftkyfcsKyfol?Ek difiHa&;wGif zdES dyftkyfcsKyfol?Ek difiHa&;wGif zdES dyftkyfcsKyfol?Ek difiHa&;wGif zdES dyftkyfcsKyfol?Ek difiHa&;wGif zdES dyftkyfcsKyfol?

automation(vltm;udk oHk;aomae&mwGif puftm;udk

tpm;xdk;oHk;aom) puftm;oHk;pepf ? puftm;oHk;pepf ? puftm;oHk;pepf ? puftm;oHk;pepf ? puftm;oHk;pepf ?

automatonpuf±kyf?puf±kyf?puf±kyf?puf±kyf?puf±kyf?

autonomyudk,fyd kiftkyfcsKyfcGif h?ud k,fyd ki ftkyfcsKyfcGif h?ud k,fyd ki ftkyfcsKyfcGif h?ud k,fyd ki ftkyfcsKyfcGif h?ud k,fyd ki ftkyfcsKyfcGif h?

axis0if±k d;wef;Ed kifiHrsm; 0if±k d;wef;Ed kifiHrsm; 0if±k d;wef;Ed kifiHrsm; 0if±k d;wef;Ed kifiHrsm; 0if±k d;wef;Ed kifiHrsm; ('kwd,urBmppfumv

*smref-tDwvD-*syefwdk@. emZD-zufqpf

ppfr[mrdwftzGJ@udk &nf!¸ef;oHk;pGJonfh

a0g[m&)?????


balkanizationEd kifiH òyifrsm; ay:xGufvmjcif;Ed kifiH òyifrsm; ay:xGufvmjcif;Ed kifiH òyifrsm; ay:xGufvmjcif;Ed kifiH òyifrsm; ay:xGufvmjcif;Ed kifiH òyifrsm; ay:xGufvmjcif;

(abmvfuef a'o&Sd EdkifiHrsm;wGif

jzpfyGm;cJhouJhodk@ pnf; vHk;aom

EdkifiHwcktjzpfrS &efvdkaom tpdwf

tydkif;rsm;tjzpf òyuGJjcif;)?????

ballistic missileswdkufcsif;ypf'H k;usnf?wdkufcsif;ypf'H k;usnf?wdkufcsif;ypf'H k;usnf?wdkufcsif;ypf'H k;usnf?wdkufcsif;ypf'H k;usnf?

ballotrJpm&Guf? rJjym;?rJpm&Guf? rJjym;?rJpm&Guf? rJjym;?rJpm&Guf? rJjym;?rJpm&Guf? rJjym;?

barterukefzvS,fjcif;pepf?ukefzvS,fjcif;pepf?ukefzvS,fjcif;pepf?ukefzvS,fjcif;pepf?ukefzvS,fjcif;pepf?

belligerencyppfjzpf fqJ tajctae?ppfjzpf fqJ tajctae?ppfjzpf fqJ tajctae?ppfjzpf fqJ tajctae?ppfjzpf fqJ tajctae?

biasbufvdkufjcif;? rsufESmomay;jcif;?bufvdkufjcif;? rsufESmomay;jcif;?bufvdkufjcif;? rsufESmomay;jcif;?bufvdkufjcif;? rsufESmomay;jcif;?bufvdkufjcif;? rsufESmomay;jcif;?

bicameralv$wfawmfESpf&yf pepf?v$wfawmfESpf&yf pepf?v$wfawmfESpf&yf pepf?v$wfawmfESpf&yf pepf?v$wfawmfESpf&yf pepf?

bicameral governmentv$wfawmfESpf&yf &S daom tpdk;&?v$wfawmfESpf&yf &S daom tpdk;&?v$wfawmfESpf&yf &S daom tpdk;&?v$wfawmfESpf&yf &S daom tpdk;&?v$wfawmfESpf&yf &S daom tpdk;&?

big stick+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;? vSef@vH k;ay;jcif;?+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;? vSef@vH k;ay;jcif;?+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;? vSef@vH k;ay;jcif;?+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;? vSef@vH k;ay;jcif;?+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;? vSef@vH k;ay;jcif;?

bilateraltjyeftvSef/ ESpfOD;ESpfzuf tjyeftvSef/ ESpfOD;ESpfzuf tjyeftvSef/ ESpfOD;ESpfzuf tjyeftvSef/ ESpfOD;ESpfzuf tjyeftvSef/ ESpfOD;ESpfzuf (jzpfaom)?????

bilateralism

axis of evilraumif;qd k;0g; Ed kifiHrsm;tzG J@ raumif;qd k;0g; Ed kifiHrsm;tzG J@ raumif;qd k;0g; Ed kifiHrsm;tzG J@ raumif;qd k;0g; Ed kifiHrsm;tzG J@ raumif;qd k;0g; Ed kifiHrsm;tzG J@ (tar&duef

orRw a*smhbk&Sfu tD&ef tD&wfESifh ajrmuf

udk&D;,m;udk@udk &nf!¸ef;oHk;pGJonfh a0g[m&)

baby boomer(tar&duefjynfY uav;arG;zGm;E_ef; jrifhrm;

cJhonfh) 1960 ckESpfrsm;twGif;1960 ckESpfrsm;twGif;1960 ckESpfrsm;twGif;1960 ckESpfrsm;twGif;1960 ckESpfrsm;twGif;

arG;zGm;ol?arG;zGm;ol?arG;zGm;ol?arG;zGm;ol?arG;zGm;ol?

backbencherygwDacgi f ;aqmi fr[kwfaomygwDacgi f ;aqmi fr[kwfaomygwDacgi f ;aqmi fr[kwfaomygwDacgi f ;aqmi fr[kwfaomygwDacgi f ;aqmi fr[kwfaom

v$wfawm ftrwf?v$wfawm ftrwf?v$wfawm ftrwf?v$wfawm ftrwf?v$wfawm ftrwf?

balance of paymentsaiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;?aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;?aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;?aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;?aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;?

balance of powertiftm;cs defcGifv#m?tiftm;cs defcGifv#m?tiftm;cs defcGifv#m?tiftm;cs defcGifv#m?tiftm;cs defcGifv#m?

balance of terrorzsufqD;tm; cs defcGifv#mzsufqD;tm; cs defcGifv#mzsufqD;tm; cs defcGifv#mzsufqD;tm; cs defcGifv#mzsufqD;tm; cs defcGifv#m

(tEkjrLtiftm;}uD; EdkifiH tcsif;csif;

wOD;.zsufqD;tm;udk wOD; u pdk;&drfojzifh

ppfrjzpf&Jaom tajctae)?????

balance of tradeukefoG,fr_ &Sif;wrf; ukefoG,fr_ &Sif;wrf; ukefoG,fr_ &Sif;wrf; ukefoG,fr_ &Sif;wrf; ukefoG,fr_ &Sif;wrf; (EdkifiHwck. oGif;ukef

ESifh xkwfukef r#ajcudk wGufcsufjcif;)?????

balanced budget(0ifaiGu oHk;aiGxuf ydkaom/ odk@r[kwf

0ifaiGESifh oHk;aiG nDr#aom) r#wonfhr#wonfhr#wonfhr#wonfhr#wonfh

aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;?aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;?aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;?aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;?aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;?

B


(EdkifiHtcsif;csif; pD;yGm;a&;/ vHkðcHa&;wGif

tjyeftvSef yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufonfh)

ESpfOD;ESpfzuf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;rl?ESpfOD;ESpfzuf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;rl?ESpfOD;ESpfzuf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;rl?ESpfOD;ESpfzuf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;rl?ESpfOD;ESpfzuf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;rl?

bill of rights(vlwOD;csif;ESifh EdkifiHawmfwdk@. tcGifhta&;

wdk@udk &Sif;vif;a=ujimaom) tcGif hta&;tcGif hta&;tcGif hta&;tcGif hta&;tcGif hta&;

a=ujimpmwrf;?a=ujimpmwrf;?a=ujimpmwrf;?a=ujimpmwrf;?a=ujimpmwrf;?

biodiversityouf&S dtrsK d;rsK d;yl;wG Jwnf&S dr_?ouf&S dtrsK d;rsK d;yl;wG Jwnf&S dr_?ouf&S dtrsK d;rsK d;yl;wG Jwnf&S dr_?ouf&S dtrsK d;rsK d;yl;wG Jwnf&S dr_?ouf&S dtrsK d;rsK d;yl;wG Jwnf&S dr_?

Bio-tecZD0enf;ynm?ZD0enf;ynm?ZD0enf;ynm?ZD0enf;ynm?ZD0enf;ynm?

bipartisantpdk;&ESif h twdkuftcH ESpfzG J @pvHk;.tpdk;&ESif h twdkuftcH ESpfzG J @pvHk;.tpdk;&ESif h twdkuftcH ESpfzG J @pvHk;.tpdk;&ESif h twdkuftcH ESpfzG J @pvHk;.tpdk;&ESif h twdkuftcH ESpfzG J @pvHk;.

axmufcHr_ud k &aom?axmufcHr_ud k &aom?axmufcHr_ud k &aom?axmufcHr_ud k &aom?axmufcHr_ud k &aom?

(tar&duefEdkifiHwGif) 'Drd ku&ufESif h &Dywf'Drd ku&ufESif h &Dywf'Drd ku&ufESif h &Dywf'Drd ku&ufESif h &Dywf'Drd ku&ufESif h &Dywf

bvDuif ygwDESpfckpvHk;. axmufcHr_ud kbvDuif ygwDESpfckpvHk;. axmufcHr_ud kbvDuif ygwDESpfckpvHk;. axmufcHr_ud kbvDuif ygwDESpfckpvHk;. axmufcHr_ud kbvDuif ygwDESpfckpvHk;. axmufcHr_ud k

&aom&aom&aom&aom&aom (rl0g'/ ta=umif;t&m/ vlyk*~dKvf

ponfjzifh)?????

bipartisanshiptpdk;&ESif h twdkuftcH nD!Gwfr_?tpd k;&ESif h twdkuftcH nD!Gwfr_?tpd k;&ESif h twdkuftcH nD!Gwfr_?tpd k;&ESif h twdkuftcH nD!Gwfr_?tpd k;&ESif h twdkuftcH nD!Gwfr_?

(tar&duefEdkifiHwGif) 'Drd ku&ufESif h &Dywf'Drd ku&ufESif h &Dywf'Drd ku&ufESif h &Dywf'Drd ku&ufESif h &Dywf'Drd ku&ufESif h &Dywf

bvDuif ygwDESpfckpvHk;. nD!Gwfr_?bvDuif ygwDESpfckpvHk;. nD!Gwfr_?bvDuif ygwDESpfckpvHk;. nD!Gwfr_?bvDuif ygwDESpfckpvHk;. nD!Gwfr_?bvDuif ygwDESpfckpvHk;. nD!Gwfr_?

birdflu=uufiSufwkyfauG;a&m*g?=uufiSufwkyfauG;a&m*g?=uufiSufwkyfauG;a&m*g?=uufiSufwkyfauG;a&m*g?=uufiSufwkyfauG;a&m*g?

blacklistemrnfysufpm&if;?emrnfysufpm&if;?emrnfysufpm&if;?emrnfysufpm&if;?emrnfysufpm&if;?

black marketarSmifcd kaps;? arSmifcd kaps;uGuf?arSmifcd kaps;? arSmifcd kaps;uGuf?arSmifcd kaps;? arSmifcd kaps;uGuf?arSmifcd kaps;? arSmifcd kaps;uGuf?arSmifcd kaps;? arSmifcd kaps;uGuf?

bloctkyfpk?tkyfpk?tkyfpk?tkyfpk?tkyfpk?

block voting(tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk,fpm; tzGJ@wzGJ@u ay;aom)

pkpnf;rJ?pkpnf;rJ?pkpnf;rJ?pkpnf;rJ?pkpnf;rJ?

blockadeydwfqd k@r_?ydwfqd k@r_?ydwfqd k@r_?ydwfqd k@r_?ydwfqd k@r_?

Blue housetdrfjymawmf tdrfjymawmf tdrfjymawmf tdrfjymawmf tdrfjymawmf (awmifudk;&D;,m; orRw

tdrfawmf)?????

Bolshevismabmvf&S DApf0g'abmvf&S DApf0g'abmvf&S DApf0g'abmvf&S DApf0g'abmvf&S DApf0g' (uGefjrLepf0g'ESifh

teufwl)?

bourgeois(txufwef;v$mESifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;

t=um;Y&Sdaom) vlvwfwef;pm;?vlvwfwef;pm;?vlvwfwef;pm;?vlvwfwef;pm;?vlvwfwef;pm;?

(rwfcfpf0g' tvdktm;jzifh t&if;tESD;&Sdaom

ukefxkwfolrsm;/ ukefonfrsm;/ tao;pm;

pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;&Sifrsm; yg0ifonfh) "e&Sif"e&Sif"e&Sif"e&Sif"e&Sif

vlwef;pm;?vlwef;pm;?vlwef;pm;?vlwef;pm;?vlwef;pm;?

boycottoydwfarSmufjcif;? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_oydwfarSmufjcif;? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_oydwfarSmufjcif;? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_oydwfarSmufjcif;? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_oydwfarSmufjcif;? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_

rðyjcif;?rðyjcif;?rðyjcif;?rðyjcif;?rðyjcif;?

braindrainOD;aESmuf,kdpD;r_ OD;aESmuf,kdpD;r_ OD;aESmuf,kdpD;r_ OD;aESmuf,kdpD;r_ OD;aESmuf,kdpD;r_ (wdkif;jynfwckrS

ynmwwf ynm&Sifrsm; tjcm;wkdif;jynfodk@

oGm;a&muf tvkyfvkyfudkifjcif;)?????

brandukeftrSwfwHqdyf?ukeftrSwfwHqdyf?ukeftrSwfwHqdyf?ukeftrSwfwHqdyf?ukeftrSwfwHqdyf?


brand loyaltytrSwfwHqdyfud k pG J jrJ jcif;?trSwfwHqdyfud k pG J jrJ jcif;?trSwfwHqdyfud k pG J jrJ jcif;?trSwfwHqdyfud k pG J jrJ jcif;?trSwfwHqdyfud k pG J jrJ jcif;?

breach of the peace&yf&Gm+idrf;csrf;a&;udk xdyg;apr_?&yf&Gm+idrf;csrf;a&;udk xdyg;apr_?&yf&Gm+idrf;csrf;a&;udk xdyg;apr_?&yf&Gm+idrf;csrf;a&;udk xdyg;apr_?&yf&Gm+idrf;csrf;a&;udk xdyg;apr_?

&yf&Gm+idrf;csrf;a&;udk cs d K;azmufr_?&yf&Gm+idrf;csrf;a&;udk cs d K;azmufr_?&yf&Gm+idrf;csrf;a&;udk cs d K;azmufr_?&yf&Gm+idrf;csrf;a&;udk cs d K;azmufr_?&yf&Gm+idrf;csrf;a&;udk cs d K;azmufr_?

break throughtcuftcJrS vGefajrmufoGm;r_?tcuftcJrS vGefajrmufoGm;r_?tcuftcJrS vGefajrmufoGm;r_?tcuftcJrS vGefajrmufoGm;r_?tcuftcJrS vGefajrmufoGm;r_?

brigandagecd k;qd k;vk,ufjcif; cd k;qd k;vk,ufjcif; cd k;qd k;vk,ufjcif; cd k;qd k;vk,ufjcif; cd k;qd k;vk,ufjcif; (txl;ojzifh awmykef;

"m;jywdkufjcif;)?????

brinkmanship(ppfrufjzpfEdkifajc&Sdonfudk odvsufESifh)

Ed kifiHa&; oHwrefa&; pGef@pm;r_?Ed kifiHa&; oHwrefa&; pGef@pm;r_?Ed kifiHa&; oHwrefa&; pGef@pm;r_?Ed kifiHa&; oHwrefa&; pGef@pm;r_?Ed kifiHa&; oHwrefa&; pGef@pm;r_?

budgetaiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;? aiGay;aiG,l&Sif;wrf;?aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;? aiGay;aiG,l&Sif;wrf;?aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;? aiGay;aiG,l&Sif;wrf;?aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;? aiGay;aiG,l&Sif;wrf;?aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;? aiGay;aiG,l&Sif;wrf;?

&oHk;aiGpm&if;?&oHk;aiGpm&if;?&oHk;aiGpm&if;?&oHk;aiGpm&if;?&oHk;aiGpm&if;?

budget deficit(aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;Y) vdkaiGjyjcif;?vd kaiGjyjcif;?vd kaiGjyjcif;?vd kaiGjyjcif;?vd kaiGjyjcif;?

budget surplus(aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;Y) yd kaiG jyjcif;?yd kaiG jyjcif;?yd kaiG jyjcif;?yd kaiG jyjcif;?yd kaiG jyjcif;?

bureaucracyAsL±d kua&pD,Eœ&m;AsL±d kua&pD,Eœ&m;AsL±d kua&pD,Eœ&m;AsL±d kua&pD,Eœ&m;AsL±d kua&pD,Eœ&m; (vkyfief;

rwGifus,fr_udk a0zefonfhoabmjzifhvnf;

oHk;pGJwwfonf)?????

business cyclepD;yGm;a&;oHo&m?pD;yGm;a&;oHo&m?pD;yGm;a&;oHo&m?pD;yGm;a&;oHo&m?pD;yGm;a&;oHo&m?

pD;yGm;a&;todkif;t0d kif;?pD;yGm;a&;todkif;t0d kif;?pD;yGm;a&;todkif;t0d kif;?pD;yGm;a&;todkif;t0d kif;?pD;yGm;a&;todkif;t0d kif;?

by-election=um;jzwfa&G;aumufyG J?=um;jzwfa&G;aumufyG J?=um;jzwfa&G;aumufyG J?=um;jzwfa&G;aumufyG J?=um;jzwfa&G;aumufyG J?

by-lawsa'oqdkif&m Oya'?a'oqdkif&m Oya'?a'oqdkif&m Oya'?a'oqdkif&m Oya'?a'oqdkif&m Oya'?

tzGJ@tpnf; toif;tyif;qdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf; toif;tyif;qdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf; toif;tyif;qdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf; toif;tyif;qdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf; toif;tyif;qdkif&m

pnf;rsOf;?pnf;rsOf;?pnf;rsOf;?pnf;rsOf;?pnf;rsOf;?

by productab;xGufypPnf;?ab;xGufypPnf;?ab;xGufypPnf;?ab;xGufypPnf;?ab;xGufypPnf;?

by standerab;rS&yf=unfhol?ab;rS&yf=unfhol?ab;rS&yf=unfhol?ab;rS&yf=unfhol?ab;rS&yf=unfhol?

cabinettpdk;&tzG J@?tpd k;&tzG J@?tpd k;&tzG J@?tpd k;&tzG J@?tpd k;&tzG J@?

cadretrmcHtzG J@? trmcHtzG J@om;? au'g?trmcHtzG J@? trmcHtzG J@om;? au'g?trmcHtzG J@? trmcHtzG J@om;? au'g?trmcHtzG J@? trmcHtzG J@om;? au'g?trmcHtzG J@? trmcHtzG J@om;? au'g?

campaignEd kifiHa&; vlr_a&;wGifEd ki fiHa&; vlr_a&;wGifEd ki fiHa&; vlr_a&;wGifEd ki fiHa&; vlr_a&;wGifEd ki fiHa&; vlr_a&;wGif

pnf;±H k;v_ H@aqmfjcif;?pnf;±H k;v_ H@aqmfjcif;?pnf;±H k;v_ H@aqmfjcif;?pnf;±H k;v_ H@aqmfjcif;?pnf;±H k;v_ H@aqmfjcif;?

canon lawc&pf,mefausmif;awmfoHk; Oya'?c&pf,mefausmif;awmfoHk; Oya'?c&pf,mefausmif;awmfoHk; Oya'?c&pf,mefausmif;awmfoHk; Oya'?c&pf,mefausmif;awmfoHk; Oya'?

canvassrJqG,fonf? qGJaqmifonf?rJqG,fonf? qGJaqmifonf?rJqG,fonf? qGJaqmifonf?rJqG,fonf? qGJaqmifonf?rJqG,fonf? qGJaqmifonf?

capitalòr@awmf? aiGt&if;tES D;?òr@awmf? aiGt&if;tES D;?òr@awmf? aiGt&if;tES D;?òr@awmf? aiGt&if;tES D;?òr@awmf? aiGt&if;tES D;?

Capitalismt&if;&Sif0g'? aiG&Sif0g'?t&if;&Sif0g'? aiG&Sif0g'?t&if;&Sif0g'? aiG&Sif0g'?t&if;&Sif0g'? aiG&Sif0g'?t&if;&Sif0g'? aiG&Sif0g'?

C


capitulationvufeufcsjcif;? vufeufcs pmwrf;?vufeufcsjcif;? vufeufcs pmwrf;?vufeufcsjcif;? vufeufcs pmwrf;?vufeufcsjcif;? vufeufcs pmwrf;?vufeufcsjcif;? vufeufcs pmwrf;?

captionyH kpm? az:!¸ef;csuf?yH kpm? az:!¸ef;csuf?yH kpm? az:!¸ef;csuf?yH kpm? az:!¸ef;csuf?yH kpm? az:!¸ef;csuf?

carte blanche(wzufom;pdwfóuuf vkyfapqdkonfh

oabmjzifh) pm&GuftvGwfwGif vufrSwfpm&GuftvGwfwGif vufrSwfpm&GuftvGwfwGif vufrSwfpm&GuftvGwfwGif vufrSwfpm&GuftvGwfwGif vufrSwf

a&;xdk;ay;jcif;?a&;xdk;ay;jcif;?a&;xdk;ay;jcif;?a&;xdk;ay;jcif;?a&;xdk;ay;jcif;?

caste(Zmwdt& vltcsif;csif; tv$m cGJjcm;xm;

aom) Zmwf?Zmwf?Zmwf?Zmwf?Zmwf?

caste system(Zmwdt& vltcsif;csif;)

Zmwfc G J jcm;onh fpep f ?Zmwfc G J jcm;onh fpep f ?Zmwfc G J jcm;onh fpep f ?Zmwfc G J jcm;onh fpep f ?Zmwfc G J jcm;onh fpep f ?

caucus(udk,fpm;vS,fa&G;&ef/ rl0g'cs&ef ponfwdk@

twGuf usif;yaom) oD;oef@pnf;a0;yG J?oD;oef@pnf;a0;yG J?oD;oef@pnf;a0;yG J?oD;oef@pnf;a0;yG J?oD;oef@pnf;a0;yG J?

(EdkifiHa&;ESifh ywfoufaom) tkyfpki,frsm; tkyfpki,frsm; tkyfpki,frsm; tkyfpki,frsm; tkyfpki,frsm;

tpnf;ta0;?tpnf;ta0;?tpnf;ta0;?tpnf;ta0;?tpnf;ta0;?

casus bellippfa=ujim&ef vHkavmufaomppfa=ujim&ef vHkavmufaomppfa=ujim&ef vHkavmufaomppfa=ujim&ef vHkavmufaomppfa=ujim&ef vHkavmufaom

ta=umif;? ppfðyEd kifaom tajctae?ta=umif;? ppfðyEd kifaom tajctae?ta=umif;? ppfðyEd kifaom tajctae?ta=umif;? ppfðyEd kifaom tajctae?ta=umif;? ppfðyEd kifaom tajctae?

censorpdppfjzwfawmufydwfyifol? qifqm?pdppfjzwfawmufydwfyifol? qifqm?pdppfjzwfawmufydwfyifol? qifqm?pdppfjzwfawmufydwfyifol? qifqm?pdppfjzwfawmufydwfyifol? qifqm?

censorship(trsm;jynfoltwGuf roifhavsmf[laom

ta=umif;jycsufjzifh) pdppfjcif;? pdppfjcif;? pdppfjcif;? pdppfjcif;? pdppfjcif;?

jzwfawmuf jcif;? uef@owfjcif;?jzwfawmuf jcif;? uef@owfjcif;?jzwfawmuf jcif;? uef@owfjcif;?jzwfawmuf jcif;? uef@owfjcif;?jzwfawmuf jcif;? uef@owfjcif;?

qifqmvkyfjcif;?qifqmvkyfjcif;?qifqmvkyfjcif;?qifqmvkyfjcif;?qifqmvkyfjcif;?

censusppfwrf;aumufjcif;? oef;acgifpm&if;?ppfwrf;aumufjcif;? oef;acgifpm&if;?ppfwrf;aumufjcif;? oef;acgifpm&if;?ppfwrf;aumufjcif;? oef;acgifpm&if;?ppfwrf;aumufjcif;? oef;acgifpm&if;?

centralizationA[dkwGif tm%mpkjcif;? A[dktm%myd kifA[dkwGif tm%mpkjcif;? A[dktm%myd kifA[dkwGif tm%mpkjcif;? A[dktm%myd kifA[dkwGif tm%mpkjcif;? A[dktm%myd kifA[dkwGif tm%mpkjcif;? A[dktm%myd kif

pepf? A[dkcsKyfud kifr_?pepf? A[dkcsKyfud kifr_?pepf? A[dkcsKyfud kifr_?pepf? A[dkcsKyfud kifr_?pepf? A[dkcsKyfud kifr_?

centrism(vuf0J vuf,m r,drf;aom) A[dk0g'?A[dk0g'?A[dk0g'?A[dk0g'?A[dk0g'?

century&mpkESpf?&mpkESpf?&mpkESpf?&mpkESpf?&mpkESpf?

chain of commandtqifhqif h trdef@ay;jcif;?tqifhqif h trdef@ay;jcif;?tqifhqif h trdef@ay;jcif;?tqifhqif h trdef@ay;jcif;?tqifhqif h trdef@ay;jcif;?

chairman (chairwoman, chairperson)OuUÏ? obmywd?OuUÏ? obmywd?OuUÏ? obmywd?OuUÏ? obmywd?OuUÏ? obmywd?

charisma=oZmwduUr&S d jcif; ?=oZmwduUr&S d jcif; ?=oZmwduUr&S d jcif; ?=oZmwduUr&S d jcif; ?=oZmwduUr&S d jcif; ?

chancellort"dywd?t"dywd?t"dywd?t"dywd?t"dywd?

character assassinationtoa&zsufjcif;?toa&zsufjcif;?toa&zsufjcif;?toa&zsufjcif;?toa&zsufjcif;?

charismaESpfvd kzG,faumif;jcif;?ESpfvd kzG,faumif;jcif;?ESpfvd kzG,faumif;jcif;?ESpfvd kzG,faumif;jcif;?ESpfvd kzG,faumif;jcif;?

=oZmwduUr&S d jcif;?=oZmwduUr&S d jcif;?=oZmwduUr&S d jcif;?=oZmwduUr&S d jcif;?=oZmwduUr&S d jcif;?

charter


(ukvor*~uJhodk@aom EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;

rsm;.) zG J@pnf;yH k Oya'? òr@jy Oya'?zG J@pnf;yH k Oya'? òr@jy Oya'?zG J@pnf;yH k Oya'? òr@jy Oya'?zG J@pnf;yH k Oya'? òr@jy Oya'?zG J@pnf;yH k Oya'? òr@jy Oya'?

chauvinismrsufuef;rs d K;cspf0g'?rsufuef;rs d K;cspf0g'?rsufuef;rs d K;cspf0g'?rsufuef;rs d K;cspf0g'?rsufuef;rs d K;cspf0g'?

(vlrsdK;/ EdkifiH/ vdif ponfwdk@ESifh ywfouf

onfh tpGef;a&muf0g'rsm;udk &nf!¸ef;&m

wGifvnf; oHk;pGJonf? Oyrm- malechauvinism ac: a,musFm;0g'?)

cheap moneytwdk;enf;acs;aiG?twdk;enf;acs;aiG?twdk;enf;acs;aiG?twdk;enf;acs;aiG?twdk;enf;acs;aiG?

checks and balances(tpdk;&w&yfudk Oya'ðytzGJ@/ w&m;a&;tzGJ@

rsm;tjzpf oD;jcm;Xmersm;cGJI) tm%mtm%mtm%mtm%mtm%m

xdef; n‡d jcif;? tjyeftvSefxdef; n‡d jcif;? tjyeftvSefxdef; n‡d jcif;? tjyeftvSefxdef; n‡d jcif;? tjyeftvSefxdef; n‡d jcif;? tjyeftvSef

tm%mxdef;n‡ d jcif;?tm%mxdef;n‡ d jcif;?tm%mxdef;n‡ d jcif;?tm%mxdef;n‡ d jcif;?tm%mxdef;n‡ d jcif;?

Christian Democratsc&pf,mef 'Drd ku&uf?c&pf,mef 'Drd ku&uf?c&pf,mef 'Drd ku&uf?c&pf,mef 'Drd ku&uf?c&pf,mef 'Drd ku&uf?

church and statebmoma&;ESif h Ed ki fiHa&;bmoma&;ESif h Ed ki fiHa&;bmoma&;ESif h Ed ki fiHa&;bmoma&;ESif h Ed ki fiHa&;bmoma&;ESif h Ed ki fiHa&; (EdkifiHtcsdK@wGif

Tt&mESpfckudk ra&m,Sufap&[k tajccH

Oya't& wm;jrpfxm;+yD; tcsdK@EdkifiHrsm;wGif

rl bmoma&; acgif;aqmifrsm;u EdkifiHa&;&m

rsm;udk yl;wGJaqmif&Gufonf?)

citizen(arG;&myg tcGifhta&;t& odk@r[kwf Oya'

a=umif;t& jzpfvmaom) Ed ki fiHom;?Ed ki fiHom;?Ed ki fiHom;?Ed ki fiHom;?Ed ki fiHom;?

citizen journalismjynfolvlxkyg0ifaom owif;ynm?jynfolvlxkyg0ifaom owif;ynm?jynfolvlxkyg0ifaom owif;ynm?jynfolvlxkyg0ifaom owif;ynm?jynfolvlxkyg0ifaom owif;ynm?

city

òr@?òr@?òr@?òr@?òr@?

city-stateòr@jyEd kifiH?òr@jyEd kifiH?òr@jyEd kifiH?òr@jyEd kifiH?òr@jyEd kifiH?

civil disobediencevlxku tm%mzDqefjcif;?vlxku tm%mzDqefjcif;?vlxku tm%mzDqefjcif;?vlxku tm%mzDqefjcif;?vlxku tm%mzDqefjcif;?

civil libertiesvlr_vGwfvyfcGif h?vlr_vGwfvyfcGif h?vlr_vGwfvyfcGif h?vlr_vGwfvyfcGif h?vlr_vGwfvyfcGif h?

civil rightsvlr_tcGif hta&;?vlr_tcGif hta&;?vlr_tcGif hta&;?vlr_tcGif hta&;?vlr_tcGif hta&;?

civil servantt&yfzuf0efxrf;?t&yfzuf0efxrf;?t&yfzuf0efxrf;?t&yfzuf0efxrf;?t&yfzuf0efxrf;?

jynfol@0efxrf;tvkyf?jynfol@0efxrf;tvkyf?jynfol@0efxrf;tvkyf?jynfol@0efxrf;tvkyf?jynfol@0efxrf;tvkyf?

civil servicet&yfzuf0efaqmifr_?t&yfzuf0efaqmifr_?t&yfzuf0efaqmifr_?t&yfzuf0efaqmifr_?t&yfzuf0efaqmifr_?

civil warjynfwGif;ppf?jynfwGif;ppf?jynfwGif;ppf?jynfwGif;ppf?jynfwGif;ppf?

civiliant&yfom;?t&yfom;?t&yfom;?t&yfom;?t&yfom;?

civilization,Ofaus;r_? ,Ofaus;r_vl@tzG J@tpnf;?,Ofaus;r_? ,Ofaus;r_vl@tzG J@tpnf;?,Ofaus;r_? ,Ofaus;r_vl@tzG J@tpnf;?,Ofaus;r_? ,Ofaus;r_vl@tzG J@tpnf;?,Ofaus;r_? ,Ofaus;r_vl@tzG J@tpnf;?

civitasEd kifiHom;jzpfr_ Ed kifiHom;jzpfr_ Ed kifiHom;jzpfr_ Ed kifiHom;jzpfr_ Ed kifiHom;jzpfr_ (vufwifpum;)?????

clanvlrsd K;pktEG,f?vlrs d K;pktEG,f?vlrs d K;pktEG,f?vlrs d K;pktEG,f?vlrs d K;pktEG,f?

class


(vkyfief;/ vlr_tqifhtwef;/ pD;yGm;a&;

tqifhtwef; ponfwdk@tm;jzifh cGJjcm;xm;

aom) vlwef;pm;tv$m?vlwef;pm;tv$m?vlwef;pm;tv$m?vlwef;pm;tv$m?vlwef;pm;tv$m?

class strugglevlwef;pm;wdkufyG J?vlwef;pm;wdkufyG J?vlwef;pm;wdkufyG J?vlwef;pm;wdkufyG J?vlwef;pm;wdkufyG J?

classical economics(18 &mpkESpfY wGifus,fcJh+yD; òyifqdkifr_udk

tm;ay;aom) a&S;¶d k; pD;yGm;a&;ynm&yf?a&S;¶d k; pD;yGm;a&;ynm&yf?a&S;¶d k; pD;yGm;a&;ynm&yf?a&S;¶d k; pD;yGm;a&;ynm&yf?a&S;¶d k; pD;yGm;a&;ynm&yf?

clemencytoem;cHjcif;? oufn‡mjcif;?toem;cHjcif;? oufn‡mjcif;?toem;cHjcif;? oufn‡mjcif;?toem;cHjcif;? oufn‡mjcif;?toem;cHjcif;? oufn‡mjcif;?

vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGif h?vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGif h?vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGif h?vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGif h?vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGif h?

coalition!Gef@aygif;tzG J@?!Gef@aygif;tzG J@?!Gef@aygif;tzG J@?!Gef@aygif;tzG J@?!Gef@aygif;tzG J@?

code(qdkif&m Oya'rsm;udk aygif;pkxm;aom)

Oya'pkOya'pkOya'pkOya'pkOya'pk (Oyrm- &mZ0wfOya'o)?????

jypfr_qd kif&m udk"Oya'?ypfr_qd kif&m udk"Oya'?ypfr_qd kif&m udk"Oya'?ypfr_qd kif&m udk"Oya'?ypfr_qd kif&m udk"Oya'?

code of conductsusif h0wfpnf;rsOf;rsm;?usif h0wfpnf;rsOf;rsm;?usif h0wfpnf;rsOf;rsm;?usif h0wfpnf;rsOf;rsm;?usif h0wfpnf;rsOf;rsm;?

codificationqdkif&m Oya'rsm;udk pkaygif;jcif;?qd kif&m Oya'rsm;udk pkaygif;jcif;?qd kif&m Oya'rsm;udk pkaygif;jcif;?qd kif&m Oya'rsm;udk pkaygif;jcif;?qd kif&m Oya'rsm;udk pkaygif;jcif;?

coercion

tEdkifxufðyrljcif;?tEd kifxufðyrljcif;?tEd kifxufðyrljcif;?tEd kifxufðyrljcif;?tEd kifxufðyrljcif;?

coexistence(t,ltq rwlonfh vlyk*~dKvf/ tzGJ@tpnf;/

EdkifiH ponfwdk@) twl,SOfwG Jaexdkif jcif;?twl,SOfwG Jaexdkif jcif;?twl,SOfwG Jaexdkif jcif;?twl,SOfwG Jaexdkif jcif;?twl,SOfwG Jaexdkif jcif;?

cohortwyfzG J@0if? wynfhwyef;? aemufvdkuf?wyfzG J@0if? wynfhwyef;? aemufvdkuf?wyfzG J @0if? wynfhwyef;? aemufvdkuf?wyfzG J@0if? wynfhwyef;? aemufvdkuf?wyfzG J @0if? wynfhwyef;? aemufvdkuf?

Cold Warppfat;wdkufyG J?ppfat;wdkufyG J?ppfat;wdkufyG J?ppfat;wdkufyG J?ppfat;wdkufyG J?

collaboration&efolESif h yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;?&efolESif h yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;?&efolESif h yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;?&efolESif h yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;?&efolESif h yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;?

yl;aygif;=uHpnfjcif;?yl;aygif;=uHpnfjcif;?yl;aygif;=uHpnfjcif;?yl;aygif;=uHpnfjcif;?yl;aygif;=uHpnfjcif;?

collectivetpktzG J@tm;jzif h? pkaygif;jzpfaom?tpktzG J@tm;jzif h? pkaygif;jzpfaom?tpktzG J@tm;jzif h? pkaygif;jzpfaom?tpktzG J@tm;jzif h? pkaygif;jzpfaom?tpktzG J@tm;jzif h? pkaygif;jzpfaom?

collective bargainingtpktzG J@vd kuf awmif;qd kn‡ dEd _if; jcif;?tpktzG J@vd kuf awmif;qd kn‡ dEd _if; jcif;?tpktzG J@vd kuf awmif;qd kn‡ dEd _if; jcif;?tpktzG J@vd kuf awmif;qd kn‡ dEd _if; jcif;?tpktzG J@vd kuf awmif;qd kn‡ dEd _if; jcif;?

collective farmbHkv,f,majrpcef;?bH kv,f,majrpcef;?bH kv,f,majrpcef;?bH kv,f,majrpcef;?bH kv,f,majrpcef;?

collective responsibilitytzGJ@vd kuf wm0ef,ljcif;tzG J@vd kuf wm0ef,ljcif;tzG J@vd kuf wm0ef,ljcif;tzG J@vd kuf wm0ef,ljcif;tzG J@vd kuf wm0ef,ljcif; (Oyrm- tpdk;&

tzGJ@ wm0ef)?????

collective security(r[mrdwftzGJ@0ifEdkifiHwck wdkufcdkufcHv#if

r[mrdwfwzGJ@vHk;u &efoltm; 0dkif;0ef;

wdkufcdkufrnf[k uwdðyxm;aom) pkaygif;pkaygif;pkaygif;pkaygif;pkaygif;

vH k ðcHa&;pepfvH k ðcHa&;pepfvH k ðcHa&;pepfvH k ðcHa&;pepfvH k ðcHa&;pepf (Oyrm- aewdk;pmcsKyf)?????

collectivismbHk0g'?bH k0g'?bH k0g'?bH k0g'?bH k0g'?

collectivizationtrsm;yd kif od k@r[kwf bHkyd kif tjzpftrsm;yd kif od k@r[kwf bHkyd kif tjzpftrsm;yd kif od k@r[kwf bHkyd kif tjzpftrsm;yd kif od k@r[kwf bHkyd kif tjzpftrsm;yd kif od k@r[kwf bHkyd kif tjzpf

ðyvkyfjcif;?ðyvkyfjcif;?ðyvkyfjcif;?ðyvkyfjcif;?ðyvkyfjcif;?


colonialisme,fy,f odrf;yd kufpd k;rd k;a&;0g'?e,fy,f odrf;yd kufpd k;rd k;a&;0g'?e,fy,f odrf;yd kufpd k;rd k;a&;0g'?e,fy,f odrf;yd kufpd k;rd k;a&;0g'?e,fy,f odrf;yd kufpd k;rd k;a&;0g'?

udkvd keD0g'?ud kvd keD0g'?ud kvd keD0g'?ud kvd keD0g'?ud kvd keD0g'?

colonizationudkvd keDe,fy,fxlaxmifjcif;?ud kvd keDe,fy,fxlaxmifjcif;?ud kvd keDe,fy,fxlaxmifjcif;?ud kvd keDe,fy,fxlaxmifjcif;?ud kvd keDe,fy,fxlaxmifjcif;?

ud kvd keD ðyjcif;?ud kvd keD ðyjcif;?ud kvd keD ðyjcif;?ud kvd keD ðyjcif;?ud kvd keD ðyjcif;?

colonywdkif;wyg;. pd k;rd k;r_ud k cHae&aomwdkif;wyg;. pd k;rd k;r_ud k cHae&aomwdkif;wyg;. pd k;rd k;r_ud k cHae&aomwdkif;wyg;. pd k;rd k;r_ud k cHae&aomwdkif;wyg;. pd k;rd k;r_ud k cHae&aom

e,fy,f? udkvd keD?e,fy,f? udkvd keD?e,fy,f? udkvd keD?e,fy,f? udkvd keD?e,fy,f? udkvd keD?

columnistowif;pmwGif yH krSefaqmif;yg;a&;ol//owif;pmwGif yH krSefaqmif;yg;a&;ol//owif;pmwGif yH krSefaqmif;yg;a&;ol//owif;pmwGif yH krSefaqmif;yg;a&;ol//owif;pmwGif yH krSefaqmif;yg;a&;ol//

yifwk difaqmif;yg;&Sif?yifwk difaqmif;yg;&Sif?yifwk difaqmif;yg;&Sif?yifwk difaqmif;yg;&Sif?yifwk difaqmif;yg;&Sif?

comedy[moZmwf?[moZmwf?[moZmwf?[moZmwf?[moZmwf?

comity(Oya'uJhodk@t&mrajrmufaomfvnf;

EdkifiHwum qufqHa&;udk acsmarG@apaom)

usif hxH k;?usif hxH k;?usif hxH k;?usif hxH k;?usif hxH k;?

commentoabmxm;rSwfcsuf?oabmxm;rSwfcsuf?oabmxm;rSwfcsuf?oabmxm;rSwfcsuf?oabmxm;rSwfcsuf?

commentarytÏuxm ? &Sif;vif;a0zefonhfusrf;?tÏuxm ? &Sif;vif;a0zefonhfusrf;?tÏuxm ? &Sif;vif;a0zefonhfusrf;?tÏuxm ? &Sif;vif;a0zefonhfusrf;?tÏuxm ? &Sif;vif;a0zefonhfusrf;?

commerceukefoG,fa&;?ukefoG,fa&;?ukefoG,fa&;?ukefoG,fa&;?ukefoG,fa&;?

commercialismukefoG,fpD;yGm;0g' ukefoG,fpD;yGm;0g' ukefoG,fpD;yGm;0g' ukefoG,fpD;yGm;0g' ukefoG,fpD;yGm;0g' (aiGaemufvdkufpepf

[lIvnf; &Hzef&Hcg oHk;onf)?

commissionaumfr&Sif?aumfr&Sif?aumfr&Sif?aumfr&Sif?aumfr&Sif?

commissioner(aumfr&Sifem) rif;}uD;? rif;}uD;? rif;}uD;? rif;}uD;? rif;}uD;?

commitment,Hk=unfcsuf? oHEM dÏmef?,H k =unfcsuf? oHEM dÏmef?,H k =unfcsuf? oHEM dÏmef?,H k =unfcsuf? oHEM dÏmef?,H k =unfcsuf? oHEM dÏmef?

committeeaumf frwD?aumf frwD?aumf frwD?aumf frwD?aumf frwD?

common goodtrsm;aumif;usd K;?trsm;aumif;usd K;?trsm;aumif;usd K;?trsm;aumif;usd K;?trsm;aumif;usd K;?

Common MarketbHkaps;?bH kaps;?bH kaps;?bH kaps;?bH kaps;?

commonsensetajccHtod^m%f? yuwdtod^m%f?tajccHtod^m%f? yuwdtod^m%f?tajccHtod^m%f? yuwdtod^m%f?tajccHtod^m%f? yuwdtod^m%f?tajccHtod^m%f? yuwdtod^m%f?

yifud k,ftod^m%f?yifud k,ftod^m%f?yifud k,ftod^m%f?yifud k,ftod^m%f?yifud k,ftod^m%f?

commonwealthtrsm;aumif;usdK;? "eo[m,trsm;aumif;usdK;? "eo[m,trsm;aumif;usdK;? "eo[m,trsm;aumif;usdK;? "eo[m,trsm;aumif;usdK;? "eo[m, (tzGJ@)?

communebHk&dyfom? òr@e,f bHk&dyfom? òr@e,f bHk&dyfom? òr@e,f bHk&dyfom? òr@e,f bHk&dyfom? òr@e,f (Oa&myEdkifiH tcsdK@wGif

oHk;pGJaom a0g[m&)?????

CommunismuGefjrLepf0g'?uGefjrLepf0g'?uGefjrLepf0g'?uGefjrLepf0g'?uGefjrLepf0g'?

Communist ManifestouGefjrLepf a=ujimpmwrf;?uGefjrLepf a=ujimpmwrf;?uGefjrLepf a=ujimpmwrf;?uGefjrLepf a=ujimpmwrf;?uGefjrLepf a=ujimpmwrf;?

communitytodkif;t0k dif;? tpktzG J@?todkif;t0k dif;? tpktzG J@?todkif;t0k dif;? tpktzG J@?todkif;t0k dif;? tpktzG J@?todkif;t0k dif;? tpktzG J@?

competitiontm;òyifr_? pD;yGm;òyifr_?tm;òyifr_? pD;yGm;òyifr_?tm;òyifr_? pD;yGm;òyifr_?tm;òyifr_? pD;yGm;òyifr_?tm;òyifr_? pD;yGm;òyifr_?


competitiveness,SOfòyifEd kif jcif;? ,SOfomr_?,SOfòyifEd kif jcif;? ,SOfomr_?,SOfòyifEd kif jcif;? ,SOfomr_?,SOfòyifEd kif jcif;? ,SOfomr_?,SOfòyifEd kif jcif;? ,SOfomr_?

,SOf ®yifEd ki ftm;?,SOf®yifEd ki ftm;?,SOf®yifEd ki ftm;?,SOf®yifEd ki ftm;?,SOf®yifEd ki ftm;?

compromisen‡dEd _if; jcif;? tavsmhtwif;ðyjcif;/n‡ dEd _i f; jcif;? tavsmhtwif;ðyjcif;/n‡ dEd _i f; jcif;? tavsmhtwif;ðyjcif;/n‡ dEd _i f; jcif;? tavsmhtwif;ðyjcif;/n‡ dEd _i f; jcif;? tavsmhtwif;ðyjcif;/

tay;t,lvkyfjcif;?tay;t,lvkyfjcif;?tay;t,lvkyfjcif;?tay;t,lvkyfjcif;?tay;t,lvkyfjcif;?

conciliation(tjiif;yGm;aeaom bufESpfzuf) ajyvnfajyvnfajyvnfajyvnfajyvnf

atmif óu;yrf;jcif;? &if=um;aphjcif;?atmif óu;yrf;jcif;? &if=um;aphjcif;?atmif óu;yrf;jcif;? &if=um;aphjcif;?atmif óu;yrf;jcif;? &if=um;aphjcif;?atmif óu;yrf;jcif;? &if=um;aphjcif;?

conciliatorjzefajzay;ol? n‡dEd _if;ay;ol?jzefajzay;ol? n‡dEd _if;ay;ol?jzefajzay;ol? n‡dEd _if;ay;ol?jzefajzay;ol? n‡dEd _if;ay;ol?jzefajzay;ol? n‡dEd _if;ay;ol?

confederation(umuG,fa&;/ EdkifiHjcm;a&; ponfh tpdk;&wm0ef

wdk@udk twlusifhoHk;aomfvnf; wEdkifiHcsif;

tm;jzifh vGwfvyfaomEdkifiHwdk@udk pkpnf;xm;

onfh) Ed ki fiHaygif;pk?Ed ki fiHaygif;pk?Ed ki fiHaygif;pk?Ed ki fiHaygif;pk?Ed ki fiHaygif;pk?

confidence-building,Hk=unfr_wnfaqmufjcif;?,H k =unfr_wnfaqmufjcif;?,H k =unfr_wnfaqmufjcif;?,H k =unfr_wnfaqmufjcif;?,H k =unfr_wnfaqmufjcif;?

conflict of interesttusdK;pD;yGm; 0da&m"d jzpfr_tusdK;pD;yGm; 0da&m"d jzpfr_tusdK;pD;yGm; 0da&m"d jzpfr_tusdK;pD;yGm; 0da&m"d jzpfr_tusdK;pD;yGm; 0da&m"d jzpfr_ (rdrd.

udk,fydkif tusdK;pD;yGm;ESifh

rdrdyg0ifaqmif&Gufaeaom trsm;ydkif

tusdK;pD;yGm;wdk@t=um; 0da&m"d jzpfr_)?????

conflict resolutionyÉdyuQajz&Sif;r_?yÉdyuQajz&Sif;r_?yÉdyuQajz&Sif;r_?yÉdyuQajz&Sif;r_?yÉdyuQajz&Sif;r_?

conscriptionOya't& ppfr_xrf;apjcif;?Oya't& ppfr_xrf;apjcif;?Oya't& ppfr_xrf;apjcif;?Oya't& ppfr_xrf;apjcif;?Oya't& ppfr_xrf;apjcif;?

consensus

(vlxk=um;Y jzpfap/ EdkifiHa&;ygwD tcsif;csif;

=um;Y jzpfap &&Sdaom) trsm;pktrsm;pktrsm;pktrsm;pktrsm;pk

od k@r[kwf wcJeuf oabmwlnDcsuf?odk@r[kwf wcJeuf oabmwlnDcsuf?odk@r[kwf wcJeuf oabmwlnDcsuf?odk@r[kwf wcJeuf oabmwlnDcsuf?odk@r[kwf wcJeuf oabmwlnDcsuf?

consent of the governedvlxkqEN?vlxkqEN?vlxkqEN?vlxkqEN?vlxkqEN?

conservatism(tajymif;tvJ }uD;}uD;rm;rm;udk rvdkvm;

aom) a&S;±d k;pG J0g'/ orm;±d k;us0g'/a&S;±d k;pG J0g'/ orm;±d k;us0g'/a&S;±d k;pG J0g'/ orm;±d k;us0g'/a&S;±d k;pG J0g'/ orm;±d k;us0g'/a&S;±d k;pG J0g'/ orm;±d k;us0g'/

uGefqm aA;wpf0g'?uGefqm aA;wpf0g'?uGefqm aA;wpf0g'?uGefqm aA;wpf0g'?uGefqm aA;wpf0g'?

conservativea&S;±d k;pG J0g'D? orm;±d k;us0g'D?a&S;±d k;pG J0g'D? orm;±d k;us0g'D?a&S;±d k;pG J0g'D? orm;±d k;us0g'D?a&S;±d k;pG J0g'D? orm;±d k;us0g'D?a&S;±d k;pG J0g'D? orm;±d k;us0g'D?

uGefqmaA;wpf0g'D?uGefqmaA;wpf0g'D?uGefqmaA;wpf0g'D?uGefqmaA;wpf0g'D?uGefqmaA;wpf0g'D?

conservative partyuGefqmaA;wpfygwD? a&S;±d k;pG JygwD?uGefqmaA;wpfygwD? a&S;±d k;pG JygwD?uGefqmaA;wpfygwD? a&S;±d k;pG JygwD?uGefqmaA;wpfygwD? a&S;±d k;pG JygwD?uGefqmaA;wpfygwD? a&S;±d k;pG JygwD?

consortium(ukr`%Drsm;/ txl;ojzifh b%fukr`%Drsm;

pkzGJ@xm;aom) vkyfief;&Sif }uD;rsm;tzG J@?vkyfief;&Sif }uD;rsm;tzG J@?vkyfief;&Sif }uD;rsm;tzG J@?vkyfief;&Sif }uD;rsm;tzG J@?vkyfief;&Sif }uD;rsm;tzG J@?

conspiracyv#dKŒ0SufpGm yl;aygif;=uHpnfjcif;?v#dKŒ0SufpGm yl;aygif;=uHpnfjcif;?v#dKŒ0SufpGm yl;aygif;=uHpnfjcif;?v#dKŒ0SufpGm yl;aygif;=uHpnfjcif;?v#dKŒ0SufpGm yl;aygif;=uHpnfjcif;?

conspiracy theoryv#dKŒ0SufpGm yl;aygif;=uHpnfonf qdkaomv#dKŒ0SufpGm yl;aygif;=uHpnfonf qdkaomv#dKŒ0SufpGm yl;aygif;=uHpnfonf qdkaomv#dKŒ0SufpGm yl;aygif;=uHpnfonf qdkaomv#dKŒ0SufpGm yl;aygif;=uHpnfonf qdkaom

t,ltq?t,ltq?t,ltq?t,ltq?t,ltq?

constitution(EdkifiHwck.) zG J@pnf;yH k tajccHOya'?zG J@pnf;yH k tajccHOya'?zG J@pnf;yH k tajccHOya'?zG J@pnf;yH k tajccHOya'?zG J@pnf;yH k tajccHOya'?

constitutional government


tajccHOya'ESif h nD!Gwfaom tpdk;&tajccHOya'ESif h nD!Gwfaom tpdk;&tajccHOya'ESif h nD!Gwfaom tpdk;&tajccHOya'ESif h nD!Gwfaom tpdk;&tajccHOya'ESif h nD!Gwfaom tpdk;&

(zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifh tnD zGJ@pnf;

usifh=uH tkyfcsKyfaom tpdk;&)?

constitutional law(EdkifiHwck. tpdk;&ESifh EdkifiHom;wdk@t=um;&Sd

qufqHa&;udk jyÏmef;aom)

zG J@pnf;yH kqd kif&m Oya'?zG J@pnf;yH kqd kif&m Oya'?zG J@pnf;yH kqd kif&m Oya'?zG J@pnf;yH kqd kif&m Oya'?zG J@pnf;yH kqd kif&m Oya'?

constitutional monarchytajccHOya'ESif h tnD tkyfcsKyfaomtajccHOya'ESif h tnD tkyfcsKyfaomtajccHOya'ESif h tnD tkyfcsKyfaomtajccHOya'ESif h tnD tkyfcsKyfaomtajccHOya'ESif h tnD tkyfcsKyfaom

bk&ifpepf? pnf;rsOf;cH bk&ifpepf?bk&ifpepf? pnf;rsOf;cH bk&ifpepf?bk&ifpepf? pnf;rsOf;cH bk&ifpepf?bk&ifpepf? pnf;rsOf;cH bk&ifpepf?bk&ifpepf? pnf;rsOf;cH bk&ifpepf?

consulaumifppf0ef?aumifppf0ef?aumifppf0ef?aumifppf0ef?aumifppf0ef?

consulateaumifppf0ef±H k;?aumifppf0ef±H k;?aumifppf0ef±H k;?aumifppf0ef±H k;?aumifppf0ef±H k;?

consumerpm;oHk;ol?pm;oH k;ol?pm;oH k;ol?pm;oH k;ol?pm;oH k;ol?

consumerismpm;oHk;ol0g'?pm;oHk;ol0g'?pm;oHk;ol0g'?pm;oHk;ol0g'?pm;oHk;ol0g'?

consumptionpm;oHk;r_pm;oH k;r_pm;oH k;r_pm;oH k;r_pm;oH k;r_ (pD;yGm;a&; qdkif&m toHk;tE_ef;)?????

containmentxdef;csKyf jcif;? uef@owfjcif;?xdef;csKyf jcif;? uef@owfjcif;?xdef;csKyf jcif;? uef@owfjcif;?xdef;csKyf jcif;? uef@owfjcif;?xdef;csKyf jcif;? uef@owfjcif;?

contempt of court±k H;awmftm; rxDrJ h jrifðyr_?±k H;awmftm; rxDrJ h jrifðyr_?±k H;awmftm; rxDrJ h jrifðyr_?±k H;awmftm; rxDrJ h jrifðyr_?±k H;awmftm; rxDrJ h jrifðyr_?

contract

(vdkufem&ef ysufuGufygu Oya'a=umif;

t& ta&;,lcH&Edkifonfh) oabmwlnDoabmwlnDoabmwlnDoabmwlnDoabmwlnD

csuf/ pmcsKyf/ uefx±k dufpmcsKyf?csuf/ pmcsKyf/ uefx±k dufpmcsKyf?csuf/ pmcsKyf/ uefx±k dufpmcsKyf?csuf/ pmcsKyf/ uefx±k dufpmcsKyf?csuf/ pmcsKyf/ uefx±k dufpmcsKyf?

convention(EdkifiHtrsm; yg0ifcsKyfqdkaom) pmcsKyf/ pmcsKyf/ pmcsKyf/ pmcsKyf/ pmcsKyf/

uGefAif;&Sif;?uGefAif;&Sif;?uGefAif;&Sif;?uGefAif;&Sif;?uGefAif;&Sif;? (Oyrm - *sDeDAmpmcsKyf/

*sDeDAmuGefAif;&Sif;)????? nDvmcH?nDvmcH?nDvmcH?nDvmcH?nDvmcH?

convergence theoryaygif;pnf;r_oabmw&m;?aygif;pnf;r_oabmw&m;?aygif;pnf;r_oabmw&m;?aygif;pnf;r_oabmw&m;?aygif;pnf;r_oabmw&m;?

cooperateyl;aygif;aqmuf&Gufonf//yl;aygif;aqmuf&Gufonf//yl;aygif;aqmuf&Gufonf//yl;aygif;aqmuf&Gufonf//yl;aygif;aqmuf&Gufonf//

cooperationyl;aygif;aqmuf&Gufjcif;?yl;aygif;aqmuf&Gufjcif;?yl;aygif;aqmuf&Gufjcif;?yl;aygif;aqmuf&Gufjcif;?yl;aygif;aqmuf&Gufjcif;?

corporationtusdK;wlpD;yGm;tzG J@? aumfyd ka&;&Sif;?tusdK;wlpD;yGm;tzG J@? aumfyd ka&;&Sif;?tusdK;wlpD;yGm;tzG J@? aumfyd ka&;&Sif;?tusdK;wlpD;yGm;tzG J@? aumfyd ka&;&Sif;?tusdK;wlpD;yGm;tzG J@? aumfyd ka&;&Sif;?

cosmopolitan city(EdkifiHwumrS vlrsdK;aygif;pHkudk awG@&aom)

òr@}uD;jy}uD;?òr@}uD;jy}uD;?òr@}uD;jy}uD;?òr@}uD;jy}uD;?òr@}uD;jy}uD;?

cost-benefit analysis&if;aiG jrwfaiG wGufudef;?&if;aiG jrwfaiG wGufudef;?&if;aiG jrwfaiG wGufudef;?&if;aiG jrwfaiG wGufudef;?&if;aiG jrwfaiG wGufudef;?

counter-revolutionwefjyefawmfvSefa&;?wefjyefawmfvSefa&;?wefjyefawmfvSefa&;?wefjyefawmfvSefa&;?wefjyefawmfvSefa&;?

coup d'etattm%modrf;r_?tm%modrf;r_?tm%modrf;r_?tm%modrf;r_?tm%modrf;r_?

court martialppfcH k± k H ;?ppfcH k± k H ;?ppfcH k± k H ;?ppfcH k± k H ;?ppfcH k± k H ;?


covenant(ESpfOD; ESpfzuf vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;+yD;

vdkufem&ef ysufuGufygu oabmwlxm;

onfhtwdkif; aqmif&Guf&onfh) pmcsKyf /pmcsKyf /pmcsKyf /pmcsKyf /pmcsKyf /

uwdðyv$m?uwdðyv$m?uwdðyv$m?uwdðyv$m?uwdðyv$m? (Oya' toHk;tE_ef;)

credibility,Hk=unfav;pm;cH&r_?,H k =unfav;pm;cH&r_?,H k =unfav;pm;cH&r_?,H k =unfav;pm;cH&r_?,H k =unfav;pm;cH&r_?

crime&mZ0wfr_?&mZ0wfr_?&mZ0wfr_?&mZ0wfr_?&mZ0wfr_?

criminology&mZ0wfr_aA'?&mZ0wfr_aA'?&mZ0wfr_aA'?&mZ0wfr_aA'?&mZ0wfr_aA'?

crisis

culture"avh? ,Ofaus;r_?"avh? ,Ofaus;r_?"avh? ,Ofaus;r_?"avh? ,Ofaus;r_?"avh? ,Ofaus;r_?

curfewnrxGuf&trdef@? ae0ifrD;+idrf;trdef@?nrxGuf&trdef@? ae0ifrD;+idrf;trdef@?nrxGuf&trdef@? ae0ifrD;+idrf;trdef@?nrxGuf&trdef@? ae0ifrD;+idrf;trdef@?nrxGuf&trdef@? ae0ifrD;+idrf;trdef@?

currencyaiGa=u;?aiGa=u;?aiGa=u;?aiGa=u;?aiGa=u;?

currency convertibility(aiGa=u;wrsdK;udk ESpfouf&m EdkifiHjcm;aiGESifh

vJvS,fEdkifaom) vJvS,fEd kifpGrf;tm;?vJvS,fEd kifpGrf;tm;?vJvS,fEd kifpGrf;tm;?vJvS,fEd kifpGrf;tm;?vJvS,fEd kifpGrf;tm;?

custodyxdef;odrf;jcif;?xdef;odrf;jcif;?xdef;odrf;jcif;?xdef;odrf;jcif;?xdef;odrf;jcif;?

customtcGeftaumuf? "avhxHk;wrf;?tcGeftaumuf? "avhxHk;wrf;?tcGeftaumuf? "avhxHk;wrf;?tcGeftaumuf? "avhxHk;wrf;?tcGeftaumuf? "avhxHk;wrf;?

dark horsezsufjrif;?zsufjrif;?zsufjrif;?zsufjrif;?zsufjrif;?

de factovufawG@oabmt&?vufawG@oabmt&?vufawG@oabmt&?vufawG@oabmt&?vufawG@oabmt&?

de jureOya'oabmt&?Oya'oabmt&?Oya'oabmt&?Oya'oabmt&?Oya'oabmt&?

dead heatòyifwlyef;0ifjcif;? oa&usjcif;? olrEd kifòyifwlyef;0ifjcif;? oa&usjcif;? olrEd kifòyifwlyef;0ifjcif;? oa&usjcif;? olrEd kifòyifwlyef;0ifjcif;? oa&usjcif;? olrEd kifòyifwlyef;0ifjcif;? oa&usjcif;? olrEd kif

ud k,frEd kif taetxm;?udk,frEd kif taetxm;?udk,frEd kif taetxm;?udk,frEd kif taetxm;?udk,frEd kif taetxm;?

deadlockaomifrwifa&rus? vdyfcJwnf;vnf;?aomifrwifa&rus? vdyfcJwnf;vnf;?aomifrwifa&rus? vdyfcJwnf;vnf;?aomifrwifa&rus? vdyfcJwnf;vnf;?aomifrwifa&rus? vdyfcJwnf;vnf;?

a& S Œrwd k ;om aemufrqkwfoma& S Œrwd k ;om aemufrqkwfoma& S Œrwd k ;om aemufrqkwfoma& S Œrwd k ;om aemufrqkwfoma& S Œrwd k ;om aemufrqkwfom

taetxm; ?taetxm; ?taetxm; ?taetxm; ?taetxm; ?

}uD;rm;onfhtcuftcJ tusyftwnf;?}uD;rm;onfhtcuftcJ tusyftwnf;?}uD;rm;onfhtcuftcJ tusyftwnf;?}uD;rm;onfhtcuftcJ tusyftwnf;?}uD;rm;onfhtcuftcJ tusyftwnf;?

criteriont&nftcsif; owfrSwfcsuf?t&nftcsif; owfrSwfcsuf?t&nftcsif; owfrSwfcsuf?t&nftcsif; owfrSwfcsuf?t&nftcsif; owfrSwfcsuf?

cult(udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_ESifh ywfoufaom)

*d k%f;?*d k%f;?*d k%f;?*d k%f;?*d k%f;?

cult of personalityyk*~ d Kvfa&;udk;uG,fr_?yk*~ d Kvfa&;udk;uG,fr_?yk*~ d Kvfa&;udk;uG,fr_?yk*~ d Kvfa&;udk;uG,fr_?yk*~ d Kvfa&;udk;uG,fr_?

cultural revolution(1966 ckESpfrS 1976 ckESpf txd w±kwfjynf

wGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom)

,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;?,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;?,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;?,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;?,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;?

D


debatetacstwifajymqdkr_?tacstwifajymqdkr_?tacstwifajymqdkr_?tacstwifajymqdkr_?tacstwifajymqdkr_?

decentralizationA[dkcsKyfud kifr_ zsufodrf;jcif;?A[dkcsKyfud kifr_ zsufodrf;jcif;?A[dkcsKyfud kifr_ zsufodrf;jcif;?A[dkcsKyfud kifr_ zsufodrf;jcif;?A[dkcsKyfud kifr_ zsufodrf;jcif;?

declarationa=ujimcsuf?a=ujimcsuf?a=ujimcsuf?a=ujimcsuf?a=ujimcsuf?

defaultaºu;rqyfEd kif jcif;? ysufuGufjcif;?aºu;rqyfEd kif jcif;? ysufuGufjcif;?aºu;rqyfEd kif jcif;? ysufuGufjcif;?aºu;rqyfEd kif jcif;? ysufuGufjcif;?aºu;rqyfEd kif jcif;? ysufuGufjcif;?

deficit financingacs;aiGjzif h pD;yGm;vnfywfjcif;?acs;aiGjzif h pD;yGm;vnfywfjcif;?acs;aiGjzif h pD;yGm;vnfywfjcif;?acs;aiGjzif h pD;yGm;vnfywfjcif;?acs;aiGjzif h pD;yGm;vnfywfjcif;?

deflationaiGusK H@ jcif;? vnfywfaiG yrm%aiGusK H@ jcif;? vnfywfaiG yrm%aiGusK H@ jcif;? vnfywfaiG yrm%aiGusK H@ jcif;? vnfywfaiG yrm%aiGusK H@ jcif;? vnfywfaiG yrm%

av#mhcsjcif;?av#mhcsjcif;?av#mhcsjcif;?av#mhcsjcif;?av#mhcsjcif;?

defunctrwnf&S dawmhonfh?rwnf&S dawmhonfh?rwnf&S dawmhonfh?rwnf&S dawmhonfh?rwnf&S dawmhonfh?

tvkyfrvkyfawmhonfh?tvkyfrvkyfawmhonfh?tvkyfrvkyfawmhonfh?tvkyfrvkyfawmhonfh?tvkyfrvkyfawmhonfh?

delegateudk,fpm;vS,f?ud k,fpm;vS,f?ud k,fpm;vS,f?ud k,fpm;vS,f?ud k,fpm;vS,f?

delegationudk,fpm;vS,ftzG J@?ud k,fpm;vS,ftzG J@?ud k,fpm;vS,ftzG J@?ud k,fpm;vS,ftzG J@?ud k,fpm;vS,ftzG J@?

demagogue(vlxkudk) vufckyfcsLI rJqG,fjcif;?vufckyfcsLI rJqG,fjcif;?vufckyfcsLI rJqG,fjcif;?vufckyfcsLI rJqG,fjcif;?vufckyfcsLI rJqG,fjcif;?

(vl+ydef;}udKuf) rufvHk;ay;I rJqG,fol? rufvHk;ay;I rJqG,fol? rufvHk;ay;I rJqG,fol? rufvHk;ay;I rJqG,fol? rufvHk;ay;I rJqG,fol?

democracy'Drd kua&pD?'Drd kua&pD?'Drd kua&pD?'Drd kua&pD?'Drd kua&pD?

democrat'Drd ku&ufpDjrwfEd k;ol? 'Drd ku&ufygwD0if?'Drd ku&ufpDjrwfEd k;ol? 'Drd ku&ufygwD0if?'Drd ku&ufpDjrwfEd k;ol? 'Drd ku&ufygwD0if?'Drd ku&ufpDjrwfEd k;ol? 'Drd ku&ufygwD0if?'Drd ku&ufpDjrwfEd k;ol? 'Drd ku&ufygwD0if?

demography(a'owck&Sd vlxk. zGm;aoE_ef;/ vlOD;a&

xlxyfE_ef;/ vlrsdK;pktcsdK; ponfwdk@udk

avhvmaom) vlOD;a& tajctaevlOD;a& tajctaevlOD;a& tajctaevlOD;a& tajctaevlOD;a& tajctae

avhvm qef;ppfa&;aA'?avhvm qef;ppfa&;aA'?avhvm qef;ppfa&;aA'?avhvm qef;ppfa&;aA'?avhvm qef;ppfa&;aA'?

deportjynfESif'%fay;onf?jynfESif'%fay;onf?jynfESif'%fay;onf?jynfESif'%fay;onf?jynfESif'%fay;onf?

depressionpD;yGm;ysufuyfqdkufjcif;pD;yGm;ysufuyfqdkufjcif;pD;yGm;ysufuyfqdkufjcif;pD;yGm;ysufuyfqdkufjcif;pD;yGm;ysufuyfqdkufjcif; (pD;yGm;a&;

toHk;tE_ef;)????? pdwf"gwfusjcif;pdwf"gwfusjcif;pdwf"gwfusjcif;pdwf"gwfusjcif;pdwf"gwfusjcif; (pdwWaA'

toHk;tE_ef;)?????

desegregationvlrsd K;t& cG J jcm;qufqHr_ud kvlrs d K;t& cG J jcm;qufqHr_ud kvlrs d K;t& cG J jcm;qufqHr_ud kvlrs d K;t& cG J jcm;qufqHr_ud kvlrs d K;t& cG J jcm;qufqHr_ud k

wd kufzsufjcif;wd kufzsufjcif;wd kufzsufjcif;wd kufzsufjcif;wd kufzsufjcif; (vlrsdK;t& cGJjcm;qufqHr_

segregation . qef@usifzuf)?????

despotoufOD;qHyd kifbk&if? tm%m&Sif?oufOD;qHyd kifbk&if? tm%m&Sif?oufOD;qHyd kifbk&if? tm%m&Sif?oufOD;qHyd kifbk&if? tm%m&Sif?oufOD;qHyd kifbk&if? tm%m&Sif?

despotismoufOD;qHyd kif bk&ifpepf? tm%m&Sif0g'?oufOD;qHyd kif bk&ifpepf? tm%m&Sif0g'?oufOD;qHyd kif bk&ifpepf? tm%m&Sif0g'?oufOD;qHyd kif bk&ifpepf? tm%m&Sif0g'?oufOD;qHyd kif bk&ifpepf? tm%m&Sif0g'?

destabilizerwnfr+idrf jzpfatmifvkyfonf?rwnfr+idrf jzpfatmifvkyfonf?rwnfr+idrf jzpfatmifvkyfonf?rwnfr+idrf jzpfatmifvkyfonf?rwnfr+idrf jzpfatmifvkyfonf?

détente(EdkifiHrsm;t=um;) wif;rmr_wif;rmr_wif;rmr_wif;rmr_wif;rmr_

avsmhyg;atmif vkyfjcif;?avsmhyg;atmif vkyfjcif;?avsmhyg;atmif vkyfjcif;?avsmhyg;atmif vkyfjcif;?avsmhyg;atmif vkyfjcif;?

determinismjyÏmef;cH0g'?jyÏmef;cH0g'?jyÏmef;cH0g'?jyÏmef;cH0g'?jyÏmef;cH0g'?

deterrence[ef@wm;onf? &efudk &efjzif h[ef@wm;onf? &efudk &efjzif h[ef@wm;onf? &efudk &efjzif h[ef@wm;onf? &efudk &efjzif h[ef@wm;onf? &efudk &efjzif h

wm;qD;jcif;?wm;qD;jcif;?wm;qD;jcif;?wm;qD;jcif;?wm;qD;jcif;?


devaluationaiGwefbd k;av#mhcsjcif;?aiGwefbd k;av#mhcsjcif;?aiGwefbd k;av#mhcsjcif;?aiGwefbd k;av#mhcsjcif;?aiGwefbd k;av#mhcsjcif;?

devolution(A[dkwGif&Sdaom tm%mudk atmufajc

tqifh txd) v$Jajymif;ay;jcif;? v$Jajymif;ay;jcif;? v$Jajymif;ay;jcif;? v$Jajymif;ay;jcif;? v$Jajymif;ay;jcif;?

dialectic(tar;tajzðyI) yd kif;jcm;oHk;oyfaom? yd kif;jcm;oHk;oyfaom? yd kif;jcm;oHk;oyfaom? yd kif;jcm;oHk;oyfaom? yd kif;jcm;oHk;oyfaom?

dialectical materialism(rmcfhpf0g'. yifr,Hk=unfcsuf jzpfaom)

'd kif,mvufwpf ¶kyf0g'/ tEkyËdavmr'd kif,mvufwpf ¶kyf0g'/ tEkyËdavmr'd kif,mvufwpf ¶kyf0g'/ tEkyËdavmr'd kif,mvufwpf ¶kyf0g'/ tEkyËdavmr'd kif,mvufwpf ¶kyf0g'/ tEkyËdavmr

±kyf0g'±kyf0g'±kyf0g'±kyf0g'±kyf0g'/ 'GEN0g'?'GEN0g'?'GEN0g'?'GEN0g'?'GEN0g'?

dictatorshiptm%m&Sifpepf?tm%m&Sifpepf?tm%m&Sifpepf?tm%m&Sifpepf?tm%m&Sifpepf?

dictatorship of the proletariatt&if;rJ h tm%m&Sifpepf t&if;rJ h tm%m&Sifpepf t&if;rJ h tm%m&Sifpepf t&if;rJ h tm%m&Sifpepf t&if;rJ h tm%m&Sifpepf (uGefjrLepf

toHk;tE_ef;)?????

diehardw,loefol? acgif;rmol?w,loefol? acgif;rmol?w,loefol? acgif;rmol?w,loefol? acgif;rmol?w,loefol? acgif;rmol?

diplomacyoHwrefcif;? oHwrefa&;? oHwrefoHwrefcif;? oHwrefa&;? oHwrefoHwrefcif;? oHwrefa&;? oHwrefoHwrefcif;? oHwrefa&;? oHwrefoHwrefcif;? oHwrefa&;? oHwref

y&d,m,f?y&d,m,f?y&d,m,f?y&d,m,f?y&d,m,f?

diplomatoHwref?oHwref?oHwref?oHwref?oHwref?

diplomatic immunityoHwrefuif;vGwfcGif h?oHwrefuif;vGwfcGif h?oHwrefuif;vGwfcGif h?oHwrefuif;vGwfcGif h?oHwrefuif;vGwfcGif h?

direct democracy

vlxkrJudk wdkuf±k duf&,lonfh 'Drd kua&pDvlxkrJud k wdkuf±k duf&,lonfh 'Drd kua&pDvlxkrJud k wdkuf±k duf&,lonfh 'Drd kua&pDvlxkrJud k wdkuf±k duf&,lonfh 'Drd kua&pDvlxkrJud k wdkuf±k duf&,lonfh 'Drd kua&pD

enf;vrf;?enf;vrf;?enf;vrf;?enf;vrf;?enf;vrf;?

directivevrf;!¸efcsuf?vrf;!¸efcsuf?vrf;!¸efcsuf?vrf;!¸efcsuf?vrf;!¸efcsuf?

dirty linenygwDtwGif;a&;ygwDtwGif;a&;ygwDtwGif;a&;ygwDtwGif;a&;ygwDtwGif;a&; (EdkifiHa&; toHk;tE_ef;)?

disarmamentvufeufzsufodrf;a&;?vufeufzsufodrf;a&;?vufeufzsufodrf;a&;?vufeufzsufodrf;a&;?vufeufzsufodrf;a&;?

discriminationcG J jcm;qufqHjcif;?cG J jcm;qufqHjcif;?cG J jcm;qufqHjcif;?cG J jcm;qufqHjcif;?cG J jcm;qufqHjcif;?

displaced person(ppfa=umifhjzpfap/ zdESdyfcH&I jzpfap) ae&yfae&yfae&yfae&yfae&yf

udk pGef@cGmxGufajy;&ol?udk pGef@cGmxGufajy;&ol?udk pGef@cGmxGufajy;&ol?udk pGef@cGmxGufajy;&ol?udk pGef@cGmxGufajy;&ol?

dissidenttpdk;&ESif h oabmxm;uGJvG Jol?tpd k;&ESif h oabmxm;uGJvG Jol?tpd k;&ESif h oabmxm;uGJvG Jol?tpd k;&ESif h oabmxm;uGJvG Jol?tpd k;&ESif h oabmxm;uGJvG Jol?

tpd k;&qef@usifol?tpd k;&qef@usifol?tpd k;&qef@usifol?tpd k;&qef@usifol?tpd k;&qef@usifol?

divide and rule(rdrdu tkyfcsKyfxm;ol odk@r[kwf rdrd.

&efoludk tm;aysmhatmif) tcsif;csif;tcsif;csif;tcsif;csif;tcsif;csif;tcsif;csif;

pdwf0rf;uGJ jym;atmifvkyfI tkyfcsKyf jcif;?pdwf0rf;uGJ jym;atmifvkyfI tkyfcsKyf jcif;?pdwf0rf;uGJ jym;atmifvkyfI tkyfcsKyf jcif;?pdwf0rf;uGJ jym;atmifvkyfI tkyfcsKyf jcif;?pdwf0rf;uGJ jym;atmifvkyfI tkyfcsKyf jcif;?

aoG;cG JtkyfcsKyf jcif;?aoG;cG JtkyfcsKyf jcif;?aoG;cG JtkyfcsKyf jcif;?aoG;cG JtkyfcsKyf jcif;?aoG;cG JtkyfcsKyf jcif;?

divine kingbk&m;uqif;oufvmonfqkdaombk&m;uqif;oufvmonfqkdaombk&m;uqif;oufvmonfqkdaombk&m;uqif;oufvmonfqkdaombk&m;uqif;oufvmonfqkdaom

bk&if?bk&if?bk&if?bk&if?bk&if?

divine right


(a&S;bk&ifwdk@u olwdk@. tkyfcsKyfpD&ifydkifcGifh

udk &nf!¸ef;&mwGif ajymavh&Sdonfh)

bk&m;ay; tcGif hta&;?bk&m;ay; tcGif hta&;?bk&m;ay; tcGif hta&;?bk&m;ay; tcGif hta&;?bk&m;ay; tcGif hta&;?

division of labor(u|rf;usif&m tvdkuf) tvkyfcG Ja0jcif;?tvkyfcG Ja0jcif;?tvkyfcG Ja0jcif;?tvkyfcG Ja0jcif;?tvkyfcG Ja0jcif;?

doctrine(bmomw&m;wck odk@r[kwf EdkifiHa&;ygwD

wck.) rl0g'/ ,Hk =unfcsuf/rl0g'/ ,Hk =unfcsuf/rl0g'/ ,Hk =unfcsuf/rl0g'/ ,Hk =unfcsuf/rl0g'/ ,Hk =unfcsuf/ (dogma ESifh

(ta&SŒawmiftm&SwEdkifiH uGefjrLepf jzpfoGm;

ygu usefEdkifiHrsm;yg uGefjrLepfjzpfoGm;vdrfhrnf

qdkaom ppfat;umvtwGif;u ay:xGef;cJh

onfh) qif huJòyvJr_ oDtdk&D/ 'd krDEd k oDtdk&D?qif huJòyvJr_ oDtdk&D/ 'd krDEd k oDtdk&D?qif huJòyvJr_ oDtdk&D/ 'd krDEd k oDtdk&D?qif huJòyvJr_ oDtdk&D/ 'd krDEd k oDtdk&D?qif huJòyvJr_ oDtdk&D/ 'd krDEd k oDtdk&D?

draconian lawsjyif;xef&ufpufaom Oya'rsm;jyif;xef&ufpufaom Oya'rsm;jyif;xef&ufpufaom Oya'rsm;jyif;xef&ufpufaom Oya'rsm;jyif;xef&ufpufaom Oya'rsm; (atoif

òr@jyEdkifiHtm; jyif;xef&ufpufaom Oya'rsm;jzifh

pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfcJhonfh 7 &mpkESpf *&dbk&if Dracoudk tpGJðyI ay:xGef;vmaom pum;&yf)?????

drawback(wifoGif;ukefwcktay: tcGeftjzpf aumufcHcJh

onfh aiGudk ,if;ukeftm; jyefvnfwifydk@csdefY)

jyefxkwfay;jcif; jyefxkwfay;jcif; jyefxkwfay;jcif; jyefxkwfay;jcif; jyefxkwfay;jcif; (pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m

toHk;tE_ef;)? tm;enf;csuf?? tm;enf;csuf?? tm;enf;csuf?? tm;enf;csuf?? tm;enf;csuf?

due processw&m;Oya'ESif htnD w&m;Oya'ESif htnD w&m;Oya'ESif htnD w&m;Oya'ESif htnD w&m;Oya'ESif htnD (Oya'qdkif&m

toHk;tE_ef;)?????

dynastyrif;quf? om;pOfajr;quf tkyfcsKyf jcif;?rif;quf? om;pOfajr;quf tkyfcsKyf jcif;?rif;quf? om;pOfajr;quf tkyfcsKyf jcif;?rif;quf? om;pOfajr;quf tkyfcsKyf jcif;?rif;quf? om;pOfajr;quf tkyfcsKyf jcif;?

earmarked&mxm;+yD; jzpfaom?&mxm;+yD; jzpfaom?&mxm;+yD; jzpfaom?&mxm;+yD; jzpfaom?&mxm;+yD; jzpfaom?

ecology(ouf&SdowW0grsm;ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif

wdk@. qufpyfr_udk avhvmonfh)

a*[aA'/ o[ZmwaA'/ obm0pepf?a*[aA'/ o[ZmwaA'/ obm0pepf?a*[aA'/ o[ZmwaA'/ obm0pepf?a*[aA'/ o[ZmwaA'/ obm0pepf?a*[aA'/ o[ZmwaA'/ obm0pepf?

economic growthpD;yGm;wdk;wufr_ pD;yGm;wdk;wufr_ pD;yGm;wdk;wufr_ pD;yGm;wdk;wufr_ pD;yGm;wdk;wufr_ (,if;udk EdkifiHwck. xkwf

ukefESifh 0efaqmifr_wdk@ wdk;wufvmjcif;udk

&nf!¸ef;onfh pkpkaygif; trsdK;om;xkwfukef

teufwl?) (&Hzef&HcgwGif EdkifiHjcm;a&;rl0g'

wckckudk &nf!¸ef;&mwGifvnf; oHk;onf?)

dogma(bmomw&m;wck odk@r[kwf EdkifiHa&;ygwD

wck.) rl0g'/ ,Hk =unfcsuf? rl0g'/ ,Hk =unfcsuf? rl0g'/ ,Hk =unfcsuf? rl0g'/ ,Hk =unfcsuf? rl0g'/ ,Hk =unfcsuf? (doctrineESifh teufwl? w&m;aoqefonfh

t,ltq wckckudk &nf!¸ef;&mwGifvnf;

oHk;onf?)

dogmatismw&m;ao 0g'?w&m;ao 0g'?w&m;ao 0g'?w&m;ao 0g'?w&m;ao 0g'?

domesticjynfwGif;ESif h oufqdkifaom?jynfwGif;ESif h oufqdkifaom?jynfwGif;ESif h oufqdkifaom?jynfwGif;ESif h oufqdkifaom?jynfwGif;ESif h oufqdkifaom?

domestic affairsjynfxJa&;?jynfxJa&;?jynfxJa&;?jynfxJa&;?jynfxJa&;?

domino theory

E


Gross National Product - GNP ESifh

wdkif;wmonf)?

economic warfare(pD;yGm;a&; òyifbufEdkifiHrsm; tcsif;csif;

ukefoG,fcGefwdk;jr‡ifhjcif;/ oGif;ukef uef@owf

jcif; ponfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk oHk;pGJwdkufcdkuf

onfh) pD;yGm;a&;ppfyG J?pD;yGm;a&;ppfyG J?pD;yGm;a&;ppfyG J?pD;yGm;a&;ppfyG J?pD;yGm;a&;ppfyG J?

economicspD;yGm;a&;ynm?pD;yGm;a&;ynm?pD;yGm;a&;ynm?pD;yGm;a&;ynm?pD;yGm;a&;ynm?

economypD;yGm;a&;?pD;yGm;a&;?pD;yGm;a&;?pD;yGm;a&;?pD;yGm;a&;?

electiona&G;aumufyG J?a&G;aumufyG J?a&G;aumufyG J?a&G;aumufyG J?a&G;aumufyG J?

electoraterJay;cGif h&S donfh yk*~ d Kvfrsm;? rJqEN&Sif?rJay;cGif h&S donfh yk*~ d Kvfrsm;? rJqEN&Sif?rJay;cGif h&S donfh yk*~ d Kvfrsm;? rJqEN&Sif?rJay;cGif h&S donfh yk*~ d Kvfrsm;? rJqEN&Sif?rJay;cGif h&S donfh yk*~ d Kvfrsm;? rJqEN&Sif?

electronicstDvufx&Gefepfynm?tDvufx&Gefepfynm?tDvufx&Gefepfynm?tDvufx&Gefepfynm?tDvufx&Gefepfynm?

eleventh houraemufqHk;tcsdef? tcsdefrS D¶H kav;?aemufqHk;tcsdef? tcsdefrS D¶H kav;?aemufqHk;tcsdef? tcsdefrS D¶H kav;?aemufqHk;tcsdef? tcsdefrS D¶H kav;?aemufqHk;tcsdef? tcsdefrS D¶H kav;?

elitetcGif hxl;cHvlpk? vufa&G;pifvlpk?tcGif hxl;cHvlpk? vufa&G;pifvlpk?tcGif hxl;cHvlpk? vufa&G;pifvlpk?tcGif hxl;cHvlpk? vufa&G;pifvlpk?tcGif hxl;cHvlpk? vufa&G;pifvlpk?

vl@rvdkif? =oZmtm%m&Sdaomvl@rvdkif? =oZmtm%m&Sdaomvl@rvdkif? =oZmtm%m&Sdaomvl@rvdkif? =oZmtm%m&Sdaomvl@rvdkif? =oZmtm%m&Sdaom

vlausmfvlarmftkyfpk?vlausmfvlarmftkyfpk?vlausmfvlarmftkyfpk?vlausmfvlarmftkyfpk?vlausmfvlarmftkyfpk?

elite forcetxl;wyfzG J@? vufa&G;pifwyfzG J @?txl;wyfzG J @? vufa&G;pifwyfzG J @?txl;wyfzG J @? vufa&G;pifwyfzG J @?txl;wyfzG J @? vufa&G;pifwyfzG J @?txl;wyfzG J @? vufa&G;pifwyfzG J @?

emancipationvGwf+idrf;cGif h ðyjcif;? vGwfajrmufjcif;?vGwf+idrf;cGif h ðyjcif;? vGwfajrmufjcif;?vGwf+idrf;cGif h ðyjcif;? vGwfajrmufjcif;?vGwf+idrf;cGif h ðyjcif;? vGwfajrmufjcif;?vGwf+idrf;cGif h ðyjcif;? vGwfajrmufjcif;?

vGwfajrmufcGif h?vGwfajrmufcGif h?vGwfajrmufcGif h?vGwfajrmufcGif h?vGwfajrmufcGif h?

embargo(pD;yGm;a&;/ ppfa&; ponftm;jzifh) Ed ki fiH Ed ki fiH Ed ki fiH Ed ki fiH Ed ki fiH

wcktm; ydwfqdk@ta&;,ljcif;?wcktm; ydwfqdk@ta&;,ljcif;?wcktm; ydwfqdk@ta&;,ljcif;?wcktm; ydwfqdk@ta&;,ljcif;?wcktm; ydwfqdk@ta&;,ljcif;?

embassyoH±k H;?oH±k H ;?oH±k H ;?oH±k H ;?oH±k H ;?

embezzlementtvGJoH k;pm;ðyjcif;?tvGJoH k;pm;ðyjcif;?tvGJoH k;pm;ðyjcif;?tvGJoH k;pm;ðyjcif;?tvGJoH k;pm;ðyjcif;?

emeritusvkyfcGifrS t+idrf;pm;,l+yD;aomfvnf;vkyfcGifrS t+idrf;pm;,l+yD;aomfvnf;vkyfcGifrS t+idrf;pm;,l+yD;aomfvnf;vkyfcGifrS t+idrf;pm;,l+yD;aomfvnf;vkyfcGifrS t+idrf;pm;,l+yD;aomfvnf;

&mxl; tac:ta0:udk&mxl; tac:ta0:udk&mxl; tac:ta0:udk&mxl; tac:ta0:udk&mxl; tac:ta0:udk

xdef;odrf;oH k;pG Jc Gif h&ol?xdef;odrf;oH k;pG Jc Gif h&ol?xdef;odrf;oH k;pG Jc Gif h&ol?xdef;odrf;oH k;pG Jc Gif h&ol?xdef;odrf;oH k;pG Jc Gif h&ol?

emigrationjynfyodk@ xGufcGmjcif;? jynfywGifjynfyodk@ xGufcGmjcif;? jynfywGifjynfyodk@ xGufcGmjcif;? jynfywGifjynfyodk@ xGufcGmjcif;? jynfywGifjynfyodk@ xGufcGmjcif;? jynfywGif

tajccs &ef xGufcGmjcif;?tajccs &ef xGufcGmjcif;?tajccs &ef xGufcGmjcif;?tajccs &ef xGufcGmjcif;?tajccs &ef xGufcGmjcif;?

eminent domain(avsmfa=u; tvHktavmufay;I) yk*~vduyk*~vduyk*~vduyk*~vduyk*~vdu

yd kifypPnf;udk trsm;yd kif odrf;,lcGif h&S donfhyd kifypPnf;udk trsm;yd kif odrf;,lcGif h&S donfhyd kifypPnf;udk trsm;yd kif odrf;,lcGif h&S donfhyd kifypPnf;udk trsm;yd kif odrf;,lcGif h&S donfhyd kifypPnf;udk trsm;yd kif odrf;,lcGif h&S donfh

tpd k;&vkyfyd ki fcGif h?tpd k;&vkyfyd ki fcGif h?tpd k;&vkyfyd ki fcGif h?tpd k;&vkyfyd ki fcGif h?tpd k;&vkyfyd ki fcGif h?

empirevufeufEd kifiHawmf? tifyg,m?vufeufEd kifiHawmf? tifyg,m?vufeufEd kifiHawmf? tifyg,m?vufeufEd kifiHawmf? tifyg,m?vufeufEd kifiHawmf? tifyg,m?

enclave(e,fajr}uD;wcku 0ef;&Hxm;aom)

e,fajri,f?e,fajri,f?e,fajri,f?e,fajri,f?e,fajri,f?

ententeEd kifiHwum r[mrdwfpmcsKyftzG J@?Ed kifiHwum r[mrdwfpmcsKyftzG J@?Ed kifiHwum r[mrdwfpmcsKyftzG J@?Ed kifiHwum r[mrdwfpmcsKyftzG J@?Ed kifiHwum r[mrdwfpmcsKyftzG J@?

entrepreneur


pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif? pGef@pm;wDxGifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif? pGef@pm;wDxGifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif? pGef@pm;wDxGifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif? pGef@pm;wDxGifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif? pGef@pm;wDxGif

vkyfief;&Sif?vkyfief;&Sif?vkyfief;&Sif?vkyfief;&Sif?vkyfief;&Sif?

environmental protectionobm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;

umuG,fa&;?umuG,fa&;?umuG,fa&;?umuG,fa&;?umuG,fa&;?

envoyoHwref? oHwref? oHwref? oHwref? oHwref? (oHtrwf}uD; tqifhxuf

edrfhaom) oHudk,fpm;vS,f?oHudk,fpm;vS,f?oHudk,fpm;vS,f?oHudk,fpm;vS,f?oHudk,fpm;vS,f?

equal opportunitywef;wltcGif htvrf;?wef;wltcGif htvrf;?wef;wltcGif htvrf;?wef;wltcGif htvrf;?wef;wltcGif htvrf;?

equal paywef;wlvkyfc?wef;wlvkyfc?wef;wlvkyfc?wef;wlvkyfc?wef;wlvkyfc?

equilibriumpD;yGm;a&; nDr#ajc? pD;yGm;a&; wnf+idrfr_?pD;yGm;a&; nDr#ajc? pD;yGm;a&; wnf+idrfr_?pD;yGm;a&; nDr#ajc? pD;yGm;a&; wnf+idrfr_?pD;yGm;a&; nDr#ajc? pD;yGm;a&; wnf+idrfr_?pD;yGm;a&; nDr#ajc? pD;yGm;a&; wnf+idrfr_?

(pD;yGm;a&; toHk;tE_ef;)

establishment(vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;/ EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;/

bmoma&; tzGJ@tpnf;/ ppfwyf/ ynm&Sif

tzGJ@ ponfwdk@udk xdef;csKyfxm;aom)

zG J@pnf;wnfaxmifr_?zG J @pnf;wnfaxmifr_?zG J @pnf;wnfaxmifr_?zG J @pnf;wnfaxmifr_?zG J @pnf;wnfaxmifr_?

ethicsusif h0wf? udk,fusif hw&m;?usif h0wf? udk,fusif hw&m;?usif h0wf? udk,fusif hw&m;?usif h0wf? udk,fusif hw&m;?usif h0wf? udk,fusif hw&m;?

ethnicvlrsd K;pk0if?vlrs d K;pk0if?vlrs d K;pk0if?vlrs d K;pk0if?vlrs d K;pk0if?

ethnocentrism(rdrd. vlrsdK; odk@r[kwf vlrsdK;pku tjcm;

vlrsdK; odk@r[kwf vlrsdK;pkrsm;xuf omonf

qdkaom) vlrs d K;pk A[dk ðy0g'?vlrs d K;pk A[dk ðy0g'?vlrs d K;pk A[dk ðy0g'?vlrs d K;pk A[dk ðy0g'?vlrs d K;pk A[dk ðy0g'?

ethos(tvkyfóu;pm;jcif;/ òc;jcHjcif; paom)

tusif ht=uH/ usif h0wfeDwd?tusif ht=uH/ usif h0wfeDwd?tusif ht=uH/ usif h0wfeDwd?tusif ht=uH/ usif h0wfeDwd?tusif ht=uH/ usif h0wfeDwd?

euthanasia(aq;ukoI r&onfh jyif;xefaom a&m*g

'%f cHpm;ae&olwdk@tm; olwdk@. awmif;qdk

csuft& remrusif aoap&ef qdkaom)

apwemjzif h toufaoap&efapwemjzif h toufaoap&efapwemjzif h toufaoap&efapwemjzif h toufaoap&efapwemjzif h toufaoap&ef

pDrHay;jcif;?pDrHay;jcif;?pDrHay;jcif;?pDrHay;jcif;?pDrHay;jcif;?

evolutionqifhuJwdk;wufajymif;vJjcif;jzpfpOf?qif huJwdk;wufajymif;vJjcif;jzpfpOf?qif huJwdk;wufajymif;vJjcif;jzpfpOf?qif huJwdk;wufajymif;vJjcif;jzpfpOf?qif huJwdk;wufajymif;vJjcif;jzpfpOf?

ex officio

rdrd. tzGJ@tpnf;udk udk,fpm;ðyIrdrd. tzGJ@tpnf;udk udk,fpm;ðyIrdrd. tzGJ@tpnf;udk udk,fpm;ðyIrdrd. tzGJ@tpnf;udk udk,fpm;ðyIrdrd. tzGJ@tpnf;udk udk,fpm;ðyI

wufa&muf&aom? &mxl;tavsmufwufa&muf&aom? &mxl;tavsmufwufa&muf&aom? &mxl;tavsmufwufa&muf&aom? &mxl;tavsmufwufa&muf&aom? &mxl;tavsmuf

wm0ef,l&aom?wm0ef,l&aom?wm0ef,l&aom?wm0ef,l&aom?wm0ef,l&aom?

exchange of notespmc|efv$mvJvS,fjcif;?pmc|efv$mvJvS,fjcif;?pmc|efv$mvJvS,fjcif;?pmc|efv$mvJvS,fjcif;?pmc|efv$mvJvS,fjcif;?

executive privilege(tpdk;&tm%mydkifwdk@taejzifh v$wfawmf

odk@r[kwf w&m;±kH; a&SŒarSmufY xGufqdk&mwGif

trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk xdcdkufapEdkifonfh

tcsuftvufrsm;tm; xkwfaz:ajymqdk&ef

rvdkonfh) tm%mydkif txl;tcGif hta&;?tm%mydkif txl;tcGif hta&;?tm%mydkif txl;tcGif hta&;?tm%mydkif txl;tcGif hta&;?tm%mydkif txl;tcGif hta&;?

exile

F


(jypf'%fwcktjzpf) e,fESifcH&jcif;?e,fESifcH&jcif;?e,fESifcH&jcif;?e,fESifcH&jcif;?e,fESifcH&jcif;?

(EdkifiHa&; ta=umif;a=umifh) wd kif;wyg;od k@wd kif;wyg;od k@wd kif;wyg;od k@wd kif;wyg;od k@wd kif;wyg;od k@

wdrf;a&Smifaexdkif jcif;? jynfajy;?wdrf;a&Smifaexdkif jcif;? jynfajy;?wdrf;a&Smifaexdkif jcif;? jynfajy;?wdrf;a&Smifaexdkif jcif;? jynfajy;?wdrf;a&Smifaexdkif jcif;? jynfajy;?

existentialismjzpfwnfr_0g'jzpfwnfr_0g'jzpfwnfr_0g'jzpfwnfr_0g'jzpfwnfr_0g' (jyifopftawG;tac:&Sif

,ef;aygqwf John-Paul Sartre a=umihf

vlodrsm;vmonfh '\e)?????

expansionisme,fajrchs JxGifa&;0g'?e,fajrchs JxGifa&;0g'?e,fajrchs JxGifa&;0g'?e,fajrchs JxGifa&;0g'?e,fajrchs JxGifa&;0g'?

expatriateae&if;Ed kifiHud k pGef@cGmol?ae&if;Ed kifiHud k pGef@cGmol?ae&if;Ed kifiHud k pGef@cGmol?ae&if;Ed kifiHud k pGef@cGmol?ae&if;Ed kifiHud k pGef@cGmol?

(rdrd. EdkifiHom; tjzpfudk pGef@v$wfI)

tjcm; Ed kifiHom; tjzpf cH,lol?tjcm; Ed kifiHom; tjzpf cH,lol?tjcm; Ed kifiHom; tjzpf cH,lol?tjcm; Ed kifiHom; tjzpf cH,lol?tjcm; Ed kifiHom; tjzpf cH,lol?

exploitationtcGif hta&;,ljcif;? tjrwfxkwfjcif;?tcGif hta&;,ljcif;? tjrwfxkwfjcif;?tcGif hta&;,ljcif;? tjrwfxkwfjcif;?tcGif hta&;,ljcif;? tjrwfxkwfjcif;?tcGif hta&;,ljcif;? tjrwfxkwfjcif;?

acgif;yH k jzwfjcif;?acgif;yH k jzwfjcif;?acgif;yH k jzwfjcif;?acgif;yH k jzwfjcif;?acgif;yH k jzwfjcif;?

exportwifyd k@ jcif;? yd k @ukef? wifyd k @onf?wifyd k @ jcif;? yd k @ukef? wifyd k @onf?wifyd k @ jcif;? yd k @ukef? wifyd k @onf?wifyd k @ jcif;? yd k @ukef? wifyd k @onf?wifyd k @ jcif;? yd k @ukef? wifyd k @onf?

expropriation(avsmfa=u; tvHktavmuf ray;bJ)

yk*~vduyd kifypPnf;udk Ed kifiHyd kif tjzpfyk*~vduyd kifypPnf;udk Ed kifiHyd kif tjzpfyk*~vduyd kifypPnf;udk Ed kifiHyd kif tjzpfyk*~vduyd kifypPnf;udk Ed kifiHyd kif tjzpfyk*~vduyd kifypPnf;udk Ed kifiHyd kif tjzpf

odrf;,ljcif;? wOD;wa,muf. ypPnf;udkodrf;,ljcif;? wOD;wa,muf. ypPnf;udkodrf;,ljcif;? wOD;wa,muf. ypPnf;udkodrf;,ljcif;? wOD;wa,muf. ypPnf;udkodrf;,ljcif;? wOD;wa,muf. ypPnf;udk

&,lI ravsmf toHk;ðyjcif;?&,lI ravsmf toHk;ðyjcif;?&,lI ravsmf toHk;ðyjcif;?&,lI ravsmf toHk;ðyjcif;?&,lI ravsmf toHk;ðyjcif;?

extradition(&mZ0wfr_ usL;vGefxm;oltm; pGJcsuf

wif&ef odk@r[kwf jypf'%fuscHap&ef

twGuf) w&m;cH v$Jajymif;ay;tyfjcif;?w&m;cH v$Jajymif;ay;tyfjcif;?w&m;cH v$Jajymif;ay;tyfjcif;?w&m;cH v$Jajymif;ay;tyfjcif;?w&m;cH v$Jajymif;ay;tyfjcif;?

(0&rf;ajy; w&mcHtm;) jypfr_usL;vGef&m jypfr_usL;vGef&m jypfr_usL;vGef&m jypfr_usL;vGef&m jypfr_usL;vGef&m

Ed kifiHod k@ jyefyd k @ jcif;?Ed kifiHod k@ jyefyd k @ jcif;?Ed kifiHod k@ jyefyd k @ jcif;?Ed kifiHod k@ jyefyd k @ jcif;?Ed kifiHod k@ jyefyd k @ jcif;?

FabianismazbD,ef0g'azbD,ef0g'azbD,ef0g'azbD,ef0g'azbD,ef0g' (1884 ckESpfwGif +AdwdefEdkifiHY

ay:xGef;cJhaom qdk&S,fvpf0g' wrsdK;)?????

faction(tzGJ@tpnf;wcktwGif; trsm;ESifh t,ltq

rwlaom) tkyfpk? oif;uGJ tkyfpk?tkyfpk? oif;uGJ tkyfpk?tkyfpk? oif;uGJ tkyfpk?tkyfpk? oif;uGJ tkyfpk?tkyfpk? oif;uGJ tkyfpk?

failed statet&m&m c|wfðcHusaeonfh Ed kifiH?t&m&m c|wfðcHusaeonfh Ed kifiH?t&m&m c|wfðcHusaeonfh Ed kifiH?t&m&m c|wfðcHusaeonfh Ed kifiH?t&m&m c|wfðcHusaeonfh Ed kifiH?

rdrdzmom &yfwnfEd kifpGrf;r&S dawmhonfhrdrdzmom &yfwnfEd kifpGrf;r&S dawmhonfhrdrdzmom &yfwnfEd kifpGrf;r&S dawmhonfhrdrdzmom &yfwnfEd kifpGrf;r&S dawmhonfhrdrdzmom &yfwnfEd kifpGrf;r&S dawmhonfh

Ed ki fi H?Ed ki fi H?Ed ki fi H?Ed ki fi H?Ed ki fi H?

fait accompli(jyifopfpum;) odomxif&Sm;+yD;jzpfonfhodomxif&Sm;+yD;jzpfonfhodomxif&Sm;+yD;jzpfonfhodomxif&Sm;+yD;jzpfonfhodomxif&Sm;+yD;jzpfonfh

tcsuftvuf? tjiif;yGm;p&mrvdkaomtcsuftvuf? tjiif;yGm;p&mrvdkaomtcsuftvuf? tjiif;yGm;p&mrvdkaomtcsuftvuf? tjiif;yGm;p&mrvdkaomtcsuftvuf? tjiif;yGm;p&mrvdkaom

tcsuftvuf?tcsuftvuf?tcsuftvuf?tcsuftvuf?tcsuftvuf?

fanaticw,loeform;?w,loeform;?w,loeform;?w,loeform;?w,loeform;?

fascismzufqpf0g'?zufqpf0g'?zufqpf0g'?zufqpf0g'?zufqpf0g'?

faux pas(jyifopfpum;) ravsmfuefr_?ravsmfuefr_?ravsmfuefr_?ravsmfuefr_?ravsmfuefr_?

federalism(EdkifiHwckudk zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk toGifjzifh

tkyfcsKyfonfh) zuf'&,f0g'/ zuf'&,fzuf'&,f0g'/ zuf'&,fzuf'&,f0g'/ zuf'&,fzuf'&,f0g'/ zuf'&,fzuf'&,f0g'/ zuf'&,f

usif hpOf?usif hpOf?usif hpOf?usif hpOf?usif hpOf?

federation(wdkif;ESifhjynfe,fwdk@u A[dktpdk;&ESifh tm%m

cGJa0,laom) zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk?zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk?zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk?zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk?zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk?

z,f'&,f&Sif;tzG J@?z,f'&,f&Sif;tzG J@?z,f'&,f&Sif;tzG J@?z,f'&,f&Sif;tzG J@?z,f'&,f&Sif;tzG J@?

feedback


uHk@ jyefcsuf?uH k@ jyefcsuf?uH k@ jyefcsuf?uH k@ jyefcsuf?uH k@ jyefcsuf?

feminism(trsdK;om;rsm;ESifhwef;wl tcGifhta&; &&Sd&ef

awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifonfh) trsdK;orD; 0g'?trsdK;orD; 0g'?trsdK;orD; 0g'?trsdK;orD; 0g'?trsdK;orD; 0g'?

feministtrsdK;orD;tcGif hta&; v_yf&Sm;ol?trsdK;orD;tcGif hta&; v_yf&Sm;ol?trsdK;orD;tcGif hta&; v_yf&Sm;ol?trsdK;orD;tcGif hta&; v_yf&Sm;ol?trsdK;orD;tcGif hta&; v_yf&Sm;ol?

feudalismajr&Sifpepf?ajr&Sifpepf?ajr&Sifpepf?ajr&Sifpepf?ajr&Sifpepf?

fiat(tm%mydkifwdk@u v$wfawmf. todtrSwf

ðyr_ rygbJ xkwfjyefaom) wcsufv$wfwcsufv$wfwcsufv$wfwcsufv$wfwcsufv$wf

trdef@?trdef@?trdef@?trdef@?trdef@? (w&m;0iftkyfcsKyfpD&ifydkifcGifhr&Sdaom

tpdk;&wdk@u trsm;qHk; toHk;ðyavh&Sdonf?)

fifth column(rdrdwyfwGif;&Sd) &efol@bufom;? yÌrH&efol@bufom;? yÌrH&efol@bufom;? yÌrH&efol@bufom;? yÌrH&efol@bufom;? yÌrH

wyfom;? ol@vludk,f hbufom;? wyfom;? ol@vludk,f hbufom;? wyfom;? ol@vludk,f hbufom;? wyfom;? ol@vludk,f hbufom;? wyfom;? ol@vludk,f hbufom;? (pydef

jynfwGif;ppftwGif;Y ay:aygufcJhaom

toHk;tE_ef;?)

figure(taqmifta,mifoabmr#om jzpf+yD;

trSefwu,f tm%mr&Sdonfh) Ed ki fi H hE d ki fi H hE d ki fi H hE d ki fi H hE d ki fi H h

acgif;aqmif/ Ed kifiH h Oao#mif/acgif;aqmif/ Ed kifiH h Oao#mif/acgif;aqmif/ Ed kifiH h Oao#mif/acgif;aqmif/ Ed kifiH h Oao#mif/acgif;aqmif/ Ed kifiH h Oao#mif/

acgif;aqmif?acgif;aqmif?acgif;aqmif?acgif;aqmif?acgif;aqmif?

fiscal policyb¾ma&; rl0g'?b¾ma&; rl0g'?b¾ma&; rl0g'?b¾ma&; rl0g'?b¾ma&; rl0g'?

footnote

atmufajcrSwfpk?atmufajcrSwfpk?atmufajcrSwfpk?atmufajcrSwfpk?atmufajcrSwfpk?

foreign policyEd kifiH jcm;a&;rl0g'?Ed kifiH jcm;a&;rl0g'?Ed kifiH jcm;a&;rl0g'?Ed kifiH jcm;a&;rl0g'?Ed kifiH jcm;a&;rl0g'?

formalyH kpHusjzpfaom?yH kpHusjzpfaom?yH kpHusjzpfaom?yH kpHusjzpfaom?yH kpHusjzpfaom?

formatyH kp H?yH kp H?yH kp H?yH kp H?yH kp H?

forumaqG;aEG;yG J?aqG;aEG;yG J?aqG;aEG;yG J?aqG;aEG;yG J?aqG;aEG;yG J?

fourth estate(pme,fZif;ESifh tjcm; owif;jzef@vkyfief;

rsm;tm; &nf!¸ef;onfh) pwkwWr¾dKif pwkwWr¾dKif pwkwWr¾dKif pwkwWr¾dKif pwkwWr¾dKif ?????

franchisecGif h ðycsufcGif h ðycsufcGif h ðycsufcGif h ðycsufcGif h ðycsuf? rJay;cGif h?rJay;cGif h?rJay;cGif h?rJay;cGif h?rJay;cGif h?

(vkyfief;&Sif wOD;u emrnf}uD;ukr`%Dwck.

trnfudk iSm;&rf; oHk;pGJonfh)

vufcG Jukr`%D?vufcG Jukr`%D?vufcG Jukr`%D?vufcG Jukr`%D?vufcG Jukr`%D?

free enterprise(tpdk;&. pGufzufr_ r&Sdonfh)

vGwfvyfaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;?vGwfvyfaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;?vGwfvyfaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;?vGwfvyfaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;?vGwfvyfaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;?

free marketvGwfvyfaom aps;uGuf?vGwfvyfaom aps;uGuf?vGwfvyfaom aps;uGuf?vGwfvyfaom aps;uGuf?vGwfvyfaom aps;uGuf?

free market economyvGwfvyfaom aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;?vGwfvyfaom aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;?vGwfvyfaom aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;?vGwfvyfaom aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;?vGwfvyfaom aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;?

G


free tradevGwfvyfaom ukefoG,fr_?vGwfvyfaom ukefoG,fr_?vGwfvyfaom ukefoG,fr_?vGwfvyfaom ukefoG,fr_?vGwfvyfaom ukefoG,fr_?

freedomvGwfvyfr_? vGwfvyfcGif h?vGwfvyfr_? vGwfvyfcGif h?vGwfvyfr_? vGwfvyfcGif h?vGwfvyfr_? vGwfvyfcGif h?vGwfvyfr_? vGwfvyfcGif h?

freedom of expressionvGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfwifjycGif h?vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfwifjycGif h?vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfwifjycGif h?vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfwifjycGif h?vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfwifjycGif h?

freedom of opinionvGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:,lqcGif h?vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:,lqcGif h?vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:,lqcGif h?vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:,lqcGif h?vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:,lqcGif h?

Freudian(pdwfo±kyfcGJq&m qpf*ref z±dGK'f SigmundFreud . aemufvdkuf) z±d G K'f0g'D?z±d G K'f0g'D?z±d G K'f0g'D?z±d G K'f0g'D?z±d G K'f0g'D?

front organizationsta,mifjytzG J@tpnf;?ta,mifjytzG J@tpnf;?ta,mifjytzG J@tpnf;?ta,mifjytzG J@tpnf;?ta,mifjytzG J@tpnf;?

Aef;jytzG J@tpnf;?Aef;jytzG J@tpnf;?Aef;jytzG J@tpnf;?Aef;jytzG J@tpnf;?Aef;jytzG J@tpnf;?

fundamentalisma&S;±d k;bmoma&;0g'? w&m;&if;0g'?a&S;±d k;bmoma&;0g'? w&m;&if;0g'?a&S;±d k;bmoma&;0g'? w&m;&if;0g'?a&S;±d k;bmoma&;0g'? w&m;&if;0g'?a&S;±d k;bmoma&;0g'? w&m;&if;0g'?

führeracgif;aqmif}uD; acgif;aqmif}uD; acgif;aqmif}uD; acgif;aqmif}uD; acgif;aqmif}uD; (*smrefEdkifiHwGifoHk;onf)?????

gag rule(ta=umif;t&mwckudk rajymqdk raqG;aEG;&[k

wm;jrpfonfh) E_wfydwfOya'?E_wfydwfOya'?E_wfydwfOya'?E_wfydwfOya'?E_wfydwfOya'?

0pDydwfOya'?0pDydwfOya'?0pDydwfOya'?0pDydwfOya'?0pDydwfOya'?

gazetted holidaytpdk;&±H k;ydwf&uf?tpd k;&±H k;ydwf&uf?tpd k;&±H k;ydwf&uf?tpd k;&±H k;ydwf&uf?tpd k;&±H k;ydwf&uf?

generalAk dvfcsKyf }uD;? taxGaxG?Ak dvfcsKyf }uD;? taxGaxG?Ak dvfcsKyf }uD;? taxGaxG?Ak dvfcsKyf }uD;? taxGaxG?Ak dvfcsKyf }uD;? taxGaxG?

general electiontaxGaxGa&G;aumufyG J?taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG J?taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG J?taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG J?taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG J?

general striketaxGaxGoydwf?taxGaxGoydwf?taxGaxGoydwf?taxGaxGoydwf?taxGaxGoydwf?

generalisimo(&mxl;tjrifhqHk;) Ad kvfcsKyf }uD;? Ad kvfcsKyf }uD;? Ad kvfcsKyf }uD;? Ad kvfcsKyf }uD;? Ad kvfcsKyf }uD;? (rl&if;

tDwmvsH pum;?)

genocidevlrsd K; ðzwf owfjzwfr_? vlrs d K;wH k;vlrs d K; ðzwf owfjzwfr_? vlrs d K;wH k;vlrs d K; ðzwf owfjzwfr_? vlrs d K;wH k;vlrs d K; ðzwf owfjzwfr_? vlrs d K;wH k;vlrs d K; ðzwf owfjzwfr_? vlrs d K;wH k;

owfjzwfr_?owfjzwfr_?owfjzwfr_?owfjzwfr_?owfjzwfr_?

gentleman agreementE_wfjzih f oabmwlxm;csuf?E_wfjzih f oabmwlxm;csuf?E_wfjzih f oabmwlxm;csuf?E_wfjzih f oabmwlxm;csuf?E_wfjzih f oabmwlxm;csuf?

geopoliticsyx0DEd ki fiHa&;?yx0DEd ki fiHa&;?yx0DEd ki fiHa&;?yx0DEd ki fiHa&;?yx0DEd ki fiHa&;?

gerontocracy(touf}uD;olwdk@u v$rf;rdk;xm;onfh)

ouf}uD;tpd k;&?ouf}uD;tpd k;&?ouf}uD;tpd k;&?ouf}uD;tpd k;&?ouf}uD;tpd k;&?

gerrymander(ygwD wckudk rJtrsm;qHk; &apvdkaom

oabmjzifh rJ±Hke,fajrudk pdwfóuufpDpOf

aom) rJ±H krormr_/ a¶G;aumufyG J rJ±H krormr_/ a¶G;aumufyG J rJ±H krormr_/ a¶G;aumufyG J rJ±H krormr_/ a¶G;aumufyG J rJ±H krormr_/ a¶G;aumufyG J

rormr_?rormr_?rormr_?rormr_?rormr_?


globalizationwurBmvHk; tusHK;0ifapjcif;?wurBmvHk; tusHK;0ifapjcif;?wurBmvHk; tusHK;0ifapjcif;?wurBmvHk; tusHK;0ifapjcif;?wurBmvHk; tusHK;0ifapjcif;?

(vGwfvyfpGm ukefoG,fr_udk

tajcðyxm;onfh) urBmh pD;yGm;a&;0g'/urBmh pD;yGm;a&;0g'/urBmh pD;yGm;a&;0g'/urBmh pD;yGm;a&;0g'/urBmh pD;yGm;a&;0g'/

urBmvHk;qd kif&m0g'/ urBmh&Gm0g'/urBmvHk;qd kif&m0g'/ urBmh&Gm0g'/urBmvHk;qd kif&m0g'/ urBmh&Gm0g'/urBmvHk;qd kif&m0g'/ urBmh&Gm0g'/urBmvHk;qd kif&m0g'/ urBmh&Gm0g'/

*vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;?*vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;?*vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;?*vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;?*vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;?

gold standard(aiGa=u;pepfwGif a&$udk pHtjzpf xm;onfh)

a&$pHxm;pepf a&$pHxm;pepf a&$pHxm;pepf a&$pHxm;pepf a&$pHxm;pepf (1930 ckESpf rwdkifrDu

toHk;rsm;onf)?????

good officesEd kifiHwck odk@r[kwf tzG J@tpnf;wckudkEd kifiHwck odk@r[kwf tzG J@tpnf;wckudkEd kifiHwck odk@r[kwf tzG J@tpnf;wckudkEd kifiHwck odk@r[kwf tzG J@tpnf;wckudkEd kifiHwck odk@r[kwf tzG J@tpnf;wckudk

ud k,fpm;ðyaom ±H k;? udk,fpm;ðyaom ±H k;? udk,fpm;ðyaom ±H k;? udk,fpm;ðyaom ±H k;? udk,fpm;ðyaom ±H k;? (olwyg;.

tjiif;yGm;r_ udk ormorwfuspGm

jzefajzay;onfh) oduQm&S d ±H k;awmf?oduQm&S d ±H k;awmf?oduQm&S d ±H k;awmf?oduQm&S d ±H k;awmf?oduQm&S d ±H k;awmf?

apwemtavsmuf ulnDjcif;?apwemtavsmuf ulnDjcif;?apwemtavsmuf ulnDjcif;?apwemtavsmuf ulnDjcif;?apwemtavsmuf ulnDjcif;?

government gazettetpdk;&jyefwrf;?tpd k;&jyefwrf;?tpd k;&jyefwrf;?tpd k;&jyefwrf;?tpd k;&jyefwrf;?

governorbk&ifcH? jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;r–;?bk&ifcH? jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;r–;?bk&ifcH? jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;r–;?bk&ifcH? jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;r–;?bk&ifcH? jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;r–;?

graft(tm%mtvGJoHk;pm;vkyfI) udk,fusd K;ud k,fusd K;ud k,fusd K;ud k,fusd K;ud k,fusd K;

&Smjcif;? vmbfpm;jcif;?&Smjcif;? vmbfpm;jcif;?&Smjcif;? vmbfpm;jcif;?&Smjcif;? vmbfpm;jcif;?&Smjcif;? vmbfpm;jcif;?

grand strategyr[mAsL[mpDrHcsuf?r[mAsL[mpDrHcsuf?r[mAsL[mpDrHcsuf?r[mAsL[mpDrHcsuf?r[mAsL[mpDrHcsuf?

grandstanding

(rdrdtm; axmufcHap&ef) vltrsm;tóuufvltrsm;tóuufvltrsm;tóuufvltrsm;tóuufvltrsm;tóuuf

ajymqdk jcif;?ajymqdk jcif;?ajymqdk jcif;?ajymqdk jcif;?ajymqdk jcif;?

grassrootstajccHvlxk?tajccHvlxk?tajccHvlxk?tajccHvlxk?tajccHvlxk?

gross national product (GNP)tpkpk trsdK;om;xkwfukef? taxGaxGtpkpk trsdK;om;xkwfukef? taxGaxGtpkpk trsdK;om;xkwfukef? taxGaxGtpkpk trsdK;om;xkwfukef? taxGaxGtpkpk trsdK;om;xkwfukef? taxGaxG

trsd K;om;xkwfukef?trsd K;om;xkwfukef?trsd K;om;xkwfukef?trsd K;om;xkwfukef?trsd K;om;xkwfukef?

greenhouse effectrSefvH ktdrf tusdK;oufa&mufr_ rSefvH ktdrf tusdK;oufa&mufr_ rSefvH ktdrf tusdK;oufa&mufr_ rSefvH ktdrf tusdK;oufa&mufr_ rSefvH ktdrf tusdK;oufa&mufr_ (&Hzef&HcgY

urBmhylaEG;r_ global warming udk &nf!¸ef;

&mwGifvnf; oHk;pGJonf)?????

guerrillaajymufusm;wyfom;?ajymufusm;wyfom;?ajymufusm;wyfom;?ajymufusm;wyfom;?ajymufusm;wyfom;?

guerrilla warfareajymufusm; ppfqifa&;?ajymufusm; ppfqifa&;?ajymufusm; ppfqifa&;?ajymufusm; ppfqifa&;?ajymufusm; ppfqifa&;?

guildtoif;tzG J@? tpnf;t±H k;? *d k%f;?toif;tzG J@? tpnf;t±H k;? *d k%f;?toif;tzG J@? tpnf;t±H k;? *d k%f;?toif;tzG J@? tpnf;t±H k;? *d k%f;?toif;tzG J@? tpnf;t±H k;? *d k%f;?

guillotine(jyifopfEdkifiHY &mZ0wfom;rsm;udk okwfoif

&mwGif 1792 ckESpfrS 1977 ckESpftxd toHk;

ðycJhaom) acgif;jzwfpuf?acgif;jzwfpuf?acgif;jzwfpuf?acgif;jzwfpuf?acgif;jzwfpuf?

habeas corpus(rw&m; csKyfaESmifcHae&jcif; odk@r[kwf

n‡if;yef;ESdyfpufcH&jcif; &Sd r&Sd ppfaq;onfh

oabmjzifh w&m;cHtm;) ±H k;xkwfjcif;?±H k;xkwfjcif;?±H k;xkwfjcif;?±H k;xkwfjcif;?±H k;xkwfjcif;?

a&S@awmfoGif; pmc|efawmftrdef@?a&S@awmfoGif; pmc|efawmftrdef@?a&S@awmfoGif; pmc|efawmftrdef@?a&S@awmfoGif; pmc|efawmftrdef@?a&S@awmfoGif; pmc|efawmftrdef@?

H


hard currency(wnf+idrfaom aiGwefbdk;&Sdojzifh rnfonfh

EdkifiHjcm;aiGjzifhrqdk vJvS,fEdkifonfh) aiGrm? aiGrm? aiGrm? aiGrm? aiGrm?

head of state(trsm;tm;jzifh tm%mtppftrSef r&SdbJ

taqmifta,mif oabmr#om jzpfonfh)

Ed kifiH hOao#mif/ Ed kifiH hacgif;aqmif/Ed kifiH hOao#mif/ Ed kifiH hacgif;aqmif/Ed kifiH hOao#mif/ Ed kifiH hacgif;aqmif/Ed kifiH hOao#mif/ Ed kifiH hacgif;aqmif/Ed kifiH hOao#mif/ Ed kifiH hacgif;aqmif/

Ed kifiHawmf t}uD;tuJ?Ed kifiHawmf t}uD;tuJ?Ed kifiHawmf t}uD;tuJ?Ed kifiHawmf t}uD;tuJ?Ed kifiHawmf t}uD;tuJ?

headerxdyfpnf;pmquf? [uf'g? xdyfpnf;pmquf? [uf'g? xdyfpnf;pmquf? [uf'g? xdyfpnf;pmquf? [uf'g? xdyfpnf;pmquf? [uf'g? (uGefysLwm

toHk;tE_ef;)

hegemony=oZmv$rf;jcif;? Ad kvfusjcif;?=oZmv$rf;jcif;? Ad kvfusjcif;?=oZmv$rf;jcif;? Ad kvfusjcif;?=oZmv$rf;jcif;? Ad kvfusjcif;?=oZmv$rf;jcif;? Ad kvfusjcif;?

hierarchyxufatmufpOfpepf? &mxl;pOfpepf?xufatmufpOfpepf? &mxl;pOfpepf?xufatmufpOfpepf? &mxl;pOfpepf?xufatmufpOfpepf? &mxl;pOfpepf?xufatmufpOfpepf? &mxl;pOfpepf?

hermit statetxD;usefEd ki fiH?txD;usefEd ki fiH?txD;usefEd ki fiH?txD;usefEd ki fiH?txD;usefEd ki fiH?

high commissionerr[mrif;}uD;?r[mrif;}uD;?r[mrif;}uD;?r[mrif;}uD;?r[mrif;}uD;?

high courttxufw&m;±H k;?txufw&m;±H k;?txufw&m;±H k;?txufw&m;±H k;?txufw&m;±H k;?

hijackjyefay;qGJonf//jyefay;qGJonf//jyefay;qGJonf//jyefay;qGJonf//jyefay;qGJonf//

hippie (hippy)

[pfyD [pfyD [pfyD [pfyD [pfyD (tar&duefEdkifiHY 1960 ckESpfrsm;

twGif;u ay:xGef;cJh+yD; orm;±dk;us EdkifiHa&;

vlr_a&; tpOftvmrsm;udk ypfy,fonfh

vli,fv_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifolrsm;)?????

holocaust('kwd,urBmppftwGif; *sK;vlrsdK; 6 oef;udk

pcef;oGif;+yD; "gwfaiG@jzifh pepfwus owfjzwf

cJhonfh) tpktðyHvd kuf avmifwdkufoGif;tpktðyHvd kuf avmifwdkufoGif;tpktðyHvd kuf avmifwdkufoGif;tpktðyHvd kuf avmifwdkufoGif;tpktðyHvd kuf avmifwdkufoGif;

owfjzwfr_?owfjzwfr_?owfjzwfr_?owfjzwfr_?owfjzwfr_?

hostage"g;pmcH?"g;pmcH?"g;pmcH?"g;pmcH?"g;pmcH?

House of Commonsatmufv$wfawmf atmufv$wfawmf atmufv$wfawmf atmufv$wfawmf atmufv$wfawmf (+AdwdefEdkifiHoHk;)?????

House of Lordstxufv$wfawmf txufv$wfawmf txufv$wfawmf txufv$wfawmf txufv$wfawmf (+AdwdefEdkifiHoHk;)?????

House of Representativesjynfol@v$wfawmf?jynfol@v$wfawmf?jynfol@v$wfawmf?jynfol@v$wfawmf?jynfol@v$wfawmf?

human resourcevlom;t&if;tjrpf?vlom;t&if;tjrpf?vlom;t&if;tjrpf?vlom;t&if;tjrpf?vlom;t&if;tjrpf?

human rightsvl@tcGif hta&;?vl@tcGif hta&;?vl@tcGif hta&;?vl@tcGif hta&;?vl@tcGif hta&;?

humanitarianvlom;csif; pmemaxmufxm;aom?vlom;csif; pmemaxmufxm;aom?vlom;csif; pmemaxmufxm;aom?vlom;csif; pmemaxmufxm;aom?vlom;csif; pmemaxmufxm;aom?

idealism(EdkifiHa&;wGif jrifhjrwfaomusifhpOfwdk@ v$rf;rdk;

&rnf qdkaom) Ed kifiHa&; usif hpOfjrwf 0g'?Ed kifiHa&; usif hpOfjrwf 0g'?Ed kifiHa&; usif hpOfjrwf 0g'?Ed kifiHa&; usif hpOfjrwf 0g'?Ed kifiHa&; usif hpOfjrwf 0g'?

pdwful;,Of0g'? pdwful;,Of0g'? pdwful;,Of0g'? pdwful;,Of0g'? pdwful;,Of0g'? (vlom;wdk@. tm;enf;csuf

rsm;udk xnfhrwGufbJ jzpfEdkifonfxuf jzpfoifh

I


onfudk OD;pm;ay;onfh vufawG@rusaom0g'

tjzpf a0zefcH&avh &Sdonf?)

identityoD;oef@trSwftom;?oD;oef@trSwftom;?oD;oef@trSwftom;?oD;oef@trSwftom;?oD;oef@trSwftom;?

ideologytawG;tac: oabmw&m;?tawG;tac: oabmw&m;?tawG;tac: oabmw&m;?tawG;tac: oabmw&m;?tawG;tac: oabmw&m;?

immigration(EdkifiHjcm;om;wOD;u tjcm;EdkifiHwckwGif

yHkrSefaexdkif&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh) jynf0ifr_?jynf0ifr_?jynf0ifr_?jynf0ifr_?jynf0ifr_?

vl0ifr_?vl0ifr_?vl0ifr_?vl0ifr_?vl0ifr_?

impeachment(jypfr_wckckudk ta=umif;jyI) &mxl;rS&mxl;rS&mxl;rS&mxl;rS&mxl;rS

z,f&Sm;&ef w&m;pG Jqd k jcif;/ &mxl;rSz,f&Sm;&ef w&m;pG Jqd k jcif;/ &mxl;rSz,f&Sm;&ef w&m;pG Jqd k jcif;/ &mxl;rSz,f&Sm;&ef w&m;pG Jqd k jcif;/ &mxl;rSz,f&Sm;&ef w&m;pG Jqd k jcif;/ &mxl;rS

ðzwfcsjcif;?ðzwfcsjcif;?ðzwfcsjcif;?ðzwfcsjcif;?ðzwfcsjcif;?

imperialisme,fchs J0g'?e,fchs J0g'?e,fchs J0g'?e,fchs J0g'?e,fchs J0g'?

importwifoGif;jcif;? oGif;ukef? wifoGif;onf?wifoGif;jcif;? oGif;ukef? wifoGif;onf?wifoGif;jcif;? oGif;ukef? wifoGif;onf?wifoGif;jcif;? oGif;ukef? wifoGif;onf?wifoGif;jcif;? oGif;ukef? wifoGif;onf?

import quotaoGif;ukefcG Jwrf;?oGif;ukefcG Jwrf;?oGif;ukefcG Jwrf;?oGif;ukefcG Jwrf;?oGif;ukefcG Jwrf;?

in vogueacwfpm;aeaom?acwfpm;aeaom?acwfpm;aeaom?acwfpm;aeaom?acwfpm;aeaom?

inalienable rightarG ;&myg tcGi f hta&;? bk&m;ay;ar G ;&myg tcGi f hta&;? bk&m;ay;ar G ;&myg tcGi f hta&;? bk&m;ay;ar G ;&myg tcGi f hta&;? bk&m;ay;ar G ;&myg tcGi f hta&;? bk&m;ay;

tcGi f hta&;? ajymi f ;vJr&aomtcGi f hta&;? ajymi f ;vJr&aomtcGi f hta&;? ajymi f ;vJr&aomtcGi f hta&;? ajymi f ;vJr&aomtcGi f hta&;? ajymi f ;vJr&aom

tcGi f hta&;?tc Gi f hta&;?tc Gi f hta&;?tc Gi f hta&;?tc Gi f hta&;?

incentiverufvHk;?rufvH k;?rufvH k;?rufvH k;?rufvH k;?

income tax0ifaiGcGef?0ifaiGcGef?0ifaiGcGef?0ifaiGcGef?0ifaiGcGef?

incomes policy(aiGazgif;yGr_udk umuG,fonfh taejzifh

vkyfcESifh ukefaps;E_ef;udk xdef;csKyfxm;onfh)

0ifaiGxdef;csKyfa&;rl?0ifaiGxdef;csKyfa&;rl?0ifaiGxdef;csKyfa&;rl?0ifaiGxdef;csKyfa&;rl?0ifaiGxdef;csKyfa&;rl?

incorporationaygif;pnf;jcif;?aygif;pnf;jcif;?aygif;pnf;jcif;?aygif;pnf;jcif;?aygif;pnf;jcif;?

incrementalism(owdjzifh) wqifh +yD;wqifh ajymif;vJjcif;?wqifh +yD;wqifh ajymif;vJjcif;?wqifh +yD;wqifh ajymif;vJjcif;?wqifh +yD;wqifh ajymif;vJjcif;?wqifh +yD;wqifh ajymif;vJjcif;?

wd k;wufajymif;vJjcif;?wd k;wufajymif;vJjcif;?wd k;wufajymif;vJjcif;?wd k;wufajymif;vJjcif;?wd k;wufajymif;vJjcif;?

indext!¸ef;?t!¸ef;?t!¸ef;?t!¸ef;?t!¸ef;?

indexationvkyfcESif h aiGazgif;yGE_ef;ud k wdkuf±d kufvkyfcESif h aiGazgif;yGE_ef;ud k wdkuf±d kufvkyfcESif h aiGazgif;yGE_ef;ud k wdkuf±d kufvkyfcESif h aiGazgif;yGE_ef;ud k wdkuf±d kufvkyfcESif h aiGazgif;yGE_ef;ud k wdkuf±d kuf

qufpyfxm;onfhrl qufpyfxm;onfhrl qufpyfxm;onfhrl qufpyfxm;onfhrl qufpyfxm;onfhrl (pD;yGm;a&;

toHk;tE_ef;)?????

indictmentpG Jcsufwifjcif;?pG Jcsufwifjcif;?pG Jcsufwifjcif;?pG Jcsufwifjcif;?pG Jcsufwifjcif;?

individualismwudk,fawmf0g'? woD;yk*~v0g'//wudk,fawmf0g'? woD;yk*~v0g'//wudk,fawmf0g'? woD;yk*~v0g'//wudk,fawmf0g'? woD;yk*~v0g'//wudk,fawmf0g'? woD;yk*~v0g'//

indoctrinationrl0g'/ tawG;tac:/ ,Hk =unfcsufrl0g'/ tawG;tac:/ ,Hk =unfcsufrl0g'/ tawG;tac:/ ,Hk =unfcsufrl0g'/ tawG;tac:/ ,Hk =unfcsufrl0g'/ tawG;tac:/ ,Hk =unfcsuf

ponfwdk@ud k jzef@jzL;jcif;/ponfwdk@ud k jzef@jzL;jcif;/ponfwdk@ud k jzef@jzL;jcif;/ponfwdk@ud k jzef@jzL;jcif;/ponfwdk@ud k jzef@jzL;jcif;/


oif=um;ay;jcif;? oif=um;ay;jcif;? oif=um;ay;jcif;? oif=um;ay;jcif;? oif=um;ay;jcif;? (tawG;tac:wckudk

±dkufoGif;onfh oabmrsdK;

!¸ef;qdkonfhtcgwGifvnf; Ta0g[m&udk

oHk;pGJavh&Sdonf?)

industrial revolutionpufr_awmfvSefa&;?pufr_awmfvSefa&;?pufr_awmfvSefa&;?pufr_awmfvSefa&;?pufr_awmfvSefa&;?

industrial zone(pufr_vkyfief;rsm; pkpnf;wnf&Sd&m)

pufr_ZH k?pufr_ZH k?pufr_ZH k?pufr_ZH k?pufr_ZH k?

industrializationpufr_xlaxmifa&;? pufr_xlaxmifjcif;?pufr_xlaxmifa&;? pufr_xlaxmifjcif;?pufr_xlaxmifa&;? pufr_xlaxmifjcif;?pufr_xlaxmifa&;? pufr_xlaxmifjcif;?pufr_xlaxmifa&;? pufr_xlaxmifjcif;?

INF Treaty (Intermediate RangeNuclear Forces Treaty)(tar&duefESifh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwdk@

1987 ckESpfu csKyfqdkcJhom) wmvwfypfwmvwfypfwmvwfypfwmvwfypfwmvwfypf

tEkjrL'H k;usnf xdef;csKyfa&;pmcsKyf?tEkjrL'H k;usnf xdef;csKyfa&;pmcsKyf?tEkjrL'H k;usnf xdef;csKyfa&;pmcsKyf?tEkjrL'H k;usnf xdef;csKyfa&;pmcsKyf?tEkjrL'H k;usnf xdef;csKyfa&;pmcsKyf?

infidelbmomrJhol? bmomw&m;r&S dol?bmomrJ hol? bmomw&m;r&S dol?bmomrJ hol? bmomw&m;r&S dol?bmomrJ hol? bmomw&m;r&S dol?bmomrJ hol? bmomw&m;r&S dol?

t,lrSm;ol t,lrSm;ol t,lrSm;ol t,lrSm;ol t,lrSm;ol (tqdk;oabm/ ±_wfcsonfh

oabm &nf!¸ef;&mwGif oHk;pGJavh&Sdonf)?????

infiltration(&efol@e,fajr/ &efol@tzGJ@tpnf; twGif;odk@)

xd k;azguf0ifa&mufjcif;?xd k;azguf0ifa&mufjcif;?xd k;azguf0ifa&mufjcif;?xd k;azguf0ifa&mufjcif;?xd k;azguf0ifa&mufjcif;?

inflationaiGa=u;azgif;yGr_? 0,fvdktm;us+yD;aiGa=u;azgif;yGr_? 0,fvdktm;us+yD;aiGa=u;azgif;yGr_? 0,fvdktm;us+yD;aiGa=u;azgif;yGr_? 0,fvdktm;us+yD;aiGa=u;azgif;yGr_? 0,fvdktm;us+yD;

ukefaps;E_ef; jrif hwufr_?ukefaps;E_ef; jrif hwufr_?ukefaps;E_ef; jrif hwufr_?ukefaps;E_ef; jrif hwufr_?ukefaps;E_ef; jrif hwufr_?

infrastructure(EdkifiHwck. vrf;yef;/ qufoG,fa&;/

ynma&; ponfwdk@ tusHK;0ifonfh) tajccHtajccHtajccHtajccHtajccH

taqmufttHk? taxmuftulðytaqmufttHk? taxmuftulðytaqmufttHk? taxmuftulðytaqmufttHk? taxmuftulðytaqmufttHk? taxmuftulðy

taqmufttHk?taqmufttHk?taqmufttHk?taqmufttHk?taqmufttHk?

initiativepOD;aqmif&Gufv_yf&Sm;r_?pOD;aqmif&Gufv_yf&Sm;r_?pOD;aqmif&Gufv_yf&Sm;r_?pOD;aqmif&Gufv_yf&Sm;r_?pOD;aqmif&Gufv_yf&Sm;r_?

insurgenceolykefxr_?olykefxr_?olykefxr_?olykefxr_?olykefxr_?

insurgentolykef?olykef?olykef?olykef?olykef?

insurrectionxºuqlylr_? axmifxm;jcm;em;r_?xºuqlylr_? axmifxm;jcm;em;r_?xºuqlylr_? axmifxm;jcm;em;r_?xºuqlylr_? axmifxm;jcm;em;r_?xºuqlylr_? axmifxm;jcm;em;r_?

integrationaygi f ;pnf; jci f ; ? wom;wnf;aygi f ;pnf; jci f ; ? wom;wnf;aygi f ;pnf; jci f ; ? wom;wnf;aygi f ;pnf; jci f ; ? wom;wnf;aygi f ;pnf; jci f ; ? wom;wnf;

jzp fatmif ðy jci f ; ?jzp fatmif ðy jci f ; ?jzp fatmif ðy jci f ; ?jzp fatmif ðy jci f ; ?jzp fatmif ðy jci f ; ?

intellectual propertytod^m%fypPnf; yd kifqk difr_?tod^m%fypPnf; yd kifqk difr_?tod^m%fypPnf; yd kifqk difr_?tod^m%fypPnf; yd kifqk difr_?tod^m%fypPnf; yd kifqk difr_?

intellectualsynmwwf ynmwwf ynmwwf ynmwwf ynmwwf (intelligentsia ESifh teuf

qifwl)?????

intelligentsiaynm&Sif? wwfodynm&Sif tkyfpk?ynm&Sif? wwfodynm&Sif tkyfpk?ynm&Sif? wwfodynm&Sif tkyfpk?ynm&Sif? wwfodynm&Sif tkyfpk?ynm&Sif? wwfodynm&Sif tkyfpk?

(intellectuals ESifh teufqifwl)?

interest(pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ trsdK;om;a&; ponfh)

tusdK;pD;yGm;? pdwf0ifpm;r_? twdk;E_ef;?tusdK;pD;yGm;? pdwf0ifpm;r_? twdk;E_ef;?tusdK;pD;yGm;? pdwf0ifpm;r_? twdk;E_ef;?tusdK;pD;yGm;? pdwf0ifpm;r_? twdk;E_ef;?tusdK;pD;yGm;? pdwf0ifpm;r_? twdk;E_ef;?

interest grouptusdK;wltkyfpk? tusdK;aqmiftkyfpk?tusdK;wltkyfpk? tusdK;aqmiftkyfpk?tusdK;wltkyfpk? tusdK;aqmiftkyfpk?tusdK;wltkyfpk? tusdK;aqmiftkyfpk?tusdK;wltkyfpk? tusdK;aqmiftkyfpk?

J


intermediate missilewmvwfypf'H k;?wmvwfypf'H k;?wmvwfypf'H k;?wmvwfypf'H k;?wmvwfypf'H k;?

international lawEd kifiHwum Oya'?Ed kifiHwum Oya'?Ed kifiHwum Oya'?Ed kifiHwum Oya'?Ed kifiHwum Oya'?

internationalism(EdkifiHtcsif;csif; cspf=unfpGm yl;aygif;aqmif

&Gufjcif;udk vdkvm;onfh) Ed ki fiHwum0g'?Ed kifiHwum0g'?Ed kifiHwum0g'?Ed kifiHwum0g'?Ed kifiHwum0g'?

intervention(tjcm;EdkifiHwck. ta&;t&mwdk@Y)

0ifa&mufpGufzufr_?0ifa&mufpGufzufr_?0ifa&mufpGufzufr_?0ifa&mufpGufzufr_?0ifa&mufpGufzufr_?

interventionism

(,cif ta&SŒ Oa&my&Sd uGefjrLepfEdkifiHrsm;udk

&nf!¸ef;onfh) oHuef@vef@um?oHuef@vef@um?oHuef@vef@um?oHuef@vef@um?oHuef@vef@um?

Islamic fundamentalismtpPvrf a&S;±d k;pG J0g'? tpPvmrftpPvrf a&S;±d k;pG J0g'? tpPvmrftpPvrf a&S;±d k;pG J0g'? tpPvmrftpPvrf a&S;±d k;pG J0g'? tpPvmrftpPvrf a&S;±d k;pG J0g'? tpPvmrf

w&m;&if;0g'? tpPvmrf tajccHpG J0g'?w&m;&if;0g'? tpPvmrf tajccHpG J0g'?w&m;&if;0g'? tpPvmrf tajccHpG J0g'?w&m;&if;0g'? tpPvmrf tajccHpG J0g'?w&m;&if;0g'? tpPvmrf tajccHpG J0g'?

isolationism(EdkifiHwcku tjcm;EdkifiHwdk@ESifh tquf

toG,f rðybJ aeonfh) txD;usef0g'? txD;usef0g'? txD;usef0g'? txD;usef0g'? txD;usef0g'?

ivory towervufawG@b0ESif h uif;uGmr_?vufawG@b0ESif h uif;uGmr_?vufawG@b0ESif h uif;uGmr_?vufawG@b0ESif h uif;uGmr_?vufawG@b0ESif h uif;uGmr_?

pdwful;,Ofr_?pdwful;,Ofr_?pdwful;,Ofr_?pdwful;,Ofr_?pdwful;,Ofr_?

jihadbk&m;ocif. tvdkawmfusbk&m;ocif. tvdkawmfusbk&m;ocif. tvdkawmfusbk&m;ocif. tvdkawmfusbk&m;ocif. tvdkawmfus

wdkufyG J0ifjcif; wdkufyG J0ifjcif; wdkufyG J0ifjcif; wdkufyG J0ifjcif; wdkufyG J0ifjcif; (tm&yfpum;? tpPvmrf

t,ltq)?????

(tpPvmrfomoem aumif;usdK;twGuf

wdkufonfh) jrif h jrwfaom wdkufyG J?jrif h jrwfaom wdkufyG J?jrif h jrwfaom wdkufyG J?jrif h jrwfaom wdkufyG J?jrif h jrwfaom wdkufyG J?

jingoismw,loef rs d K;cspf0g'?w,loef rs d K;cspf0g'?w,loef rs d K;cspf0g'?w,loef rs d K;cspf0g'?w,loef rs d K;cspf0g'?

journal*sme,f? rSwfwrf;?*sme,f? rSwfwrf;?*sme,f? rSwfwrf;?*sme,f? rSwfwrf;?*sme,f? rSwfwrf;?

journalismowif;pmynm// owif;ynm?owif;pmynm// owif;ynm?owif;pmynm// owif;ynm?owif;pmynm// owif;ynm?owif;pmynm// owif;ynm?

journalistowif ;pmq&m/ / owif ;orm;?owif ;pmq&m/ / owif ;orm;?owif ;pmq&m/ / owif ;orm;?owif ;pmq&m/ / owif ;orm;?owif ;pmq&m/ / owif ;orm;?

* sme,fvp f ?* sme,fvp f ?* sme,fvp f ?* sme,fvp f ?* sme,fvp f ?

K

(tjcm;EdkifiHwck. ta&;t&mwdk@Y)

0ifa&mufpGufzufa&;rl?0ifa&mufpGufzufa&;rl?0ifa&mufpGufzufa&;rl?0ifa&mufpGufzufa&;rl?0ifa&mufpGufzufa&;rl?

investment&if;ES D; ðryfES Hr_?&if;ES D; ðryfES Hr_?&if;ES D; ðryfES Hr_?&if;ES D; ðryfES Hr_?&if;ES D; ðryfES Hr_?

iron curtain

L


judaism*sL;bmom? a&[l'D bmom?*sL;bmom? a&[l'D bmom?*sL;bmom? a&[l'D bmom?*sL;bmom? a&[l'D bmom?*sL;bmom? a&[l'D bmom?

judicial review(wnfqJOya'wcktm; tajccHOya'ESifh

nD!Gwfr_ &Sd-r&Sd w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfu)

Oya'a=umif;t& oHk;oyfjcif;?Oya'a=umif;t& oHk;oyfjcif;?Oya'a=umif;t& oHk;oyfjcif;?Oya'a=umif;t& oHk;oyfjcif;?Oya'a=umif;t& oHk;oyfjcif;?

judiciaryw&m;pD&ifyd ki fcGif htm%m?w&m;pD&ifyd ki fcGif htm%m?w&m;pD&ifyd ki fcGif htm%m?w&m;pD&ifyd ki fcGif htm%m?w&m;pD&ifyd ki fcGif htm%m?

w&m;pD&ifa&;?w&m;pD&ifa&;?w&m;pD&ifa&;?w&m;pD&ifa&;?w&m;pD&ifa&;?

junk foodoGm;a&pm?oGm;a&pm?oGm;a&pm?oGm;a&pm?oGm;a&pm?

juntappftpd k;&? tm%modrf; ppftkyfpk?ppftpd k;&? tm%modrf; ppftkyfpk?ppftpd k;&? tm%modrf; ppftkyfpk?ppftpd k;&? tm%modrf; ppftkyfpk?ppftpd k;&? tm%modrf; ppftkyfpk?

jurisdictiontkyfcsKyfpD&ifyd ki fcGif htm%m?tkyfcsKyfpD&ifyd ki fcGif htm%m?tkyfcsKyfpD&ifyd ki fcGif htm%m?tkyfcsKyfpD&ifyd ki fcGif htm%m?tkyfcsKyfpD&ifyd ki fcGif htm%m?

jurisdictional dispute(tpdk;&wck. Xmersm; t=um;) tky fcs Ky fp D&i ftky fcs Ky fp D&i ftky fcs Ky fp D&i ftky fcs Ky fp D&i ftky fcs Ky fp D&i f

y d ki fc Gi f htm%mESi f h ywfoufI tjii f ;y Gm;r _ ?y d ki fc Gi f htm%mESi f h ywfoufI tjii f ;y Gm;r _ ?y d ki fc Gi f htm%mESi f h ywfoufI tjii f ;y Gm;r _ ?y d ki fc Gi f htm%mESi f h ywfoufI tjii f ;y Gm;r _ ?y d ki fc Gi f htm%mESi f h ywfoufI tjii f ;y Gm;r _ ?

jurisprudenceOya'ynm? Oya'pepf?Oya'ynm? Oya'pepf?Oya'ynm? Oya'pepf?Oya'ynm? Oya'pepf?Oya'ynm? Oya'pepf?

juryw&m;ol}uD;tzG J@?w&m;ol}uD;tzG J@?w&m;ol}uD;tzG J@?w&m;ol}uD;tzG J@?w&m;ol}uD;tzG J@?

just warw&m;aomppfyG J? w&m;aomppfyG J? w&m;aomppfyG J? w&m;aomppfyG J? w&m;aomppfyG J? (righteous war[kvnf; oHk;onf?)

keynotet"duusaom tcsuf? aomhcsuf?t"duusaom tcsuf? aomhcsuf?t"duusaom tcsuf? aomhcsuf?t"duusaom tcsuf? aomhcsuf?t"duusaom tcsuf? aomhcsuf?

kitchen cabinetorRw odk@r[kwf 0ef}uD;csKyf.orRw odk@r[kwf 0ef}uD;csKyf.orRw odk@r[kwf 0ef}uD;csKyf.orRw odk@r[kwf 0ef}uD;csKyf.orRw odk@r[kwf 0ef}uD;csKyf.

teD;uyfqHk; t=uHay;rsm;teD;uyfqHk; t=uHay;rsm;teD;uyfqHk; t=uHay;rsm;teD;uyfqHk; t=uHay;rsm;teD;uyfqHk; t=uHay;rsm; (yHkrSeftm;jzifh

tpdk;&tzGJ@0if r[kwfolrsm;)?????

labor movementtvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_?tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_?tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_?tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_?tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_?

labor uniontvkyform;or*~?tvkyform;or*~?tvkyform;or*~?tvkyform;or*~?tvkyform;or*~?

lame ducktpGrf;r&S dawmhol tpGrf;r&S dawmhol tpGrf;r&S dawmhol tpGrf;r&S dawmhol tpGrf;r&S dawmhol (r=umrD &mxl;rS E_wfxGuf

awmhrnfh tqifhjrifht&m&Sd. =oZmtm%m

usqif;oGm;yHkudk &nf!¸ef;&mwGifvnf;oHk;onf)?????

landlockedukef;wGif;ydwf ukef;wGif;ydwf ukef;wGif;ydwf ukef;wGif;ydwf ukef;wGif;ydwf (a'o/ EdkifiH ponfjzifh)?????

landslide(a&G;aumufyGJwGif) jywfjywfom;om;jywfjywfom;om;jywfjywfom;om;jywfjywfom;om;jywfjywfom;om;

tEd kif&jcif;? ajròyjcif;?tEd kif&jcif;? ajròyjcif;?tEd kif&jcif;? ajròyjcif;?tEd kif&jcif;? ajròyjcif;?tEd kif&jcif;? ajròyjcif;?

law and orderw&m;Oya' pd k;;rd k; jcif;?w&m;Oya' pd k;;rd k; jcif;?w&m;Oya' pd k;;rd k; jcif;?w&m;Oya' pd k;;rd k; jcif;?w&m;Oya' pd k;;rd k; jcif;?

laymanomrefvl? vl+ydef;?omrefvl? vl+ydef;?omrefvl? vl+ydef;?omrefvl? vl+ydef;?omrefvl? vl+ydef;?

leadershipacgif;aqmifyd kif;? acgif;aqmifr_?acgif;aqmifyd kif;? acgif;aqmifr_?acgif;aqmifyd kif;? acgif;aqmifr_?acgif;aqmifyd kif;? acgif;aqmifr_?acgif;aqmifyd kif;? acgif;aqmifr_?

lease(ajr/ tdrf/ ponfwdk@udk) tiSm;csjcif;?tiSm;csjcif;?tiSm;csjcif;?tiSm;csjcif;?tiSm;csjcif;?

leftist


vuf0Jorm;? vuf0J0g' ,Hk =unfol?vuf0Jorm;? vuf0J0g' ,Hk =unfol?vuf0Jorm;? vuf0J0g' ,Hk =unfol?vuf0Jorm;? vuf0J0g' ,Hk =unfol?vuf0Jorm;? vuf0J0g' ,Hk =unfol?

vuf0J0g'D? uGefjrLepf/ qdk&S,fvpf/vuf0J0g'D? uGefjrLepf/ qdk&S,fvpf/vuf0J0g'D? uGefjrLepf/ qdk&S,fvpf/vuf0J0g'D? uGefjrLepf/ qdk&S,fvpf/vuf0J0g'D? uGefjrLepf/ qdk&S,fvpf/

vpfb&,f ponfh 0g'rsm;udkvpfb&,f ponfh 0g'rsm;udkvpfb&,f ponfh 0g'rsm;udkvpfb&,f ponfh 0g'rsm;udkvpfb&,f ponfh 0g'rsm;udk

,H k =unfol?,H k =unfol?,H k =unfol?,H k =unfol?,H k =unfol?

left-wing(uGefjrLepf/ qdk&S,fvpf/ vpfb&,f ponfh)

vuf0JEd ki fiHa&;?vuf0JEd ki fiHa&;?vuf0JEd ki fiHa&;?vuf0JEd ki fiHa&;?vuf0JEd ki fiHa&;?

legalOya'ESif h nD!Gwfaom?Oya'ESif h nD!Gwfaom?Oya'ESif h nD!Gwfaom?Oya'ESif h nD!Gwfaom?Oya'ESif h nD!Gwfaom?

legal foldOya'abmif?Oya'abmif?Oya'abmif?Oya'abmif?Oya'abmif?

Oya'ðytzG J@? v$wfawmf?Oya'ðytzG J@? v$wfawmf?Oya'ðytzG J@? v$wfawmf?Oya'ðytzG J@? v$wfawmf?Oya'ðytzG J@? v$wfawmf?

legitimacy(w&m;Oya'ESifhtnD &aom) w&m;0ifw&m;0ifw&m;0ifw&m;0ifw&m;0if

pD&iftkyfcsKyfyd kifcGif h? w&m;Oya'ESif hpD&iftkyfcsKyfyd kifcGif h? w&m;Oya'ESif hpD&iftkyfcsKyfyd kifcGif h? w&m;Oya'ESif hpD&iftkyfcsKyfyd kifcGif h? w&m;Oya'ESif hpD&iftkyfcsKyfyd kifcGif h? w&m;Oya'ESif h

nD!Gwfr_?nD!Gwfr_?nD!Gwfr_?nD!Gwfr_?nD!Gwfr_?

legitimationOya'ESif h nD!Gwfatmifðyjcif;?Oya'ESif h nD!Gwfatmifðyjcif;?Oya'ESif h nD!Gwfatmifðyjcif;?Oya'ESif h nD!Gwfatmifðyjcif;?Oya'ESif h nD!Gwfatmifðyjcif;?

leisure classZdrfcHvlwef;pm;?ZdrfcHvlwef;pm;?ZdrfcHvlwef;pm;?ZdrfcHvlwef;pm;?ZdrfcHvlwef;pm;?

LeninismvDeif0g'?vDeif0g'?vDeif0g'?vDeif0g'?vDeif0g'?

LeninistvDeif0g'D?vDeif0g'D?vDeif0g'D?vDeif0g'D?vDeif0g'D?

liaison / liaison officerqufoG,fa&; t&m&S d qufoG,fa&; t&m&S d qufoG,fa&; t&m&S d qufoG,fa&; t&m&S d qufoG,fa&; t&m&S d (ppfwyfwGif toHk;

rsm;onfh toHk;tE_ef;)????? =um;rS n‡ dEd _i f;=um;rS n‡ dEd _i f;=um;rS n‡ dEd _i f;=um;rS n‡ dEd _i f;=um;rS n‡ dEd _i f;

aqmif&Gufol? =um;rS qufoG,fay;ol?aqmif&Gufol? =um;rS qufoG,fay;ol?aqmif&Gufol? =um;rS qufoG,fay;ol?aqmif&Gufol? =um;rS qufoG,fay;ol?aqmif&Gufol? =um;rS qufoG,fay;ol?

liberal(nDr#aomvl@abmif wnfaxmifa&;udk

aZmiff;ay;onfh) vpfb&,fvpfb&,fvpfb&,fvpfb&,fvpfb&,f

Ed kifiHa&;orm;?Ed kifiHa&;orm;?Ed kifiHa&;orm;?Ed kifiHa&;orm;?Ed kifiHa&;orm;?

vpfb&,fusaom?vpfb&,fusaom?vpfb&,fusaom?vpfb&,fusaom?vpfb&,fusaom?

liberalismvpfb&,f0g'?vpfb&,f0g'?vpfb&,f0g'?vpfb&,f0g'?vpfb&,f0g'?

liberationvGwfajrmufjcif;? vGwfajrmufapjcif;?vGwfajrmufjcif;? vGwfajrmufapjcif;?vGwfajrmufjcif;? vGwfajrmufapjcif;?vGwfajrmufjcif;? vGwfajrmufapjcif;?vGwfajrmufjcif;? vGwfajrmufapjcif;?

vGwfvyfjcif;? vGwfvyfapjcif;?vGwfvyfjcif;? vGwfvyfapjcif;?vGwfvyfjcif;? vGwfvyfapjcif;?vGwfvyfjcif;? vGwfvyfapjcif;?vGwfvyfjcif;? vGwfvyfapjcif;?

liberty

M

legalismOya'om t"du0g'?Oya'om t"du0g'?Oya'om t"du0g'?Oya'om t"du0g'?Oya'om t"du0g'?

legalisticOya'udk wduspGmvdkufemwwfaom?Oya'udk wduspGmvdkufemwwfaom?Oya'udk wduspGmvdkufemwwfaom?Oya'udk wduspGmvdkufemwwfaom?Oya'udk wduspGmvdkufemwwfaom?

legalityw&m;Oya'ESif hnD!Gwfr_?w&m;Oya'ESif hnD!Gwfr_?w&m;Oya'ESif hnD!Gwfr_?w&m;Oya'ESif hnD!Gwfr_?w&m;Oya'ESif hnD!Gwfr_?

legislationOya'ðyjcif;?Oya'ðyjcif;?Oya'ðyjcif;?Oya'ðyjcif;?Oya'ðyjcif;?

(Oya'ðytzGJ@rS csrSwfaom) Oya'?Oya'?Oya'?Oya'?Oya'?

legislator(vlxku a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufonfh)

Oya'ðytrwf/ v$wfawmftrwf?Oya'ðytrwf/ v$wfawmftrwf?Oya'ðytrwf/ v$wfawmftrwf?Oya'ðytrwf/ v$wfawmftrwf?Oya'ðytrwf/ v$wfawmftrwf?

legislature


vGwfvyfa&;? vGwfvyfr_?vGwfvyfa&;? vGwfvyfr_?vGwfvyfa&;? vGwfvyfr_?vGwfvyfa&;? vGwfvyfr_?vGwfvyfa&;? vGwfvyfr_?

limited government(vkyfydkifcGifhenf;onfh) uef@owfcH tpd k;&?uef@owfcH tpd k;&?uef@owfcH tpd k;&?uef@owfcH tpd k;&?uef@owfcH tpd k;&?

limited waruef@owfppfyG J?uef@owfppfyG J?uef@owfppfyG J?uef@owfppfyG J?uef@owfppfyG J?

lobbyrJqG,fpnf;±H k; jcif;?rJqG,fpnf;±H k; jcif;?rJqG,fpnf;±H k; jcif;?rJqG,fpnf;±H k; jcif;?rJqG,fpnf;±H k; jcif;?

Lobbyists(tpdk;& odk@r[kwf tiftm;}uD;ol.

=oZmudk qef@usifI vlxkudk

rdrdzufygvmatmif)

pnf;±H k;ol?pnf;±H k;ol?pnf;±H k;ol?pnf;±H k;ol?pnf;±H k;ol?

local government(A[dktpdk;& r[kwfonfh)

a'oqdkif&mtpd k;&?a'oqdkif&mtpd k;&?a'oqdkif&mtpd k;&?a'oqdkif&mtpd k;&?a'oqdkif&mtpd k;&?

logisticsaxmufyH hyd k @aqmifa&;tzG J@?axmufyH hyd k @aqmifa&;tzG J@?axmufyH hyd k @aqmifa&;tzG J@?axmufyH hyd k @aqmifa&;tzG J@?axmufyH hyd k @aqmifa&;tzG J@?

Lower Houseatmufv$wfawmf?atmufv$wfawmf?atmufv$wfawmf?atmufv$wfawmf?atmufv$wfawmf?

Machiavelliantm%m&a&;twGuf t"dutm%m&a&;twGuf t"dutm%m&a&;twGuf t"dutm%m&a&;twGuf t"dutm%m&a&;twGuf t"du

vkyfaqmifolvkyfaqmifolvkyfaqmifolvkyfaqmifolvkyfaqmifol (EdkifiHa&;Y w&m;onf

rw&m;onfudk r=unfhbJ

tm%m&a&;twGuf bmrqdk

vkyfaqmif&rnf[k oGefoifcJhonfh 15

&mpkESpf tDwvD EdkifiHa&;ynm&Sif eDudkvdk

rmcD,mA,fvD Niccolo Machiavelli .t,ltqudk ,Hk=unfol? ‚. vdk&if;

t,ltqrSm The end justifies themeans [lI jzpfonf?)?????

macroeconomics(tvkyfvufrJhE_ef;/ tpkpk trsdK;om;xkwfukef/

pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_/ b¾ma&;&Sif;wrf; nDr#r_/

aiGazgif;yGr_ ponfh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m taxGaxG

tcsuftvufrsm;udk avhvmoHk;oyf&mwGif

u|rf;usifonfh) taxGaxGpD;yGm;a&;taxGaxGpD;yGm;a&;taxGaxGpD;yGm;a&;taxGaxGpD;yGm;a&;taxGaxGpD;yGm;a&;

ynm&Sif?ynm&Sif?ynm&Sif?ynm&Sif?ynm&Sif? (tEkpdwfpD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif micro-economics ESifh oabmcsif; qef@usifonf?)

magic realismyÌvufo±kyfrSef0g'?yÌvufo±kyfrSef0g'?yÌvufo±kyfrSef0g'?yÌvufo±kyfrSef0g'?yÌvufo±kyfrSef0g'?

magistrate(atmufajctqifh w&m;±Hk;Y ±Hk;xdkifonfh)

w&m;ol}uD;?w&m;ol}uD;?w&m;ol}uD;?w&m;ol}uD;?w&m;ol}uD;?

majorityvlrsm;p k ? trsm;p k ?vlr sm;p k ? trsm;p k ?vlr sm;p k ? trsm;p k ?vlr sm;p k ? trsm;p k ?vlr sm;p k ? trsm;p k ? (w&m;Oya't& vl}uD;

jzpf+yD[k owfrSwfcH&onfh)

t& G,fa&muf jci f ; ?t& G,fa&muf jci f ; ?t& G,fa&muf jci f ; ?t& G,fa&muf jci f ; ?t& G,fa&muf jci f ; ?

mandate(tyfESif;onfh) vkyfyd ki fcGif h?vkyfyd ki fcGif h?vkyfyd ki fcGif h?vkyfyd ki fcGif h?vkyfyd ki fcGif h?

v$ Jtyftm%m?v$Jtyftm%m?v$Jtyftm%m?v$Jtyftm%m?v$Jtyftm%m?

manifestoa=unmpmwrf;?a=unmpmwrf;?a=unmpmwrf;?a=unmpmwrf;?a=unmpmwrf;?

MaoismarmfpDwkef; 0g'?armfpDwkef; 0g'?armfpDwkef; 0g'?armfpDwkef; 0g'?armfpDwkef; 0g'?

MaoistarmfpDwkef; 0g'D?armfpDwkef; 0g'D?armfpDwkef; 0g'D?armfpDwkef; 0g'D?armfpDwkef; 0g'D?

maritime law


a&a=umif;Oya'?a&a=umif;Oya'?a&a=umif;Oya'?a&a=umif;Oya'?a&a=umif;Oya'?

marketaps;? aps;uGuf?aps;? aps;uGuf?aps;? aps;uGuf?aps;? aps;uGuf?aps;? aps;uGuf?

market economyaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;?aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;?aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;?aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;?aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;?

market forces(0,fvdktm;ESifh a&mif;vdktm;udk Ed_;qGay;onfh)

aps;uGufarmif;ESiftm;?aps;uGufarmif;ESiftm;?aps;uGufarmif;ESiftm;?aps;uGufarmif;ESiftm;?aps;uGufarmif;ESiftm;?

marketingaps;uGufjr‡if hwifa&;?aps;uGufjr‡if hwifa&;?aps;uGufjr‡if hwifa&;?aps;uGufjr‡if hwifa&;?aps;uGufjr‡if hwifa&;?

martial law(ppfwyfu EdkifiH odk@r[kwf a'owckudk

ta&;ay:tkyfcsKyf&mwGif xkwfjyefonfh)

ppfOya'?ppfOya'?ppfOya'?ppfOya'?ppfOya'?

Marxismrwfcfpf0g'?rwfcfpf0g'?rwfcfpf0g'?rwfcfpf0g'?rwfcfpf0g'?

Marxistrwfcfpf0g'D?rwfcfpf0g'D?rwfcfpf0g'D?rwfcfpf0g'D?rwfcfpf0g'D?

Marxism-Leninism(qdkAD,ufEdkifiHu usifhoHk;cJhonfh) rwfcfpf-rwfcfpf-rwfcfpf-rwfcfpf-rwfcfpf-

vDeif 0g'?vDeif 0g'?vDeif 0g'?vDeif 0g'?vDeif 0g'?

mass hysteriavltrsm; xdef;rEd kifodrf;r& jzpfjcif;?vltrsm; xdef;rEd kifodrf;r& jzpfjcif;?vltrsm; xdef;rEd kifodrf;r& jzpfjcif;?vltrsm; xdef;rEd kifodrf;r& jzpfjcif;?vltrsm; xdef;rEd kifodrf;r& jzpfjcif;?

mass media(±kyfjrifoH=um;/ a&'D,dk/ owif;pm/ tifwmeuf

ponfh vltrsm;udk xdawG@Edkifonfh) vlxkvlxkvlxkvlxkvlxk

qufoG,fa&; ,Eœ&m;? vlxkrD'D,m?qufoG,fa&; ,Eœ&m;? vlxkrD'D,m?qufoG,fa&; ,Eœ&m;? vlxkrD'D,m?qufoG,fa&; ,Eœ&m;? vlxkrD'D,m?qufoG,fa&; ,Eœ&m;? vlxkrD'D,m?

massacre

vltpktjyHKvd kuf owfjcif;?vltpktjyHKvd kuf owfjcif;?vltpktjyHKvd kuf owfjcif;?vltpktjyHKvd kuf owfjcif;?vltpktjyHKvd kuf owfjcif;?

massesvlxk?vlxk?vlxk?vlxk?vlxk?

massive retaliationtvHk;t&if;jzif h wk H@ jyefjcif;?tvHk;t&if;jzif h wk H@ jyefjcif;?tvHk;t&if;jzif h wk H@ jyefjcif;?tvHk;t&if;jzif h wk H@ jyefjcif;?tvHk;t&if;jzif h wk H@ jyefjcif;?

materialism±kyf0g'?±kyf0g'?±kyf0g'?±kyf0g'?±kyf0g'?

matriarchyrdef;rv$rf;rd k;onfh vl@abmif?rdef;rv$rf;rd k;onfh vl@abmif?rdef;rv$rf;rd k;onfh vl@abmif?rdef;rv$rf;rd k;onfh vl@abmif?rdef;rv$rf;rd k;onfh vl@abmif?

mayhemtjyif;txef emusifapr_?tjyif;txef emusifapr_?tjyif;txef emusifapr_?tjyif;txef emusifapr_?tjyif;txef emusifapr_?

}uD;pGm ±kwf±kwfoJoJjzpfr_?}uD;pGm ±kwf±kwfoJoJjzpfr_?}uD;pGm ±kwf±kwfoJoJjzpfr_?}uD;pGm ±kwf±kwfoJoJjzpfr_?}uD;pGm ±kwf±kwfoJoJjzpfr_?

McCarthyismrufumoD rl0g' rufumoD rl0g' rufumoD rl0g' rufumoD rl0g' rufumoD rl0g' (rouFmolwdk@tm;

taxmuftxm; rcdkifvHkbJ uGefjrLepf[k

pGyfpGJcJhonfh tar&duef qD;edwftrwf

*sdK;qufzf rufumoD Joseph McCarthyudk tpGJðyac:a0:aom0g')?????

media(±kyfjrifoH=um;/ a&'D,dk/ owif;pm/ tifwmeuf

ponfh vlxkt=um; owif;jzef@onfh vkyfief;udk

aqmif&Gufonfh)

vlxkqufoG,fa&;,Eœ&m;?vlxkqufoG,fa&;,Eœ&m;?vlxkqufoG,fa&;,Eœ&m;?vlxkqufoG,fa&;,Eœ&m;?vlxkqufoG,fa&;,Eœ&m;?

owif;jzef@ynm? rD'D,m?owif;jzef@ynm? rD'D,m?owif;jzef@ynm? rD'D,m?owif;jzef@ynm? rD'D,m?owif;jzef@ynm? rD'D,m?

mediation=um;0ifaphpyfjcif;? jzefajzjcif;?=um;0ifaphpyfjcif;? jzefajzjcif;?=um;0ifaphpyfjcif;? jzefajzjcif;?=um;0ifaphpyfjcif;? jzefajzjcif;?=um;0ifaphpyfjcif;? jzefajzjcif;?

memorandum of understanding


em;vnfr_pmc|efv$m?em;vnfr_pmc|efv$m?em;vnfr_pmc|efv$m?em;vnfr_pmc|efv$m?em;vnfr_pmc|efv$m?

mercenarya=u;pm;?a=u;pm;?a=u;pm;?a=u;pm;?a=u;pm;?

messianismu,fwif&Sifud k ,Hk =unfonfh0g'?u,fwif&Sifud k ,Hk =unfonfh0g'?u,fwif&Sifud k ,Hk =unfonfh0g'?u,fwif&Sifud k ,Hk =unfonfh0g'?u,fwif&Sifud k ,Hk =unfonfh0g'?

methodologyenf;vrf;qdkif&m pnf;pepf?enf;vrf;qdkif&m pnf;pepf?enf;vrf;qdkif&m pnf;pepf?enf;vrf;qdkif&m pnf;pepf?enf;vrf;qdkif&m pnf;pepf?

enf;ynmaA'?enf;ynmaA'?enf;ynmaA'?enf;ynmaA'?enf;ynmaA'?

microeconomics(pD;yGm;a&;,Eœ&m;udk taxmuftyhHhay;onfh

vkyfom;/ ukr`%D/ aps;uGuf ponfh tEkpdwf

tcsuftvufrsm;udk avhvmonfh) tE kp dw ftE kp dw ftE kp dw ftE kp dw ftE kp dw f

p D ;y Gm;a&;ynm&Si f ? p D ;y Gm;a&;ynm&Si f ? p D ;y Gm;a&;ynm&Si f ? p D ;y Gm;a&;ynm&Si f ? p D ;y Gm;a&;ynm&Si f ? (taxGaxGpD;yGm;a&;

ynm&Sif macroeconomics ESifh oabmcsif;

qef@usifonf?)

militantppfaoG;ºu?ppfaoG;ºu?ppfaoG;ºu?ppfaoG;ºu?ppfaoG;ºu?

militiajynfol@ppf jynfol@ppf jynfol@ppf jynfol@ppf jynfol@ppf (tjrJwrf;ppfonf r[kwfonfh

ppfonf)?????

millenniumaxmifpkESpf?axmifpkESpf?axmifpkESpf?axmifpkESpf?axmifpkESpf?

minerd kif;AH k;? owWKwGif;?rd kif;AH k;? owWKwGif;?rd kif;AH k;? owWKwGif;?rd kif;AH k;? owWKwGif;?rd kif;AH k;? owWKwGif;?

minimum wagetedrf hqH k;vkyfc?tedrf hqH k;vkyfc?tedrf hqH k;vkyfc?tedrf hqH k;vkyfc?tedrf hqH k;vkyfc?

minorityvlenf;pk? tenf;pk?vlenf;pk? tenf;pk?vlenf;pk? tenf;pk?vlenf;pk? tenf;pk?vlenf;pk? tenf;pk?

mixed economy(qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh vGwfvyfaom

pD;yGm;a&;pepfwdk@ a&mpyfxm;onfh)

a&m,SufpD;yGm;a&;pepf?a&m,SufpD;yGm;a&;pepf?a&m,SufpD;yGm;a&;pepf?a&m,SufpD;yGm;a&;pepf?a&m,SufpD;yGm;a&;pepf?

mobilization(ppftwGuf) wyfrsm;ud kwyfrsm;ud kwyfrsm;ud kwyfrsm;ud kwyfrsm;ud k

pk±H k;toifh jyifjcif;? ppfjyifjcif;?pk±H k;toifh jyifjcif;? ppfjyifjcif;?pk±H k;toifh jyifjcif;? ppfjyifjcif;?pk±H k;toifh jyifjcif;? ppfjyifjcif;?pk±H k;toifh jyifjcif;? ppfjyifjcif;?

moderate(EdkifiHa&;Y vuf0JESifh vuf,m t,lrsm;.

tv,fY &yfwnfaom) tv,ftvwftv,ftvwftv,ftvwftv,ftvwftv,ftvwf

orm; orm; orm; orm; orm; (EdkifiHa&; tpGef;a&muf radical ESifh

qef@usifzuf)?????

modernacwfopf? armf'ef?acwfopf? armf'ef?acwfopf? armf'ef?acwfopf? armf'ef?acwfopf? armf'ef?

modernismacwfopf0g'? armf'ef0g'?acwfopf0g'? armf'ef0g'?acwfopf0g'? armf'ef0g'?acwfopf0g'? armf'ef0g'?acwfopf0g'? armf'ef0g'?

modus vivendi(aemufqHk;oabmwlnDcsuf r&rDpyf=um;

vuf&Sd taetxm;udk tvGwfoabm

rSwfwrf;wifonfh) ,m,DrSwfwrf;?,m,DrSwfwrf;?,m,DrSwfwrf;?,m,DrSwfwrf;?,m,DrSwfwrf;?


(aemufqHk;oabmwlnDcsuf r&rDpyf=um;

vufiif;aqmif±GufEdkifonfh)

=um;jzwftpDtpOf?=um;jzwftpDtpOf?=um;jzwftpDtpOf?=um;jzwftpDtpOf?=um;jzwftpDtpOf?

momentumt&Sdeft[kef?t&S deft[kef?t&S deft[kef?t&S deft[kef?t&S deft[kef?

monarchybk&ifpepf?bk&ifpepf?bk&ifpepf?bk&ifpepf?bk&ifpepf?

monetarism(pD;yGm;a&; pDrHudef;csrSwf&mwGif pD;yGm;a&;

twGif;&Sd aiGa=u;yrm% wdk;yGm;r_u tc&m

tusqHk; jzpfonfqdkaom)

aiGa=u;y"me0g'?aiGa=u;y"me0g'?aiGa=u;y"me0g'?aiGa=u;y"me0g'?aiGa=u;y"me0g'?

money laundryaiGa=u;c0gcsjcif; aiGa=u;c0gcsjcif; aiGa=u;c0gcsjcif; aiGa=u;c0gcsjcif; aiGa=u;c0gcsjcif; (aiGrJudk aiGjzLjzpfatmif

vkyfjcif;)?????

money supply(vnfywfaiGESifh b%f&SdaiGrsm; tygt0if

jzpfonfh) pD;yGm;a&;twGif;&S d aiGa=u;?pD;yGm;a&;twGif;&S d aiGa=u;?pD;yGm;a&;twGif;&S d aiGa=u;?pD;yGm;a&;twGif;&S d aiGa=u;?pD;yGm;a&;twGif;&S d aiGa=u;?

monism(bk&m;wqlwnf;&Sdonfqdkaom t,l0g'udk

,Hk=unfonfh *sK;/ c&pf,mef/ tpPvmrf

ponfh) bk&m;wql t,l0g'?bk&m;wql t,l0g'?bk&m;wql t,l0g'?bk&m;wql t,l0g'?bk&m;wql t,l0g'?

monopolyvuf0g;}uD;tkyfjcif;? vlwOD; odk@r[kwfvuf0g;}uD;tkyfjcif;? vlwOD; odk@r[kwfvuf0g;}uD;tkyfjcif;? vlwOD; odk@r[kwfvuf0g;}uD;tkyfjcif;? vlwOD; odk@r[kwfvuf0g;}uD;tkyfjcif;? vlwOD; odk@r[kwf

vlwpku xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;? vkyfief;&Sifvlwpku xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;? vkyfief;&Sifvlwpku xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;? vkyfief;&Sifvlwpku xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;? vkyfief;&Sifvlwpku xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;? vkyfief;&Sif

wOD; odk@r[kwf wpku aps;uGufudkwOD; odk@r[kwf wpku aps;uGufudkwOD; odk@r[kwf wpku aps;uGufudkwOD; odk@r[kwf wpku aps;uGufudkwOD; odk@r[kwf wpku aps;uGufudk

xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;?xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;?xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;?xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;?xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;? (pD;yGm;a&;

toHk;tE_ef;)?????

Monroe DoctrinerGef±d k; rl0g' rGef±d k; rl0g' rGef±d k; rl0g' rGef±d k; rl0g' rGef±d k; rl0g' (urBm@taemufjcrf;

EdkifiHa&;&m wdk@wGif Oa&myEdkifiHwdk@u

0ifa&mufpGufzuf jcif;udk qef@usifonfh

tar&dueforRw *sdrf;pfrGef±dk; JamesMonroe vufxuf 1823 ckESpf tar&duef

EdkifiHjcm;a&;rl)?????

moralism(bmoma&;ESifh rywfoufaom)

vl@usif h0wf0g'?vl@usif h0wf0g'?vl@usif h0wf0g'?vl@usif h0wf0g'?vl@usif h0wf0g'?

muckraker(xif&Sm;olwdk@u rawmfrw&m;vkyfjcif;udk

trsm;odatmif ðyvkyfaom) pH kprf;a&; pH kprf;a&; pH kprf;a&; pH kprf;a&; pH kprf;a&;

owif;axmuf? owif;axmuf? owif;axmuf? owif;axmuf? owif;axmuf? (investigative reporterESifh teufwl?)

muckraking(xif&Sm;olwdk@u rawmfrw&m;vkyfjcif;udk

owif;axmufu) trsm;odatmiftrsm;odatmiftrsm;odatmiftrsm;odatmiftrsm;odatmif

aqmif&Gufjcif;? txkyfajzjyjcif;?aqmif&Gufjcif;? txkyfajzjyjcif;?aqmif&Gufjcif;? txkyfajzjyjcif;?aqmif&Gufjcif;? txkyfajzjyjcif;?aqmif&Gufjcif;? txkyfajzjyjcif;?

mudslinging(EdkifiHa&;Y rdrd. twdkuftcHudk oduQmus

atmif) tykwfcsjcif;?tykwfcsjcif;?tykwfcsjcif;?tykwfcsjcif;?tykwfcsjcif;?

multilateralismEd kifiHpH k0g'? Ed kifiHpH kyg0ifr_?Ed kifiHpH k0g'? Ed kifiHpH kyg0ifr_?Ed kifiHpH k0g'? Ed kifiHpH kyg0ifr_?Ed kifiHpH k0g'? Ed kifiHpH kyg0ifr_?Ed kifiHpH k0g'? Ed kifiHpH kyg0ifr_?

multinational corporationsEd kifiHpH k aumfyd ka&;&Sif;?Ed kifiHpH k aumfyd ka&;&Sif;?Ed kifiHpH k aumfyd ka&;&Sif;?Ed kifiHpH k aumfyd ka&;&Sif;?Ed kifiHpH k aumfyd ka&;&Sif;?

N


multiple warheads('Hk;usnfwpif;u AHk;xdyfzl; trsm;tjym;udk

o,faqmif ypfcwfEdkifaom) 'H k;ya'om?'H k;ya'om?'H k;ya'om?'H k;ya'om?'H k;ya'om?

xdyfzl;pH k 'H k;usnf?xdyfzl;pH k 'H k;usnf?xdyfzl;pH k 'H k;usnf?xdyfzl;pH k 'H k;usnf?xdyfzl;pH k 'H k;usnf?

multipolar(ppfat;acwfumv tar&duefESifh qdkAD,uf

ESpfOD;ESpfzuf vGefqGJaomacwfrsdK; r[kwfawmh

bJ/ ppfat;acwfvGefumvwGif tiftm;}uD;

EdkifiHtrsm;u) bufaygif;pH krS vGefqG Jr_?bufaygif;pH krS vGefqG Jr_?bufaygif;pH krS vGefqG Jr_?bufaygif;pH krS vGefqG Jr_?bufaygif;pH krS vGefqG Jr_?

Ed kifiHpH k vGefqG Jr_?Ed kifiHpH k vGefqG Jr_?Ed kifiHpH k vGefqG Jr_?Ed kifiHpH k vGefqG Jr_?Ed kifiHpH k vGefqG Jr_?

municipal lawjrLeDpy,f Oya'? a'oqdkif&m Oya'?jrLeDpy,f Oya'? a'oqdkif&m Oya'?jrLeDpy,f Oya'? a'oqdkif&m Oya'?jrLeDpy,f Oya'? a'oqdkif&m Oya'?jrLeDpy,f Oya'? a'oqdkif&m Oya'?

Muslim Brotherhood(tm&yfEdkifiHtrsm;tjym;wGif awG@&aom

a&S;±dk;pGJ t,ltq&Sdonfh) rlqvifrlqvifrlqvifrlqvifrlqvif

nDaemiftzG J@?nDaemiftzG J@?nDaemiftzG J@?nDaemiftzG J@?nDaemiftzG J@?

Napoleonic law(jyifopfEdkifiHwGif ,cktxd toHk;ðyaeonfh)

eyd kvD,Hacwf Oya'?eyd kvD,Hacwf Oya'?eyd kvD,Hacwf Oya'?eyd kvD,Hacwf Oya'?eyd kvD,Hacwf Oya'?

nation("avhxHkk;pH/ ,Ofaus;r_/ bmompum;wdk@

wlnD+yD; twlwuG aexdkif=uonfh) vlrs d K; /vlrs d K; /vlrs d K; /vlrs d K; /vlrs d K; /

Ed ki fi H?Ed ki fi H?Ed ki fi H?Ed ki fi H?Ed ki fi H?

nation stateacwfopfE d ki fi H acwfopfE d ki fi H acwfopfE d ki fi H acwfopfE d ki fi H acwfopfE d ki fi H (a,bk,soabmt&

vuf&Sd wnf&Sdaeaom EdkifiHtm;vHk;udk

&nf!¸ef;onf? bmomaA'oabmt&rl

EdkifiH&Sd vltm;vHk;u ,if;EdkifiHudk rdrd.

udk,fydkifEdkifiHtjzpf ,Hk=unf owfrSwfrSom

tqdkyg EdkifiHudk nation state [kac:onf?)?????

national debt(tpdk;&u wif&Sdaeaom) Ed kifiH htaºu;? Ed kifiH htaºu;? Ed kifiH htaºu;? Ed kifiH htaºu;? Ed kifiH htaºu;?

national interesttrsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;?trsd K;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;?trsd K;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;?trsd K;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;?trsd K;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;?

national liberationtrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; (yHkrSeftm;jzifh

udkvdkeDtjzpf odk@r[kwf zdESdyfcHae&aom

tjzpfrS EdkifiHwck vGwfajrmufvmjcif;udk

&nf!¸ef;onf?)?????

nationalismtrsdK;om;a&;0g'trsdK;om;a&;0g'trsdK;om;a&;0g'trsdK;om;a&;0g'trsdK;om;a&;0g' (usOf;ajrmif;+yD;

w&m;vGef oabmaqmifonfh

trsdK;om;a&;0g'rsdK;udk &nf!¸ef;&mwGif

t"du oHk;pGJonf?)?????

nationalization(tpdk;&u yk*~vduydkif ypPnf;OpPmrsm;udk

odrf;,l+yD;) trsd K;om;yd kif ðyjcif;?trsd K;om;yd kif ðyjcif;?trsd K;om;yd kif ðyjcif;?trsd K;om;yd kif ðyjcif;?trsd K;om;yd kif ðyjcif;?

jynfolyd kif ðyjcif;?jynfolyd kif ðyjcif;?jynfolyd kif ðyjcif;?jynfolyd kif ðyjcif;?jynfolyd kif ðyjcif;?

naturalismobm00g' obm00g' obm00g' obm00g' obm00g' (pmayqdkif&m toHk;tE_ef;)?????


natural lawobm0 ed,mr?obm0 ed,mr?obm0 ed,mr?obm0 ed,mr?obm0 ed,mr?

natural resourceobm0 t&if;tjrpf?obm0 t&if;tjrpf?obm0 t&if;tjrpf?obm0 t&if;tjrpf?obm0 t&if;tjrpf?

natural rightsobm0tcGif hta&;?obm0tcGif hta&;?obm0tcGif hta&;?obm0tcGif hta&;?obm0tcGif hta&;?

bk&m;ay;tcGif hta&;?bk&m;ay;tcGif hta&;?bk&m;ay;tcGif hta&;?bk&m;ay;tcGif hta&;?bk&m;ay;tcGif hta&;? (unalienablerights ESifh teufwl)

naturalization(EdkifiHjcm;om; wOD;udk) Ed kifiHom;ðyjcif;?Ed ki fiHom;ðyjcif;?Ed ki fiHom;ðyjcif;?Ed ki fiHom;ðyjcif;?Ed ki fiHom;ðyjcif;?

negotiationaqG;aEG;n‡ dEd _i f; jcif;?aqG;aEG;n‡ dEd _i f; jcif;?aqG;aEG;n‡ dEd _i f; jcif;?aqG;aEG;n‡ dEd _i f; jcif;?aqG;aEG;n‡ dEd _i f; jcif;?

tay;t,lðyvkyfjcif;?tay;t,lðyvkyfjcif;?tay;t,lðyvkyfjcif;?tay;t,lðyvkyfjcif;?tay;t,lðyvkyfjcif;?

nepotismaqGrs d K;om;csif; aumif;pm;a&;0g'?aqGrs d K;om;csif; aumif;pm;a&;0g'?aqGrs d K;om;csif; aumif;pm;a&;0g'?aqGrs d K;om;csif; aumif;pm;a&;0g'?aqGrs d K;om;csif; aumif;pm;a&;0g'?

neutrality=um;aejcif;?=um;aejcif;?=um;aejcif;?=um;aejcif;?=um;aejcif;?

New Left(1960 ckESpfrsm;u tar&duefEdkifiHY ay:xGef;cJh

+yD; AD,uferfppfyGJtwGif;Y AD,uferfwdk@udk

axmufcHjcif;/ vlrJtcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_ BlackPanther movement udk tm;ay;jcif; ponf

wdk@udk ðyvkyfcJhonfh) vuf0Jopf0g'?vuf0Jopf0g'?vuf0Jopf0g'?vuf0Jopf0g'?vuf0Jopf0g'?

New Right(tar&duefEdkifiHY 19&0 ckESpfrsm;twGif;

ay:xGef;cJh+yD; oaE<zsufcsr_ wm;qD;jcif;/

ausmif;rsm;Y c&pf,mef qkawmif;pmqdkr_udk

tm;ay;jcif; ponfwdk@udk ðyvkyfcJhonfh)

vuf,mopf0g'vuf,mopf0g'vuf,mopf0g'vuf,mopf0g'vuf,mopf0g'????? (&Hzef&Hcg

vuf,mpGef;0g' radical right [kvnf;

oHk;onf?)

Nihilism(vuf&Sd vlr_a&;/ EdkifiHa&; pnf;rsOf;rSefor#

udk jiif;y,f+yD;/ vlwOD;csif;pD. tºuif;rJh

vGwfvyfr_udk tm;ay;onfh) ewWd0g'?ewWd0g'?ewWd0g'?ewWd0g'?ewWd0g'?

(vufwifbmompum; nihil ‘r&Sdjcif;’ rS

qif;oufvmonf)?????

nobility

O

P

txufwef;v$m?txufwef;v$m?txufwef;v$m?txufwef;v$m?txufwef;v$m?

nomads(tdrf,mtwnfwus r&SdbJ a&=unf&m

jrufEk&m) c&D;vSnfhvnfoGm;wwfaomc&D;vSnfhvnfoGm;wwfaomc&D;vSnfhvnfoGm;wwfaomc&D;vSnfhvnfoGm;wwfaomc&D;vSnfhvnfoGm;wwfaom

vlrs d K;?vlrs d K;?vlrs d K;?vlrs d K;?vlrs d K;?

nominate(a&G;aumufcHtjzpf) trnfwifoGif;onf?trnfwifoGif;onf?trnfwifoGif;onf?trnfwifoGif;onf?trnfwifoGif;onf?

nomination(vlwa,muftm; a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf

cH&ap&ef &nf&G,fI) tqdk ðyjcif;?tqdk ðyjcif;?tqdk ðyjcif;?tqdk ðyjcif;?tqdk ðyjcif;?

non-alignedbufrvdkufbufrvdkufbufrvdkufbufrvdkufbufrvdkuf (tzGJ@/ v_yf&Sm;r_ ponfjzifh)?????

Non-Aligned Movementbufrvdkufv_yf&Sm;r_?bufrvdkufv_yf&Sm;r_?bufrvdkufv_yf&Sm;r_?bufrvdkufv_yf&Sm;r_?bufrvdkufv_yf&Sm;r_?


non-intervention0ifa&mufrpGufzufa&;?0ifa&mufrpGufzufa&;?0ifa&mufrpGufzufa&;?0ifa&mufrpGufzufa&;?0ifa&mufrpGufzufa&;?

non-proliferationrjyef@yGm;a&;?rjyef@yGm;a&;?rjyef@yGm;a&;?rjyef@yGm;a&;?rjyef@yGm;a&;?

nonpartisanygwDpG J uif;aom? bufrvdkufaom?ygwDpG J uif;aom? bufrvdkufaom?ygwDpG J uif;aom? bufrvdkufaom?ygwDpG J uif;aom? bufrvdkufaom?ygwDpG J uif;aom? bufrvdkufaom?

nonviolencet=urf;rzufaom tðytrl t=urf;rzufaom tðytrl t=urf;rzufaom tðytrl t=urf;rzufaom tðytrl t=urf;rzufaom tðytrl (rl0g'/

v_yf&Sm;r_ ponfjzifh)?????

normalizationyH krSef jzpfapjcif;?yH krSef jzpfapjcif;?yH krSef jzpfapjcif;?yH krSef jzpfapjcif;?yH krSef jzpfapjcif;?

nuclear familytEkjrL (EsLuvD,m;) vufeufyd kiftEkjrL (EsLuvD,m;) vufeufyd kiftEkjrL (EsLuvD,m;) vufeufyd kiftEkjrL (EsLuvD,m;) vufeufyd kiftEkjrL (EsLuvD,m;) vufeufyd kif

Ed ki fiHrsm;?Ed ki fiHrsm;?Ed ki fiHrsm;?Ed ki fiHrsm;?Ed ki fiHrsm;?

nuclear reactortEkjrL "mwfaygif;zd k?tEkjrL "mwfaygif;zd k?tEkjrL "mwfaygif;zd k?tEkjrL "mwfaygif;zd k?tEkjrL "mwfaygif;zd k?

nuclear wastetEkjrL pGef@ypfypPnf;rsm;?tEkjrL pGef@ypfypPnf;rsm;?tEkjrL pGef@ypfypPnf;rsm;?tEkjrL pGef@ypfypPnf;rsm;?tEkjrL pGef@ypfypPnf;rsm;?

nuclear wintertEkjrL aqmif;tEkjrL aqmif;tEkjrL aqmif;tEkjrL aqmif;tEkjrL aqmif;

(EsLuvD;,m;AHk;uGJ+yD;aemuf jzpfvmrnfh

ywf0ef;usiftajctae)?????

obscenity(umr&m*ESifh ywfoufonfh) rzG,f&mr_/rzG,f&mr_/rzG,f&mr_/rzG,f&mr_/rzG,f&mr_/

±kef@&if;r_?±kef@&if;r_?±kef@&if;r_?±kef@&if;r_?±kef@&if;r_?

oligarchy

vlwpktkyfcsKyfa&;?vlwpktkyfcsKyfa&;?vlwpktkyfcsKyfa&;?vlwpktkyfcsKyfa&;?vlwpktkyfcsKyfa&;?

oligopolyvlwpku xdef;csKyfxm;aom vlwpku xdef;csKyfxm;aom vlwpku xdef;csKyfxm;aom vlwpku xdef;csKyfxm;aom vlwpku xdef;csKyfxm;aom (aps;uGuf/

tm%m ponfjzifh)?????

olive branch+idrf;csrf;a&;urf;vSrf;jcif; +idrf;csrf;a&;urf;vSrf;jcif; +idrf;csrf;a&;urf;vSrf;jcif; +idrf;csrf;a&;urf;vSrf;jcif; +idrf;csrf;a&;urf;vSrf;jcif; (a&S;a[mif;

*&dacwfwGif ppfajy+idrf;vdkolu oHvGifcufudk

udkifaqmifjyojcif;rS qif;oufvmaom pum;)?????

ombudsman(tpdk;&Xmewckck tay: rauseyfojzifh

wdkifwrf;vmaom trlwdk@udk

ppfaq;&onfh) tr_ppf0efxrf;?tr_ppf0efxrf;?tr_ppf0efxrf;?tr_ppf0efxrf;?tr_ppf0efxrf;?

omnibus billtr,fpH k Oya'=urf; tr,fpH k Oya'=urf; tr,fpH k Oya'=urf; tr,fpH k Oya'=urf; tr,fpH k Oya'=urf; (Oya'pum;)?????

(pm/ oDcsif;/ Zmwfvrf;) aygif;csKyf?aygif;csKyf?aygif;csKyf?aygif;csKyf?aygif;csKyf?

open societyvGwfvyfaom vl@tzG J@tpnf;?vGwfvyfaom vl@tzG J@tpnf;?vGwfvyfaom vl@tzG J@tpnf;?vGwfvyfaom vl@tzG J@tpnf;?vGwfvyfaom vl@tzG J@tpnf;?

vGwfvyfaom urBm?vGwfvyfaom urBm?vGwfvyfaom urBm?vGwfvyfaom urBm?vGwfvyfaom urBm?

opportunismudk,fudk;&Sm0g'? tacsmiform;0g'?udk,fudk;&Sm0g'? tacsmiform;0g'?udk,fudk;&Sm0g'? tacsmiform;0g'?udk,fudk;&Sm0g'? tacsmiform;0g'?udk,fudk;&Sm0g'? tacsmiform;0g'?

opportunisttcGif hta&;orm;?tcGif hta&;orm;?tcGif hta&;orm;?tcGif hta&;orm;?tcGif hta&;orm;?

opposition(v$wfawmfwGif tm%m&ygwDESifh qef@usifzuf

jzpfaom) twdkuftcHtwdkuftcHtwdkuftcHtwdkuftcHtwdkuftcH (ygwD/ tzGJ@)?????

oppressionzdES dyfr_?zdES dyfr_?zdES dyfr_?zdES dyfr_?zdES dyfr_?


orthodoxy(bmoma&;/ EdkifiHa&;Y trsm;vufcHonfh)

tpOftvm ,Hk =unfudk;uG,fr_?tpOftvm ,Hk =unfudk;uG,fr_?tpOftvm ,Hk =unfudk;uG,fr_?tpOftvm ,Hk =unfudk;uG,fr_?tpOftvm ,Hk =unfudk;uG,fr_?

ozone layer(urBmhavxkudk v$rf;ðcHumuG,fxm;aom)

tdkZkef;"gwfaiG@tv$m?tdkZkef;"gwfaiG@tv$m?tdkZkef;"gwfaiG@tv$m?tdkZkef;"gwfaiG@tv$m?tdkZkef;"gwfaiG@tv$m?

pacifismppfrvdkvm;aom0g'ppfrvdkvm;aom0g'ppfrvdkvm;aom0g'ppfrvdkvm;aom0g'ppfrvdkvm;aom0g' (EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;

udk ppfrwdkufbJ oHwrefenf;jzifhom

+idrf;csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;vdkonfh 0g')?????

pacttkyfpk?tkyfpk?tkyfpk?tkyfpk?tkyfpk?

panaceajy\emrSefor#udk ajyvnf apEd kifaomjy\emrSefor#udk ajyvnf apEd kifaomjy\emrSefor#udk ajyvnf apEd kifaomjy\emrSefor#udk ajyvnf apEd kifaomjy\emrSefor#udk ajyvnf apEd kifaom

enf;vrf;? t&m&mudk ukpm;ay;Ed kifaomenf;vrf;? t&m&mudk ukpm;ay;Ed kifaomenf;vrf;? t&m&mudk ukpm;ay;Ed kifaomenf;vrf;? t&m&mudk ukpm;ay;Ed kifaomenf;vrf;? t&m&mudk ukpm;ay;Ed kifaom

aq;? ewfaq;?aq;? ewfaq;?aq;? ewfaq;?aq;? ewfaq;?aq;? ewfaq;?

pan-Africantmz&duwv$m;?tmz&duwv$m;?tmz&duwv$m;?tmz&duwv$m;?tmz&duwv$m;?

pan-Arabtm&yfa'owv$m;?tm&yfa'owv$m;?tm&yfa'owv$m;?tm&yfa'owv$m;?tm&yfa'owv$m;?

panarabismtm&yfEd ki fiHpH k0g'?tm&yfEd ki fiHpH k0g'?tm&yfEd ki fiHpH k0g'?tm&yfEd ki fiHpH k0g'?tm&yfEd ki fiHpH k0g'?

tm&yftrsd K;om;a&;0g'?tm&yftrsd K;om;a&;0g'?tm&yftrsd K;om;a&;0g'?tm&yftrsd K;om;a&;0g'?tm&yftrsd K;om;a&;0g'?

tm&yfnD!Gwfa&;0g'?tm&yfnD!Gwfa&;0g'?tm&yfnD!Gwfa&;0g'?tm&yfnD!Gwfa&;0g'?tm&yfnD!Gwfa&;0g'?

pan-IslamictpPvmrfavmuwv$m;?tpPvmrfavmuwv$m;?tpPvmrfavmuwv$m;?tpPvmrfavmuwv$m;?tpPvmrfavmuwv$m;?

paramilitaryt&HwyfzG J@? tulwyfzG J@?t&HwyfzG J@? tulwyfzG J@?t&HwyfzG J@? tulwyfzG J@?t&HwyfzG J@? tulwyfzG J@?t&HwyfzG J@? tulwyfzG J@?

parity(tcGifhta&;/ vkyfc ponfwdk@) wef;wlnDr#r_?wef;wlnDr#r_?wef;wlnDr#r_?wef;wlnDr#r_?wef;wlnDr#r_?

Parliamentv$wfawmf? ygvDref?v$wfawmf? ygvDref?v$wfawmf? ygvDref?v$wfawmf? ygvDref?v$wfawmf? ygvDref?

participatory democracy(tpdk;&. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif vlxk odk@r[kwf

vlxkudk,fpm;ðytzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u wdkuf±dkufyg0if

qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh&Sdonfh) vlxk'Drd kua&pD?vlxk'Drd kua&pD?vlxk'Drd kua&pD?vlxk'Drd kua&pD?vlxk'Drd kua&pD?

partisanwpfbufbufygaom?wpfbufbufygaom?wpfbufbufygaom?wpfbufbufygaom?wpfbufbufygaom?

partition(EdkifiHwckudk) yd kif; jcm;jcif;? yd kif; jcm;jcif;? yd kif; jcm;jcif;? yd kif; jcm;jcif;? yd kif; jcm;jcif;?

party(EdkifiHa&;) ygwD?ygwD?ygwD?ygwD?ygwD?

party line(EdkifiHa&;ygwD wcku csrSwfxm;aom)

ygwDrl/ ygwDvdkif;?ygwDrl/ ygwDvdkif;?ygwDrl/ ygwDvdkif;?ygwDrl/ ygwDvdkif;?ygwDrl/ ygwDvdkif;?

party platformEd kifiHa&;ygwDwck. &yfwnfcsuf?Ed kifiHa&;ygwDwck. &yfwnfcsuf?Ed kifiHa&;ygwDwck. &yfwnfcsuf?Ed kifiHa&;ygwDwck. &yfwnfcsuf?Ed kifiHa&;ygwDwck. &yfwnfcsuf?

passive resistanceat;aq;pGmtHwkjcif;? cHrajym-at;aq;pGmtHwkjcif;? cHrajym-at;aq;pGmtHwkjcif;? cHrajym-at;aq;pGmtHwkjcif;? cHrajym-at;aq;pGmtHwkjcif;? cHrajym-

em;raxmif enf;jzif h tHwkjcif;?em;raxmif enf;jzif h tHwkjcif;?em;raxmif enf;jzif h tHwkjcif;?em;raxmif enf;jzif h tHwkjcif;?em;raxmif enf;jzif h tHwkjcif;?

passportEd kifiHul;vufrSwf? Ed kifiHom;vufrSwf?Ed kifiHul;vufrSwf? Ed kifiHom;vufrSwf?Ed kifiHul;vufrSwf? Ed kifiHom;vufrSwf?Ed kifiHul;vufrSwf? Ed kifiHom;vufrSwf?Ed kifiHul;vufrSwf? Ed kifiHom;vufrSwf?

paternalism(tazu rdom;pkwckudk tkyfcsKyfouJhodk@

acgif;aqmifwOD;u EdkifiH odk@r[kwf tzGJ@


tpnf;wcktm; tkyfcsKyfaom)

zciftkyfpd k;r_ pepf?zciftkyfpd k;r_ pepf?zciftkyfpd k;r_ pepf?zciftkyfpd k;r_ pepf?zciftkyfpd k;r_ pepf?

patriarchya,muFsm;v$rf;rd k;aom vl@tzG J@tpnf;?a,muFsm;v$rf;rd k;aom vl@tzG J@tpnf;?a,muFsm;v$rf;rd k;aom vl@tzG J@tpnf;?a,muFsm;v$rf;rd k;aom vl@tzG J@tpnf;?a,muFsm;v$rf;rd k;aom vl@tzG J@tpnf;?

patriciantxufwef;v$mrS yk*~ d Kvf? vl@rvdkif?txufwef;v$mrS yk*~ d Kvf? vl@rvdkif?txufwef;v$mrS yk*~ d Kvf? vl@rvdkif?txufwef;v$mrS yk*~ d Kvf? vl@rvdkif?txufwef;v$mrS yk*~ d Kvf? vl@rvdkif?

patrimonyzcifxHrS &aom tarGypPnf;? Ed kifiH.zcifxHrS &aom tarGypPnf;? Ed kifiH.zcifxHrS &aom tarGypPnf;? Ed kifiH.zcifxHrS &aom tarGypPnf;? Ed kifiH.zcifxHrS &aom tarGypPnf;? Ed kifiH.

tEkynmESif h &wemtarG?tEkynmESif h &wemtarG?tEkynmESif h &wemtarG?tEkynmESif h &wemtarG?tEkynmESif h &wemtarG?

patriotismrsd K;cspf0g'? rs d K;cspfpdwf"gwf?rs d K;cspf0g'? rs d K;cspfpdwf"gwf?rs d K;cspf0g'? rs d K;cspfpdwf"gwf?rs d K;cspf0g'? rs d K;cspfpdwf"gwf?rs d K;cspf0g'? rs d K;cspfpdwf"gwf?

patronage(tm%m&Sdolu ol.aemufvdkufrsm;tm; tvkyf

ay;jcif;/ tjcm;tcGifhta&;rsm;ay;jcif; ponf

tm;jzifh) apmifrr_/ rpr_?apmifrr_/ rpr_?apmifrr_/ rpr_?apmifrr_/ rpr_?apmifrr_/ rpr_?

peaceful coexistence+idrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwG Jaexdkif jcif;?+idrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwG Jaexdkif jcif;?+idrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwG Jaexdkif jcif;?+idrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwG Jaexdkif jcif;?+idrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwG Jaexdkif jcif;?

peertxufwef;v$mrS yk*~ d Kvftxufwef;v$mrS yk*~ d Kvftxufwef;v$mrS yk*~ d Kvftxufwef;v$mrS yk*~ d Kvftxufwef;v$mrS yk*~ d Kvf (+AdwdefEdkifiHoHk;)?

peer to peertqifhtwef; wlnDol tcsif;csif;?tqifhtwef; wlnDol tcsif;csif;?tqifhtwef; wlnDol tcsif;csif;?tqifhtwef; wlnDol tcsif;csif;?tqifhtwef; wlnDol tcsif;csif;?

tqifhtwef; wlnDonfht&mtqifhtwef; wlnDonfht&mtqifhtwef; wlnDonfht&mtqifhtwef; wlnDonfht&mtqifhtwef; wlnDonfht&m

tcsif;csif;?tcsif;csif;?tcsif;csif;?tcsif;csif;?tcsif;csif;?

peoplevlxk? jynfol?vlxk? jynfol?vlxk? jynfol?vlxk? jynfol?vlxk? jynfol?

people powervlxktm%m?vlxktm%m?vlxktm%m?vlxktm%m?vlxktm%m?

people’s democracy(uGefjrLepftpdk;&rsm;u rdrdwdk@. EdkifiHa&;pepfudk

&nf!¸ef;ajymqdkonfh) vlxk'Drd kua&pD?vlxk'Drd kua&pD?vlxk'Drd kua&pD?vlxk'Drd kua&pD?vlxk'Drd kua&pD?

per capitawOD;csif;wOD;csif;wOD;csif;wOD;csif;wOD;csif; (0ifaiG/ xkwfukef ponfjzifh)?????

persona non gratarvd kvm;tyfol?rvd kvm;tyfol?rvd kvm;tyfol?rvd kvm;tyfol?rvd kvm;tyfol? (tu,fI tpdk;&u oHwref

wOD;tm; rvdkvm;tyfol persona non gratatjzpf a=unmygu tqdkyg oHwreftaejzifh

,if;EdkifiHrS xGufcGmay;&onf?)

petit bourgeoisvlvwfwef;pm;xuf wqifhedrf hol?vlvwfwef;pm;xuf wqifhedrf hol?vlvwfwef;pm;xuf wqifhedrf hol?vlvwfwef;pm;xuf wqifhedrf hol?vlvwfwef;pm;xuf wqifhedrf hol?

philosopher kingynm&Sif bk&if?ynm&Sif bk&if?ynm&Sif bk&if?ynm&Sif bk&if?ynm&Sif bk&if?

phobiaa=umufwwfaoma&m*g?a=umufwwfaoma&m*g?a=umufwwfaoma&m*g?a=umufwwfaoma&m*g?a=umufwwfaoma&m*g?

planned economy(A[dktpdk;&u xdef;csKyfaom) pDrHudef;cspDrHudef;cspDrHudef;cspDrHudef;cspDrHudef;cs

pD;yGm;a&;?pD;yGm;a&;?pD;yGm;a&;?pD;yGm;a&;?pD;yGm;a&;?

plebiscitevlxkqENcH,lyG J?vlxkqENcH,lyG J?vlxkqENcH,lyG J?vlxkqENcH,lyG J?vlxkqENcH,lyG J?

plenipotentiary(tpdk;&tzGJ@udk,fpm; qHk;jzwfEdkifcGifh&Sdonfh)

txl;tm%mukef&?txl;tm%mukef&?txl;tm%mukef&?txl;tm%mukef&?txl;tm%mukef&?

pluralism(tpdk;&w&yf. vkyfief;rsm;udk csrSwf taumif

txnfaz:&mwGif EdkifiH&Sd OD;aqmiftzGJ@tpnf;

rsm; Oyrm - vkyfief;&SiftzGJ@rsm;/ tvkyform;


or*~rsm;/ tjcm; vlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udkyg

yg0ifcGifhay;onfh) A[k0g'?A[k0g'?A[k0g'?A[k0g'?A[k0g'?

plutocracy(tpdk;&tzGJ@udk aiG&Sifa=u;&Sifwdk@u v$rf;rdk;

xm;onfh) vlcsrf;omtpdk;&?vlcsrf;omtpdk;&?vlcsrf;omtpdk;&?vlcsrf;omtpdk;&?vlcsrf;omtpdk;&?

"e&Siftpd k;&?"e&Siftpd k;&?"e&Siftpd k;&?"e&Siftpd k;&?"e&Siftpd k;&?

point of order(tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif w&m;0ifqHk;jzwfcsuf

wck csrSwf+yD;aemuf tqdkyg qHk;jzwfcsuf

onf vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;ESifh nD!GwfpGm csrSwf

aom qHk;jzwfcsuf [kwf-r[kwf wpHk

wa,mufu ar;jref;aom) axmufuGuf?axmufuGuf?axmufuGuf?axmufuGuf?axmufuGuf?

polarization(tjiif;yGm;r_wckudk ajyvnfatmif n‡dEd_if;&m

wGif oabmrwlEdkifbJ oabmxm;csif;)

a0;uGmvmjcif;? tvSrf;a0;oGm;jcif;?a0;uGmvmjcif;? tvSrf;a0;oGm;jcif;?a0;uGmvmjcif;? tvSrf;a0;oGm;jcif;?a0;uGmvmjcif;? tvSrf;a0;oGm;jcif;?a0;uGmvmjcif;? tvSrf;a0;oGm;jcif;?

police power(EdkifiHom;wdk@. vlr_zlvHka&;/ usef;rma&;/

vHkðcHa&; ponfwdk@ r,dk,Gif;&atmif

aqmif&Guf&onfh) tkyfcsKyfEd kifpGrf;&nf?tkyfcsKyfEd kifpGrf;&nf?tkyfcsKyfEd kifpGrf;&nf?tkyfcsKyfEd kifpGrf;&nf?tkyfcsKyfEd kifpGrf;&nf?

police state(EdkifiHom;wdk@udk tm%mydkifrsm; txl;ojzifh

axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@u tjrJrjywf apmifh=unfh

tEœ&m,fay;avh&Sdonfh) tm%m&SifEd ki fiH?tm%m&SifEd ki fiH?tm%m&SifEd ki fiH?tm%m&SifEd ki fiH?tm%m&SifEd ki fiH?

zdES dyftkyfcsKyfonfhEd kifiH?zdES dyftkyfcsKyfonfhEd kifiH?zdES dyftkyfcsKyfonfhEd kifiH?zdES dyftkyfcsKyfonfhEd kifiH?zdES dyftkyfcsKyfonfhEd kifiH?

policyrl0g'? ay:vpD?rl0g'? ay:vpD?rl0g'? ay:vpD?rl0g'? ay:vpD?rl0g'? ay:vpD?

policy makeray:vpDcsrSwfol?ay:vpDcsrSwfol?ay:vpDcsrSwfol?ay:vpDcsrSwfol?ay:vpDcsrSwfol?

politicalEd kifiHa&;ESif h ywfoufaom?Ed kifiHa&;ESif h ywfoufaom?Ed kifiHa&;ESif h ywfoufaom?Ed kifiHa&;ESif h ywfoufaom?Ed kifiHa&;ESif h ywfoufaom?

political accessEd kifiHa&;t& aygufa&mufaom?Ed kifiHa&;t& aygufa&mufaom?Ed kifiHa&;t& aygufa&mufaom?Ed kifiHa&;t& aygufa&mufaom?Ed kifiHa&;t& aygufa&mufaom?

Ed kifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESif h tu|rf;0ifaom?Ed kifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESif h tu|rf;0ifaom?Ed kifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESif h tu|rf;0ifaom?Ed kifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESif h tu|rf;0ifaom?Ed kifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESif h tu|rf;0ifaom?

Ed kifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESif h vufvSrf;rS Dr_?Ed kifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESif h vufvSrf;rS Dr_?Ed kifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESif h vufvSrf;rS Dr_?Ed kifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESif h vufvSrf;rS Dr_?Ed kifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESif h vufvSrf;rS Dr_?

political asylumEd kifiHa&; cd kv_ Hr_?Ed ki fiHa&; cd kv_ Hr_?Ed ki fiHa&; cd kv_ Hr_?Ed ki fiHa&; cd kv_ Hr_?Ed ki fiHa&; cd kv_ Hr_?

political capitalEd kifiHa&; cGeftm;?Ed kifiHa&; cGeftm;?Ed kifiHa&; cGeftm;?Ed kifiHa&; cGeftm;?Ed kifiHa&; cGeftm;?

political economyEd kifiHa&; abm*aA'?Ed kifiHa&; abm*aA'?Ed kifiHa&; abm*aA'?Ed kifiHa&; abm*aA'?Ed kifiHa&; abm*aA'?

political partyEd kifiHa&; ygwD?Ed kifiHa&; ygwD?Ed kifiHa&; ygwD?Ed kifiHa&; ygwD?Ed kifiHa&; ygwD?

political realismEd kifiHa&; t&S dw&m;0g'Ed kifiHa&; t&S dw&m;0g'Ed kifiHa&; t&S dw&m;0g'Ed kifiHa&; t&S dw&m;0g'Ed kifiHa&; t&S dw&m;0g' (vufawG@EdkifiHa&;

realpolitik ESifh teufcsif; qifwlonf)?????

political theoryEd kifiHa&; oDtdk&D? Ed kifiHa&; t,ltq?Ed kifiHa&; oDtdk&D? Ed kifiHa&; t,ltq?Ed kifiHa&; oDtdk&D? Ed kifiHa&; t,ltq?Ed kifiHa&; oDtdk&D? Ed kifiHa&; t,ltq?Ed kifiHa&; oDtdk&D? Ed kifiHa&; t,ltq?

(EdkifiHa&; t,ltqrsm;udk avhvmaom)

Ed kifiHa&;aA'?Ed kifiHa&;aA'?Ed kifiHa&;aA'?Ed kifiHa&;aA'?Ed kifiHa&;aA'?

politicianEd kifiHa&;orm;?Ed kifiHa&;orm;?Ed kifiHa&;orm;?Ed kifiHa&;orm;?Ed kifiHa&;orm;?

politicization(EdkifiHa&;ESifh rywfoufaom ta=umif;

t&mudk) Ed kifiHa&;qefatmifðyvkyfjcif;?Ed kifiHa&;qefatmifðyvkyfjcif;?Ed kifiHa&;qefatmifðyvkyfjcif;?Ed kifiHa&;qefatmifðyvkyfjcif;?Ed kifiHa&;qefatmifðyvkyfjcif;?

Ed ki fiHa&;ZmwfoGif;jcif;?Ed ki fiHa&;ZmwfoGif;jcif;?Ed ki fiHa&;ZmwfoGif;jcif;?Ed ki fiHa&;ZmwfoGif;jcif;?Ed ki fiHa&;ZmwfoGif;jcif;?


politicsEd ki fiHa&;?Ed ki fiHa&;?Ed ki fiHa&;?Ed ki fiHa&;?Ed ki fiHa&;?

populismvlxkóuuf0g'?vlxkóuuf0g'?vlxkóuuf0g'?vlxkóuuf0g'?vlxkóuuf0g'?

portfolioorRw. ±H k;tzG J@? tpd k;& ±H k;tzG J@? 0ef}uD;orRw. ±H k;tzG J@? tpd k;& ±H k;tzG J@? 0ef}uD;orRw. ±H k;tzG J@? tpd k;& ±H k;tzG J@? 0ef}uD;orRw. ±H k;tzG J@? tpd k;& ±H k;tzG J@? 0ef}uD;orRw. ±H k;tzG J@? tpd k;& ±H k;tzG J@? 0ef}uD;

wOD;. vkyfief;wm0ef?wOD;. vkyfief;wm0ef?wOD;. vkyfief;wm0ef?wOD;. vkyfief;wm0ef?wOD;. vkyfief;wm0ef?

possessionvuf0,f&S dr_ vuf0,f&S dr_ vuf0,f&S dr_ vuf0,f&S dr_ vuf0,f&S dr_ (ydkifqdkifcsifrS ydkifqdkifrnf)?????

post modernismarmf'efvGef0g'? yd k@pfarmf'ef0g'?armf'efvGef0g'? yd k@pfarmf'ef0g'?armf'efvGef0g'? yd k@pfarmf'ef0g'?armf'efvGef0g'? yd k@pfarmf'ef0g'?armf'efvGef0g'? yd k@pfarmf'ef0g'?

post mortemaovGef+yD;aemuf?aovGef+yD;aemuf?aovGef+yD;aemuf?aovGef+yD;aemuf?aovGef+yD;aemuf?

pragmaticvufawG@usaom?vufawG@usaom?vufawG@usaom?vufawG@usaom?vufawG@usaom?

pragmatismvufawG@tvkyfjzpfa&;0g'?vufawG@tvkyfjzpfa&;0g'?vufawG@tvkyfjzpfa&;0g'?vufawG@tvkyfjzpfa&;0g'?vufawG@tvkyfjzpfa&;0g'?

pragmatistvufawG@tvkyfjzpfa&;udk OD;pm;ay;ol?vufawG@tvkyfjzpfa&;udk OD;pm;ay;ol?vufawG@tvkyfjzpfa&;udk OD;pm;ay;ol?vufawG@tvkyfjzpfa&;udk OD;pm;ay;ol?vufawG@tvkyfjzpfa&;udk OD;pm;ay;ol?

vufawG@usol?vufawG@usol?vufawG@usol?vufawG@usol?vufawG@usol?

preamble(w&m;Oya' odk@r[kwf tajccHOya'wck.)

ed'gef;?ed'gef;?ed'gef;?ed'gef;?ed'gef;?

precedent(aemufaemifwGif ay:aygufvmonfh tr_tcif;

wdk@udk qHk;jzwf&mwGif Oyrmtjzpf ,l&onfh)

pD&ifxH k;? jzwfxHk;pD&ifxH k;? jzwfxHk;pD&ifxH k;? jzwfxHk;pD&ifxH k;? jzwfxHk;pD&ifxH k;? jzwfxHk;

prejudice(tusdK;ta=umif;trSef tay: tajcrcHbJ)

rdrd. xifjrif,lqcsuft&rdrd. xifjrif,lqcsuft&rdrd. xifjrif,lqcsuft&rdrd. xifjrif,lqcsuft&rdrd. xifjrif,lqcsuft& (qHk;jzwfjcif;)?????

prerogativetxl;tm%m?txl;tm%m?txl;tm%m?txl;tm%m?txl;tm%m?

president(EdkifiHwck.) orRw?orRw?orRw?orRw?orRw?

(tzGJ@tpnf;wck.) OuUÏ?OuUÏ?OuUÏ?OuUÏ?OuUÏ?

pressure groupzdtm;ay;tkyfpk zdtm;ay;tkyfpk zdtm;ay;tkyfpk zdtm;ay;tkyfpk zdtm;ay;tkyfpk (tusdK;aqmiftkyfpk

interest group ESifh teufwl)?????

prestige*k%foduQm?*k%foduQm?*k%foduQm?*k%foduQm?*k%foduQm?

price controlsaps;E_ef;uef@owfr_?aps;E_ef;uef@owfr_?aps;E_ef;uef@owfr_?aps;E_ef;uef@owfr_?aps;E_ef;uef@owfr_?

primary electionstajccHtqifh a&G;aumufyG J?tajccHtqifh a&G;aumufyG J?tajccHtqifh a&G;aumufyG J?tajccHtqifh a&G;aumufyG J?tajccHtqifh a&G;aumufyG J?

(ygwDpHka&G;aumufyGJ rwdkifrD usif;yaom)

ygwDwGif;a&G;aumufyG J?ygwDwGif;a&G;aumufyG J?ygwDwGif;a&G;aumufyG J?ygwDwGif;a&G;aumufyG J?ygwDwGif;a&G;aumufyG J?

prime minister (premier)0ef}uD;csKyf?0ef}uD;csKyf?0ef}uD;csKyf?0ef}uD;csKyf?0ef}uD;csKyf?

privacy(vlwOD;wa,muf.) twGif;a&;?twGif;a&;?twGif;a&;?twGif;a&;?twGif;a&;?

private sectoryk*~vdu u¾?yk*~vdu u¾?yk*~vdu u¾?yk*~vdu u¾?yk*~vdu u¾?

privatization


yk*~vduyd kif ðyjcif; yk*~vduyd kif ðyjcif; yk*~vduyd kif ðyjcif; yk*~vduyd kif ðyjcif; yk*~vduyd kif ðyjcif; (jynfolydkifðyjcif;

nationalization ESifh qef@usifzuf)?????

privilegetcGif hxl;?tcGif hxl;?tcGif hxl;?tcGif hxl;?tcGif hxl;?

pro choice(udk,f0efonfwOD;taejzifh udk,f0efudk

qufvufvG,frnf odk@r[kwf zsufcsrnfudk

qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh &Sdoifhonf[k ,lqaom)

udk,f0efzsufcsyd kifcGif h vd kvm;ol?udk,f0efzsufcsyd kifcGif h vd kvm;ol?udk,f0efzsufcsyd kifcGif h vd kvm;ol?udk,f0efzsufcsyd kifcGif h vd kvm;ol?udk,f0efzsufcsyd kifcGif h vd kvm;ol?

pro lifeudk,f0efzsufcsyd kifcGif hud k qef@usifol?udk,f0efzsufcsyd kifcGif hud k qef@usifol?udk,f0efzsufcsyd kifcGif hud k qef@usifol?udk,f0efzsufcsyd kifcGif hud k qef@usifol?udk,f0efzsufcsyd kifcGif hud k qef@usifol?

probate

proletariatt&if;rJ hvlwef;pm;?t&if;rJ hvlwef;pm;?t&if;rJ hvlwef;pm;?t&if;rJ hvlwef;pm;?t&if;rJ hvlwef;pm;?

propaganda0g'jzef@cs dr_?0g'jzef@cs dr_?0g'jzef@cs dr_?0g'jzef@cs dr_?0g'jzef@cs dr_?

proportional representation(a&G;aumufyGJY &&Sdonfh rJ&mcdkifE_ef; t&

v$wfawmfY) tcsd K;us ae&m&jcif;?tcsd K;us ae&m&jcif;?tcsd K;us ae&m&jcif;?tcsd K;us ae&m&jcif;?tcsd K;us ae&m&jcif;?

tcsd K;us udk,fpm;ðyr_?tcsd K;us udk,fpm;ðyr_?tcsd K;us udk,fpm;ðyr_?tcsd K;us udk,fpm;ðyr_?tcsd K;us udk,fpm;ðyr_?

prosecution(w&m;±Hk;Y) tr_ppfaq;jcif;?tr_ppfaq;jcif;?tr_ppfaq;jcif;?tr_ppfaq;jcif;?tr_ppfaq;jcif;?

w&m;pD&ifjcif;?w&m;pD&ifjcif;?w&m;pD&ifjcif;?w&m;pD&ifjcif;?w&m;pD&ifjcif;?

prosecutortpdk;&a&SŒae?tpd k;&a&SŒae?tpd k;&a&SŒae?tpd k;&a&SŒae?tpd k;&a&SŒae?

protectionism(jynfwGif;aps;uGufudk umuG,faomtm;jzifh

EdkifiHjcm;oGif;ukefrsm;tay: tcGefwdk;jr‡ifhaumufcH

jcif;/ oGif;ukefuef@owfjcif; ponfwdk@udk ðyvkyf

onfh) ud k,fus d K ;p D ;y Gm; umuG,fa&;r l0g'?ud k,fus d K ;p D ;y Gm; umuG,fa&;r l0g'?ud k,fus d K ;p D ;y Gm; umuG,fa&;r l0g'?ud k,fus d K ;p D ;y Gm; umuG,fa&;r l0g'?ud k,fus d K ;p D ;y Gm; umuG,fa&;r l0g'?

protectorateapmif ha&SmufcHe,fajr?apmif ha&SmufcHe,fajr?apmif ha&SmufcHe,fajr?apmif ha&SmufcHe,fajr?apmif ha&SmufcHe,fajr?

protocol(t+yD;owf oabmwlnDr_ r&rD/ tajccH

oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifonfh)

oabmwlnDcsuf rl=urf;?oabmwlnDcsuf rl=urf;?oabmwlnDcsuf rl=urf;?oabmwlnDcsuf rl=urf;?oabmwlnDcsuf rl=urf;?

oHwrefusif hpOf?oHwrefusif hpOf?oHwrefusif hpOf?oHwrefusif hpOf?oHwrefusif hpOf?

providencezefqif;&Sif. apmifrr_?zefqif;&Sif. apmifrr_?zefqif;&Sif. apmifrr_?zefqif;&Sif. apmifrr_?zefqif;&Sif. apmifrr_?

provocation

Q

R

(aowrf;pmwck ppfrSefr_ &Sd-r&Sd ppfaq;onfh)

aowrf;pmppfaq;r_?aowrf;pmppfaq;r_?aowrf;pmppfaq;r_?aowrf;pmppfaq;r_?aowrf;pmppfaq;r_?

probationajccsKyf jzif hv$wfjcif;?ajccsKyf jzif hv$wfjcif;?ajccsKyf jzif hv$wfjcif;?ajccsKyf jzif hv$wfjcif;?ajccsKyf jzif hv$wfjcif;?

probepH kprf;ppfaq;r_?pH kprf;ppfaq;r_?pH kprf;ppfaq;r_?pH kprf;ppfaq;r_?pH kprf;ppfaq;r_?

productionxkwfvkyfr_?xkwfvkyfr_?xkwfvkyfr_?xkwfvkyfr_?xkwfvkyfr_?

productivityxkwfvkyftm;?xkwfvkyftm;?xkwfvkyftm;?xkwfvkyftm;?xkwfvkyftm;?


&efpr_?&efpr_?&efpr_?&efpr_?&efpr_?

proxyudk,fpm;? tusdK;aqmif? udk,fyGm;?udk,fpm;? tusdK;aqmif? udk,fyGm;?udk,fpm;? tusdK;aqmif? udk,fyGm;?udk,fpm;? tusdK;aqmif? udk,fyGm;?udk,fpm;? tusdK;aqmif? udk,fyGm;?

public interestvlxktusdK;pD;yGm;?vlxktusdK;pD;yGm;?vlxktusdK;pD;yGm;?vlxktusdK;pD;yGm;?vlxktusdK;pD;yGm;?

public moralsjynfol@eDwd? jynfol@udk,fusif hw&m;?jynfol@eDwd? jynfol@udk,fusif hw&m;?jynfol@eDwd? jynfol@udk,fusif hw&m;?jynfol@eDwd? jynfol@udk,fusif hw&m;?jynfol@eDwd? jynfol@udk,fusif hw&m;?

public opinionvlxktjrif?vlxktjrif?vlxktjrif?vlxktjrif?vlxktjrif?

public opinion pollvlxktjrif ppfwrf;?vlxktjrif ppfwrf;?vlxktjrif ppfwrf;?vlxktjrif ppfwrf;?vlxktjrif ppfwrf;?

public ownership(vlxkudk udk,fpm;ðyI) tpd k;&utpdk;&utpdk;&utpdk;&utpdk;&u

yd kifqd kifr_? vlxkyd kifqd kifr_?yd ki fqd kifr_? vlxkyd kifqd kifr_?yd ki fqd kifr_? vlxkyd kifqd kifr_?yd ki fqd kifr_? vlxkyd kifqd kifr_?yd ki fqd kifr_? vlxkyd kifqd kifr_?

public sector(vlxkudk udk,fpm;ðyaom) tpd k;&yd kifu¾?tpdk;&yd kifu¾?tpdk;&yd kifu¾?tpdk;&yd kifu¾?tpdk;&yd kifu¾?

vlxkyd kifu¾? jynfolyd kifu¾?vlxkyd kifu¾? jynfolyd kifu¾?vlxkyd kifu¾? jynfolyd kifu¾?vlxkyd kifu¾? jynfolyd kifu¾?vlxkyd kifu¾? jynfolyd kifu¾?

public works(vrf;/ wHwm; aqmufvkyfjcif; ponfh)

vlxktusdK;ðyvkyfief;? jynfol@vkyfief;?vlxktusdK;ðyvkyfief;? jynfol@vkyfief;?vlxktusdK;ðyvkyfief;? jynfol@vkyfief;?vlxktusdK;ðyvkyfief;? jynfol@vkyfief;?vlxktusdK;ðyvkyfief;? jynfol@vkyfief;?

puppet regime±kyfao;tpd k;&?±kyfao;tpd k;&?±kyfao;tpd k;&?±kyfao;tpd k;&?±kyfao;tpd k;&?

purge(EdkifiHa&;ygwD odk@r[kwf tzGJ@wGif;rS)

xkwfy,fjcif;? oef@pifjcif;?xkwfy,fjcif;? oef@pifjcif;?xkwfy,fjcif;? oef@pifjcif;?xkwfy,fjcif;? oef@pifjcif;?xkwfy,fjcif;? oef@pifjcif;?

pyrrhic victory

aoG;ajrus atmifEd kifr_? qHk;±H _;r_aoG;ajrus atmifEd kifr_? qHk;±H _;r_aoG;ajrus atmifEd kifr_? qHk;±H _;r_aoG;ajrus atmifEd kifr_? qHk;±H _;r_aoG;ajrus atmifEd kifr_? qHk;±H _;r_

}uD;aom atmifjrifr_?}uD;aom atmifjrifr_?}uD;aom atmifjrifr_?}uD;aom atmifjrifr_?}uD;aom atmifjrifr_?

quid pro quowcsufcsif; vufwHk@ jyefjcif;? wckay;Iwcsufcsif; vufwHk@ jyefjcif;? wckay;Iwcsufcsif; vufwHk@ jyefjcif;? wckay;Iwcsufcsif; vufwHk@ jyefjcif;? wckay;Iwcsufcsif; vufwHk@ jyefjcif;? wckay;I

wck jyef&jcif;? qefay; aq;&?wck jyef&jcif;? qefay; aq;&?wck jyef&jcif;? qefay; aq;&?wck jyef&jcif;? qefay; aq;&?wck jyef&jcif;? qefay; aq;&?

QuislingopPmazgufopPmazgufopPmazgufopPmazgufopPmazguf ('kwd,urBmppftwGif; rdrdEdkifiH

udk opPmazgufI *smrefwdk@ zGJ@pnf;ay;onfh

aemfa0 ±kyfao;tpdk;&wGif 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;

,lcJhol Vidkun Quisling tm; tpGJðyI

wGifus,fvmaom toHk;tE_ef;?)?????

quorum(v$wfawmfw&yf/ tzGJ@wck. pnf;a0;qHk;jzwfr_

w&m;0ifjzpfap&ef twGuf pnf;a0;&mwGif &Sdae

&rnfh) tenf;qHk; vlOD;a&/tenf;qHk; vlOD;a&/tenf;qHk; vlOD;a&/tenf;qHk; vlOD;a&/tenf;qHk; vlOD;a&/

owfrSwfOD;a&?owfrSwfOD;a&?owfrSwfOD;a&?owfrSwfOD;a&?owfrSwfOD;a&?

racismvlrsd K;cG J jcm;a&;0g'? vlrs d K; }uD;0g'?vlrs d K;cG J jcm;a&;0g'? vlrs d K; }uD;0g'?vlrs d K;cG J jcm;a&;0g'? vlrs d K; }uD;0g'?vlrs d K;cG J jcm;a&;0g'? vlrs d K; }uD;0g'?vlrs d K;cG J jcm;a&;0g'? vlrs d K; }uD;0g'?

racistvlrs d K ; c G J jcm;qufqHol? vlrs d K ; jcm;ud kvlrs d K ; c G J jcm;qufqHol? vlrs d K ; jcm;ud kvlrs d K ; c G J jcm;qufqHol? vlrs d K ; jcm;ud kvlrs d K ; c G J jcm;qufqHol? vlrs d K ; jcm;ud kvlrs d K ; c G J jcm;qufqHol? vlrs d K ; jcm;ud k

E S dr fc sol?E S dr fc sol?E S dr fc sol?E S dr fc sol?E S dr fc sol?

radical(vl@tzGJ@pnf;wckY }uD;rm;aom ajymif;vJr_

wckckudk tvsifjrefqHk; jzpfapvdkaom)

tpGef;a&muform;? w,loeform;?tpGef;a&muform;? w,loeform;?tpGef;a&muform;? w,loeform;?tpGef;a&muform;? w,loeform;?tpGef;a&muform;? w,loeform;?

radioactive wastea&'D,dkowWd ºu pGef@ypfypPnf;rsm;?a&'D,dkowWd ºu pGef@ypfypPnf;rsm;?a&'D,dkowWd ºu pGef@ypfypPnf;rsm;?a&'D,dkowWd ºu pGef@ypfypPnf;rsm;?a&'D,dkowWd ºu pGef@ypfypPnf;rsm;?

radioactivity


a&'D,k dowWd ºujcif;?a&'D,k dowWd ºujcif;?a&'D,k dowWd ºujcif;?a&'D,k dowWd ºujcif;?a&'D,k dowWd ºujcif;?

random movementusyef;v_yf&Sm;r_?usyef;v_yf&Sm;r_?usyef;v_yf&Sm;r_?usyef;v_yf&Sm;r_?usyef;v_yf&Sm;r_?

rank and filewyfom;rsm;? t=uyfwyfom;? wyfom;rsm;? t=uyfwyfom;? wyfom;rsm;? t=uyfwyfom;? wyfom;rsm;? t=uyfwyfom;? wyfom;rsm;? t=uyfwyfom;? (t&m&Sd

t&mcHrsm; ryg0ifyg?)

ratification(tpdk;&u tjcm;EdkifiHwckESifh csKyfqdkcJhaom

pmcsKyfwckudk v$wfawmftrwfrsm;.

axmufcHrJjzifh) w&m;0if twnfðyjcif;?w&m;0if twnfðyjcif;?w&m;0if twnfðyjcif;?w&m;0if twnfðyjcif;?w&m;0if twnfðyjcif;?

rationing(&Sm;yg;aom vloHk;ukefrsm;udk) tcsd K;ustcsd K;ustcsd K;ustcsd K;ustcsd K;us

0,f,lcGif h? &m&Sif?0,f,lcGif h? &m&Sif?0,f,lcGif h? &m&Sif?0,f,lcGif h? &m&Sif?0,f,lcGif h? &m&Sif?

raw materialsukef=urf;?ukef =urf;?ukef =urf;?ukef =urf;?ukef =urf;?

reactionaryacwfaemufjyefqG Jol?acwfaemufjyefqG Jol?acwfaemufjyefqG Jol?acwfaemufjyefqG Jol?acwfaemufjyefqG Jol?

Reagan Doctrine(uGefjrLepfqef@usifolrsm;udk ulnD&rnf

qdkaom tar&duef orRw a&mfe,fvf

a&*if Ronald Reagan .) a&*ifrl0g'?a&*ifrl0g'?a&*ifrl0g'?a&*ifrl0g'?a&*ifrl0g'?

realismt&Sdw&m;0g'? o±kyfrSef0g'?t&S dw&m;0g'? o±kyfrSef0g'?t&S dw&m;0g'? o±kyfrSef0g'?t&S dw&m;0g'? o±kyfrSef0g'?t&S dw&m;0g'? o±kyfrSef0g'?

realpolitikvufawG@Ed ki fiHa&;vufawG@Ed ki fiHa&;vufawG@Ed ki fiHa&;vufawG@Ed ki fiHa&;vufawG@Ed ki fiHa&; (*smrefpum;? EdkifiHa&;

t&Sdw&m;0g' political realism ESifh

teufcsif; qifwlonf?)?????

rebellionykefuefr_? awmfvSefr_?ykefuefr_? awmfvSefr_?ykefuefr_? awmfvSefr_?ykefuefr_? awmfvSefr_?ykefuefr_? awmfvSefr_?

recessionpD;yGm;ysufuyf? pD;yGm;qkwf,kwfr_?pD;yGm;ysufuyf? pD;yGm;qkwf,kwfr_?pD;yGm;ysufuyf? pD;yGm;qkwf,kwfr_?pD;yGm;ysufuyf? pD;yGm;qkwf,kwfr_?pD;yGm;ysufuyf? pD;yGm;qkwf,kwfr_?

(yHkrSeftm;jzifh tpkpktrsdK;om;xkwfukefyrm%

Gross National Product ajcmufvxuf ydkI

usqif;r_udk &nf!¸ef;&mY oHk;pGJonf?)

red herring(tajzwckudk wduspGmrajzbJ)

wvGJajymif; ajzjcif;?wvGJajymif; ajzjcif;?wvGJajymif; ajzjcif;?wvGJajymif; ajzjcif;?wvGJajymif; ajzjcif;? (trsm;.tm±kHudk

v$Jonfhtaejzifh) rqdkifonfudkajymjcif;?rqdkifonfudkajymjcif;?rqdkifonfudkajymjcif;?rqdkifonfudkajymjcif;?rqdkifonfudkajymjcif;?

vS D;v$ Jajymjcif;?vS D;v$ Jajymjcif;?vS D;v$ Jajymjcif;?vS D;v$ Jajymjcif;?vS D;v$ Jajymjcif;?

redistribution(EdkifiHHb¾maiGudk nDr#pGm jzef@a0vdkaom

oabmjzifh) b¾maiG jyefvnfcG Ja0jcif;?b¾maiG jyefvnfcG Ja0jcif;?b¾maiG jyefvnfcG Ja0jcif;?b¾maiG jyefvnfcG Ja0jcif;?b¾maiG jyefvnfcG Ja0jcif;?

b¾maiG jyefvnfae&mcsjcif;b¾maiG jyefvnfae&mcsjcif;b¾maiG jyefvnfae&mcsjcif;b¾maiG jyefvnfae&mcsjcif;b¾maiG jyefvnfae&mcsjcif; (Oyrm -

csrf;omolwdk@tm; tcGefwdk;jr‡ifh aumufcHI

qif;&Jolwdk@tm; axmufyHha=u;ay;jcif;?)?????

referencet!¸ef;? &nf!¸ef;csuf?t!¸ef;? &nf!¸ef;csuf?t!¸ef;? &nf!¸ef;csuf?t!¸ef;? &nf!¸ef;csuf?t!¸ef;? &nf!¸ef;csuf?

referendumvlxkqENcH,lyG J?vlxkqENcH,lyG J?vlxkqENcH,lyG J?vlxkqENcH,lyG J?vlxkqENcH,lyG J?

reform(pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&; ponfwdk@tm;)

ðyjyifajymif;vJr_?ðyjyifajymif;vJr_?ðyjyifajymif;vJr_?ðyjyifajymif;vJr_?ðyjyifajymif;vJr_?

reformistðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;?ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;?ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;?ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;?ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;?

refugee(ppf odk@r[kwf tiwfab;a=umifh ae&yfudk


pGef@cGmI t&yfwyg;Y) cd kv_ Hol? 'kuQonf?cd kv_ Hol? 'kuQonf?cd kv_ Hol? 'kuQonf?cd kv_ Hol? 'kuQonf?cd kv_ Hol? 'kuQonf?

regimeppftpd k;&? w&m;0if tkyfcsKyfpD&ifyd kifcGif hppftpd k;&? w&m;0if tkyfcsKyfpD&ifyd kifcGif hppftpd k;&? w&m;0if tkyfcsKyfpD&ifyd kifcGif hppftpd k;&? w&m;0if tkyfcsKyfpD&ifyd kifcGif hppftpd k;&? w&m;0if tkyfcsKyfpD&ifyd kifcGif h

r&S daom tpdk;&?r&S daom tpdk;&?r&S daom tpdk;&?r&S daom tpdk;&?r&S daom tpdk;&?

regimentation(vlxkudk) waoG; woH wrdef@waoG; woH wrdef@waoG; woH wrdef@waoG; woH wrdef@waoG; woH wrdef@

jzpfapjcif;? yH koGif;jcif;? ppfyH koGif;jcif;?jzpfapjcif;? yH koGif;jcif;? ppfyH koGif;jcif;?jzpfapjcif;? yH koGif;jcif;? ppfyH koGif;jcif;?jzpfapjcif;? yH koGif;jcif;? ppfyH koGif;jcif;?jzpfapjcif;? yH koGif;jcif;? ppfyH koGif;jcif;?

ppfyH kpH ðyjcif;?ppfyH kpH ðyjcif;?ppfyH kpH ðyjcif;?ppfyH kpH ðyjcif;?ppfyH kpH ðyjcif;?

representativeudk,fpm;vS,f?ud k,fpm;vS,f?ud k,fpm;vS,f?ud k,fpm;vS,f?ud k,fpm;vS,f?

representative government(vlxku v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk

a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;tm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;

xm;aom) vlxkudk,fpm;ðytpd k;&?vlxkudk,fpm;ðytpd k;&?vlxkudk,fpm;ðytpd k;&?vlxkudk,fpm;ðytpd k;&?vlxkudk,fpm;ðytpd k;&?

repression(tpdk;&u twdkuftcHrsm;ESifh tpdk;&qef@usifol

rsm;tm;) acsr _e f ; jci f ; / E S dy fuGy f jci f ; / acsr _e f ; jci f ; / E S dy fuGy f jci f ; / acsr _e f ; jci f ; / E S dy fuGy f jci f ; / acsr _e f ; jci f ; / E S dy fuGy f jci f ; / acsr _e f ; jci f ; / E S dy fuGy f jci f ; /

E S dr fei f ; jci f ;?E S dr fei f ; jci f ;?E S dr fei f ; jci f ;?E S dr fei f ; jci f ;?E S dr fei f ; jci f ;?

reprisalsvufwHk@ jyefjcif;? vufpm;acsjcif;?vufwHk@ jyefjcif;? vufpm;acsjcif;?vufwHk@ jyefjcif;? vufpm;acsjcif;?vufwHk@ jyefjcif;? vufpm;acsjcif;?vufwHk@ jyefjcif;? vufpm;acsjcif;?

jyefvnfay;qyfapjcif;?jyefvnfay;qyfapjcif;?jyefvnfay;qyfapjcif;?jyefvnfay;qyfapjcif;?jyefvnfay;qyfapjcif;?

reprieve(aordef@udk ,m,D) qdkifiH h jcif;?qd kifiH h jcif;?qd kifiH h jcif;?qd kifiH h jcif;?qd kifiH h jcif;?

republicorRwEd kifiH?orRwEd kifiH?orRwEd kifiH?orRwEd kifiH?orRwEd kifiH?

researchokawoe?okawoe?okawoe?okawoe?okawoe?

researcherokawoeynm&Sif? okawoD?okawoeynm&Sif? okawoD?okawoeynm&Sif? okawoD?okawoeynm&Sif? okawoD?okawoeynm&Sif? okawoD?

resolutionta&;,l&efqH k; jzwfcsuf?ta&;,l&efqH k; jzwfcsuf?ta&;,l&efqH k; jzwfcsuf?ta&;,l&efqH k; jzwfcsuf?ta&;,l&efqH k; jzwfcsuf?

retailvufvD?vufvD?vufvD?vufvD?vufvD?

retaliation

S

regionalism(EdkifiHwGif;&Sd a'orsm;. uGJjym;aom vuQ%m

rsm;udk axmufxm;I udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh

wpdwfwa'o ay;tyfxm;aom)

a'oqdkif&m tkyfcsKyfa&;rl?a'oqdkif&m tkyfcsKyfa&;rl?a'oqdkif&m tkyfcsKyfa&;rl?a'oqdkif&m tkyfcsKyfa&;rl?a'oqdkif&m tkyfcsKyfa&;rl?

rehabilitatejyefvnfxlaxmifonf?jyefvnfxlaxmifonf?jyefvnfxlaxmifonf?jyefvnfxlaxmifonf?jyefvnfxlaxmifonf?

rehabilitationjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;?jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;?jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;?jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;?jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;?

reparationsppfavsmfa=u;?ppfavsmfa=u;?ppfavsmfa=u;?ppfavsmfa=u;?ppfavsmfa=u;?

repatriationae&yfjyefyd k @ jcif;ae&yfjyefyd k @ jcif;ae&yfjyefyd k @ jcif;ae&yfjyefyd k @ jcif;ae&yfjyefyd k @ jcif; (Oyrm - ppfajy;'kuQonf

rsm;/ ppfoHk@yef;rsm;udk EdkifiH&if;odk@ jyefydk@jcif;)?

representationudk,fpm;ðyjcif;?ud k,fpm;ðyjcif;?ud k,fpm;ðyjcif;?ud k,fpm;ðyjcif;?ud k,fpm;ðyjcif;?


vufpm;acsjcif;? vufwHk@ jyefjcif;?vufpm;acsjcif;? vufwHk@ jyefjcif;?vufpm;acsjcif;? vufwHk@ jyefjcif;?vufpm;acsjcif;? vufwHk@ jyefjcif;?vufpm;acsjcif;? vufwHk@ jyefjcif;?

(revenge, reprisal wdk@ESifh teufwl)

retroactive legislation(twdwfumv wcktxd) aemufa=umif;jyefaemufa=umif;jyefaemufa=umif;jyefaemufa=umif;jyefaemufa=umif;jyef

tusdK;oufa&mufapaom Oya'?tusdK;oufa&mufapaom Oya'?tusdK;oufa&mufapaom Oya'?tusdK;oufa&mufapaom Oya'?tusdK;oufa&mufapaom Oya'?

reverse discrimination(vlenf;pkrsm;udk tcGifhta&;ay;vGef;ojzifh

vlrsm;pkwdk@ epfem&aom)

ajymif;jyefcG J jcm;r_?ajymif;jyefcG J jcm;r_?ajymif;jyefcG J jcm;r_?ajymif;jyefcG J jcm;r_?ajymif;jyefcG J jcm;r_?

revisionism(trsm;vufcH+yD;jzpfaom ta=umif;jcif;&m

rsm;udk rSef-rrSef) jyefvnfpdppfr_?jyefvnfpdppfr_?jyefvnfpdppfr_?jyefvnfpdppfr_?jyefvnfpdppfr_?

revisionistjyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm;?jyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm;?jyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm;?jyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm;?jyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm;?

revolutionawmfvSefa&;?awmfvSefa&;?awmfvSefa&;?awmfvSefa&;?awmfvSefa&;?

revolutionaryawmfvSefa&;orm;?awmfvSefa&;orm;?awmfvSefa&;orm;?awmfvSefa&;orm;?awmfvSefa&;orm;?

rhetoricpum;ajymynm? qGJaqmifr_&S datmifpum;ajymynm? qGJaqmifr_&S datmifpum;ajymynm? qGJaqmifr_&S datmifpum;ajymynm? qGJaqmifr_&S datmifpum;ajymynm? qGJaqmifr_&S datmif

pum;vHk;vSvSrsm;jzif h ajymqdk jcif;/ /pum;vHk;vSvSrsm;jzif h ajymqdk jcif;/ /pum;vHk;vSvSrsm;jzif h ajymqdk jcif;/ /pum;vHk;vSvSrsm;jzif h ajymqdk jcif;/ /pum;vHk;vSvSrsm;jzif h ajymqdk jcif;/ /

right-wing(vuf&Sdtajctaeudk rajymif;rvJbJ

qufxm;wwfonfh) vuf,mEd kifiHa&;? vuf,mEd kifiHa&;? vuf,mEd kifiHa&;? vuf,mEd kifiHa&;? vuf,mEd kifiHa&;?

riott"du±k%f;? ±kef;&if;qefcwfjzpfr_?t"du±k%f;? ±kef;&if;qefcwfjzpfr_?t"du±k%f;? ±kef;&if;qefcwfjzpfr_?t"du±k%f;? ±kef;&if;qefcwfjzpfr_?t"du±k%f;? ±kef;&if;qefcwfjzpfr_?

royaltyxD;eef;? bk&if odk@r[kwf bk&ifrxD;eef;? bk&if odk@r[kwf bk&ifrxD;eef;? bk&if odk@r[kwf bk&ifrxD;eef;? bk&if odk@r[kwf bk&ifrxD;eef;? bk&if odk@r[kwf bk&ifr

±k H;awmf? xD;EG,f eef;EG,f? bk&if h±k H;awmf? xD;EG,f eef;EG,f? bk&if h±k H;awmf? xD;EG,f eef;EG,f? bk&if h±k H;awmf? xD;EG,f eef;EG,f? bk&if h±k H;awmf? xD;EG,f eef;EG,f? bk&if h

aqGawmfrs d K;awmf?aqGawmfrs d K;awmf?aqGawmfrs d K;awmf?aqGawmfrs d K;awmf?aqGawmfrs d K;awmf?

tusdK;aqmifc?tusdK;aqmifc?tusdK;aqmifc?tusdK;aqmifc?tusdK;aqmifc?

rubber stamp(av;av;eufeuf rpOf;pm;bJ)

tvG,fwul twnfðyvdkufaom?tvG,fwul twnfðyvdkufaom?tvG,fwul twnfðyvdkufaom?tvG,fwul twnfðyvdkufaom?tvG,fwul twnfðyvdkufaom?

rnfumrwW twnfðyvdkufaom?rnfumrwW twnfðyvdkufaom?rnfumrwW twnfðyvdkufaom?rnfumrwW twnfðyvdkufaom?rnfumrwW twnfðyvdkufaom?

rule of thumb(oabmw&m;t& rSefonf rSm;onf tyxm;

I) vufawG @tvky f jzp faom enf ;vr f ; ?vufawG @tvky f jzp faom enf ;vr f ; ?vufawG @tvky f jzp faom enf ;vr f ; ?vufawG @tvky f jzp faom enf ;vr f ; ?vufawG @tvky f jzp faom enf ;vr f ; ?

rules and regulationspnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;?pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;?pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;?pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;?pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;?

ruling classtkyfcsKyfol vlwef;pm;?tkyfcsKyfol vlwef;pm;?tkyfcsKyfol vlwef;pm;?tkyfcsKyfol vlwef;pm;?tkyfcsKyfol vlwef;pm;?

sabotage(wrifwum/ pepfwus ðyvkyfaom)

tzsufvkyfief;?tzsufvkyfief;?tzsufvkyfief;?tzsufvkyfief;?tzsufvkyfief;?

sacred cow(EdkifiHa&;t&) txdrcHEd kifaom t&m?txdrcHEd kifaom t&m?txdrcHEd kifaom t&m?txdrcHEd kifaom t&m?txdrcHEd kifaom t&m?

"avhxHk;pH? pepf?"avhxHk;pH? pepf?"avhxHk;pH? pepf?"avhxHk;pH? pepf?"avhxHk;pH? pepf?

sanctions(EdkifiHwcktm; tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;u) '%fcwf'%fcwf'%fcwf'%fcwf'%fcwf

ta&;,ljcif;?ta&;,ljcif;?ta&;,ljcif;?ta&;,ljcif;?ta&;,ljcif;? (pD;yGm;a&;/ ppfa&;t&)

ydwfqd k@ta&;,ljcif;?ydwfqd k@ta&;,ljcif;?ydwfqd k@ta&;,ljcif;?ydwfqd k@ta&;,ljcif;?ydwfqd k@ta&;,ljcif;?

sanctuary


cd kv_ H&m? jypf'%fcH&jcif;rS vGwfuif;&m?cd kv_ H&m? jypf'%fcH&jcif;rS vGwfuif;&m?cd kv_ H&m? jypf'%fcH&jcif;rS vGwfuif;&m?cd kv_ H&m? jypf'%fcH&jcif;rS vGwfuif;&m?cd kv_ H&m? jypf'%fcH&jcif;rS vGwfuif;&m?

uGef;cd k&m?uGef;cd k&m?uGef;cd k&m?uGef;cd k&m?uGef;cd k&m?

satellite country(trnfcHtm;jzifhom vGwfvyf+yD; vufawG@

tm;jzifh tjcm;EdkifiH}uD;wck. xdef;csKyfr_udk

cHae&aom) t&HEd kifiH / xdef;csKyfcHEd kifiH?t&HEd kifiH / xdef;csKyfcHEd kifiH?t&HEd kifiH / xdef;csKyfcHEd kifiH?t&HEd kifiH / xdef;csKyfcHEd kifiH?t&HEd kifiH / xdef;csKyfcHEd kifiH?

scarcity&Sm;yg;r_?&Sm;yg;r_?&Sm;yg;r_?&Sm;yg;r_?&Sm;yg;r_?

secessioncG JxGufjcif;?cG JxGufjcif;?cG JxGufjcif;?cG JxGufjcif;?cG JxGufjcif;?

secessionistcG JxGufvd kol?cG JxGufvd kol?cG JxGufvd kol?cG JxGufvd kol?cG JxGufvd kol?

secret ballotv#dKŒ0SufrJ?v#d KŒ0SufrJ?v#d KŒ0SufrJ?v#d KŒ0SufrJ?v#d KŒ0SufrJ?

sect(yif&if;bmoma&;*dk%frS cGJxGufvmaom)

oif;uGJ*d k%f;/ *d k%f;i,f?oif;uGJ*d k%f;/ *d k%f;i,f?oif;uGJ*d k%f;/ *d k%f;i,f?oif;uGJ*d k%f;/ *d k%f;i,f?oif;uGJ*d k%f;/ *d k%f;i,f?

sectarian*d k%f;*% uGJ jym;r_a=umif h jzpfaom?*d k%f;*% uGJ jym;r_a=umif h jzpfaom?*d k%f;*% uGJ jym;r_a=umif h jzpfaom?*d k%f;*% uGJ jym;r_a=umif h jzpfaom?*d k%f;*% uGJ jym;r_a=umif h jzpfaom?

secularbmoma&;ESif h rywfoufaom?bmoma&;ESif h rywfoufaom?bmoma&;ESif h rywfoufaom?bmoma&;ESif h rywfoufaom?bmoma&;ESif h rywfoufaom?

avmuDa&;&m jzpfaom?avmuDa&;&m jzpfaom?avmuDa&;&m jzpfaom?avmuDa&;&m jzpfaom?avmuDa&;&m jzpfaom?

secularization(ynma&;/ EdkifiHa&; ponfwdk@tm;)

bmoma&;E Si f h rywfoufatmi fbmoma&;E Si f h rywfoufatmi fbmoma&;E Si f h rywfoufatmi fbmoma&;E Si f h rywfoufatmi fbmoma&;E Si f h rywfoufatmi f

ðyvky f jci f ; ? avmuDa&;tjzp fðyvky f jci f ; ? avmuDa&;tjzp fðyvky f jci f ; ? avmuDa&;tjzp fðyvky f jci f ; ? avmuDa&;tjzp fðyvky f jci f ; ? avmuDa&;tjzp f

aqmi f& Guf jci f ; ?aqmi f& Guf jci f ; ?aqmi f& Guf jci f ; ?aqmi f& Guf jci f ; ?aqmi f& Guf jci f ; ?

security

vHkðcHa&;?vH k ðc Ha&;?vH k ðc Ha&;?vH k ðc Ha&;?vH k ðc Ha&;?

seditionykefuefr_jzpfap&ef v_H@aqmfjcif;? tpd k;&ykefuefr_jzpfap&ef v_H@aqmfjcif;? tpd k;&ykefuefr_jzpfap&ef v_H@aqmfjcif;? tpd k;&ykefuefr_jzpfap&ef v_H@aqmfjcif;? tpd k;&ykefuefr_jzpfap&ef v_H@aqmfjcif;? tpd k;&

qef@usifr_ud k tm;ay;jcif;?qef@usifr_ud k tm;ay;jcif;?qef@usifr_ud k tm;ay;jcif;?qef@usifr_ud k tm;ay;jcif;?qef@usifr_ud k tm;ay;jcif;?

segregation(ausmif;/ vkyfcGifESifh tjcm; trsm;jynfol

qdkif&m ae&mXmersm;wGif vlrsdK;a&;udk

t"du tajccHI) cG J jcm;qufqHjcif;?cG J jcm;qufqHjcif;?cG J jcm;qufqHjcif;?cG J jcm;qufqHjcif;?cG J jcm;qufqHjcif;?

self-determinationud k,fy d ki f jyÏme f ;c Gi f h ?ud k,fy d ki f jyÏme f ;c Gi f h ?ud k,fy d ki f jyÏme f ;c Gi f h ?ud k,fy d ki f jyÏme f ;c Gi f h ?ud k,fy d ki f jyÏme f ;c Gi f h ?

ud k,f h =urRmud k,fze fwD;c Gi f h ?ud k,f h =urRmud k,fze fwD;c Gi f h ?ud k,f h =urRmud k,fze fwD;c Gi f h ?ud k,f h =urRmud k,fze fwD;c Gi f h ?ud k,f h =urRmud k,fze fwD;c Gi f h ?

seminarES D;aESmzvS,fyG J? ES D;aESmaqG;aEG;yG J?ES D;aESmzvS,fyG J? ES D;aESmaqG;aEG;yG J?ES D;aESmzvS,fyG J? ES D;aESmaqG;aEG;yG J?ES D;aESmzvS,fyG J? ES D;aESmaqG;aEG;yG J?ES D;aESmzvS,fyG J? ES D;aESmaqG;aEG;yG J?

separation of powers(EdkifiHwck. tkyfcsKyfa&;/ Oya'ðya&;ESifh w&m;

pD&ifa&;u¾rsm;udk oD;jcm;cGJxm;onfh)

tm%mcG Ja0jcif;?tm%mcG Ja0jcif;?tm%mcG Ja0jcif;?tm%mcG Ja0jcif;?tm%mcG Ja0jcif;?

separatismcG JxGufa&;0g'?cG JxGufa&;0g'?cG JxGufa&;0g'?cG JxGufa&;0g'?cG JxGufa&;0g'?

serfv,fu|ef v,fu|ef v,fu|ef v,fu|ef v,fu|ef (tv,facwf toHk;tE_ef;)?????

serfdomv,fu|efb0 v,fu|efb0 v,fu|efb0 v,fu|efb0 v,fu|efb0 (tv,facwf toHk;tE_ef;)?????

servitude(taºu;udk) tvkyfjzif hay;qyf&jcif;?tvkyfjzif hay;qyf&jcif;?tvkyfjzif hay;qyf&jcif;?tvkyfjzif hay;qyf&jcif;?tvkyfjzif hay;qyf&jcif;?

u|efcH&jcif;?u|efcH&jcif;?u|efcH&jcif;?u|efcH&jcif;?u|efcH&jcif;?

short-range missiles


wmwdkypf 'H k;usnf?wmwdkypf 'H k;usnf?wmwdkypf 'H k;usnf?wmwdkypf 'H k;usnf?wmwdkypf 'H k;usnf?

show trials(w&m;Oya'twdkif; ppfaq;pD&ifonf

r[kwfbJ ,if;odk@ ppfaq;pD&ifoa,mif

trsm;jrifomatmif ðyvkyfxm;aom)

±kyfjycH k±H k; / [efjycH k±H k;?±kyf jycH k±H k; / [efjycH k±H k;?±kyf jycH k±H k; / [efjycH k±H k;?±kyf jycH k±H k; / [efjycH k±H k;?±kyf jycH k±H k; / [efjycH k±H k;?

shuttle diplomacyvGef;ys H oHwrefa&;?vGef;ys H oHwrefa&;?vGef;ys H oHwrefa&;?vGef;ys H oHwrefa&;?vGef;ys H oHwrefa&;?

silk stocking districtvl*k%fwef&yfuGuf?vl*k%fwef&yfuGuf?vl*k%fwef&yfuGuf?vl*k%fwef&yfuGuf?vl*k%fwef&yfuGuf?

silver-tonguedpum;ajymvdrRmaom?pum;ajymvdrRmaom?pum;ajymvdrRmaom?pum;ajymvdrRmaom?pum;ajymvdrRmaom?

sit-down strikexdkifoydwf?xd kifoydwf?xd kifoydwf?xd kifoydwf?xd kifoydwf?

sitting on the fencejcHpnf;±d k; cGxd kif jcif;?jcHpnf;±d k; cGxd kif jcif;?jcHpnf;±d k; cGxd kif jcif;?jcHpnf;±d k; cGxd kif jcif;?jcHpnf;±d k; cGxd kif jcif;?

social contract(EdkifiHESifh EdkifiHom;wdk@t=um; wnf&Sdonfh

w&m;r#wr_udk tajccHaom)

vlr_a&;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf?vlr_a&;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf?vlr_a&;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf?vlr_a&;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf?vlr_a&;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf?

social Darwinismvlr_qif huJjzpfpOf 0g' vlr_qif huJjzpfpOf 0g' vlr_qif huJjzpfpOf 0g' vlr_qif huJjzpfpOf 0g' vlr_qif huJjzpfpOf 0g' (obm0ordkif;

ynm&Sif csm;vfpf'g0if. ‘cHEkdif&nf&Sdol

&Sifoefjcif;’ survival of the fittestoabmw&m;ESifh ‘obm0. a&G;cs,fr_’

natural selection oabmw&m;wdk@udk

vlr_jzpfpOfwGif xnfhoGif;oHk;pGJaom 0g')?

social justice

(vlr_todkif;t0dkif;wckY vlrsdK;/ bmom/ vdif

ponfwdk@tm;jzifh cGJjcm;qufqHr_ r&Sdonfh)

vlr_a&;w&m;r#wr_?vlr_a&;w&m;r#wr_?vlr_a&;w&m;r#wr_?vlr_a&;w&m;r#wr_?vlr_a&;w&m;r#wr_?

social securityvlr_vH k ðcHa&; vlr_vH k ðcHa&; vlr_vH k ðcHa&; vlr_vH k ðcHa&; vlr_vH k ðcHa&; (vlr_zlvHka&; social welfareESifh teufqifwl)?????

social servicesvlr_0efxrf;vkyfief;?vlr_0efxrf;vkyfief;?vlr_0efxrf;vkyfief;?vlr_0efxrf;vkyfief;?vlr_0efxrf;vkyfief;?

vlr_0efaqmifvkyfief;?vlr_0efaqmifvkyfief;?vlr_0efaqmifvkyfief;?vlr_0efaqmifvkyfief;?vlr_0efaqmifvkyfief;?

social stratificationvlr_tqifhtwef; cG J jcm;owfrSwfjcif;?vlr_tqifhtwef; cG J jcm;owfrSwfjcif;?vlr_tqifhtwef; cG J jcm;owfrSwfjcif;?vlr_tqifhtwef; cG J jcm;owfrSwfjcif;?vlr_tqifhtwef; cG J jcm;owfrSwfjcif;?

social welfarevlr_zlvH ka&; vlr_zlvH ka&; vlr_zlvH ka&; vlr_zlvH ka&; vlr_zlvH ka&; (vlr_vHkðcHa&; socialsecurity ESifh teufqifwl)?????

socialismqdk&S,fvpf0g'?qd k&S,fvpf0g'?qd k&S,fvpf0g'?qd k&S,fvpf0g'?qd k&S,fvpf0g'?

socialization(vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wck. pHrsm;/ wefbdk;rsm;/

vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh)

tu|rf;0ifatmifðyjcif;?tu|rf;0ifatmifðyjcif;?tu|rf;0ifatmifðyjcif;?tu|rf;0ifatmifðyjcif;?tu|rf;0ifatmifðyjcif;?

vlr_a&;u|rf;usifjcif;?vlr_a&;u|rf;usifjcif;?vlr_a&;u|rf;usifjcif;?vlr_a&;u|rf;usifjcif;?vlr_a&;u|rf;usifjcif;?

trsm;yd kif ðyvkyfjcif;?trsm;yd kif ðyvkyfjcif;?trsm;yd kif ðyvkyfjcif;?trsm;yd kif ðyvkyfjcif;?trsm;yd kif ðyvkyfjcif;?

societyvl@tzG J@tpnf;?vl@tzG J@tpnf;?vl@tzG J@tpnf;?vl@tzG J@tpnf;?vl@tzG J@tpnf;?

sovereigntcsKyftjcm tm%mydkifaom?tcsKyftjcm tm%mydkifaom?tcsKyftjcm tm%mydkifaom?tcsKyftjcm tm%mydkifaom?tcsKyftjcm tm%mydkifaom?

sovereigntytcsKyftjcm tm%mydkifr_?tcsKyftjcm tm%mydkifr_?tcsKyftjcm tm%mydkifr_?tcsKyftjcm tm%mydkifr_?tcsKyftjcm tm%mydkifr_?


speculation(wcsdefcsdefwGif jrwfvdrfhrnf[k cef@rSef;I)

aiGupm;jcif;/ aps;upm;jcif;/ ta&mif;aiGupm;jcif;/ aps;upm;jcif;/ ta&mif;aiGupm;jcif;/ aps;upm;jcif;/ ta&mif;aiGupm;jcif;/ aps;upm;jcif;/ ta&mif;aiGupm;jcif;/ aps;upm;jcif;/ ta&mif;

t0,f vkyfjcif;?t0,f vkyfjcif;?t0,f vkyfjcif;?t0,f vkyfjcif;?t0,f vkyfjcif;?

sphere of influence=oZme,fy,f?=oZme,fy,f?=oZme,fy,f?=oZme,fy,f?=oZme,fy,f?

spokespersonajyma&;qdkcGif h&S dol?ajyma&;qdkcGif h&S dol?ajyma&;qdkcGif h&S dol?ajyma&;qdkcGif h&S dol?ajyma&;qdkcGif h&S dol?

stagflationpD;yGm;wef@ aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_?pD;yGm;wef@ aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_?pD;yGm;wef@ aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_?pD;yGm;wef@ aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_?pD;yGm;wef@ aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_?

(pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_E_ef; &yfwef@oGm;+yD;

tvkyfvufrJhESifh aiGazgif;yGE_ef; òyifwl

jrifhrm;vmjcif;?)

standing orders(v$wfawmfw&yf.)

wnfqJvkyfxH k;vkyfenf;?wnfqJvkyfxH k;vkyfenf;?wnfqJvkyfxH k;vkyfenf;?wnfqJvkyfxH k;vkyfenf;?wnfqJvkyfxH k;vkyfenf;?

Star Wars=u,fwm&m ppfqifa&; pDrHudef;=u,fwm&m ppfqifa&; pDrHudef;=u,fwm&m ppfqifa&; pDrHudef;=u,fwm&m ppfqifa&; pDrHudef;=u,fwm&m ppfqifa&; pDrHudef;

(tar&dueforRw a&*ifu 1983 ckESpfwGif

a=unmcJhaom ‘tar&duef avydkifeufudk

avqma&mifjcnfjzifh 'Hk;usnf&efrS umuG,f

xm;rnf qdkonfh‘ r[mAsL[m

umuG,fa&; pDrHudef; Strategic DefenseInitiative ESifh twlwl jzpfonf?)?????

START (Strategic Arms ReductionTreaty)(1991 ckESpfwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifh

qdkAD,uf,leD,Hwdk@ csKyfqdkcJhaom)

r[mAsL[m vufeufav#mhcsa&;pmcsKyf?r[mAsL[m vufeufav#mhcsa&;pmcsKyf?r[mAsL[m vufeufav#mhcsa&;pmcsKyf?r[mAsL[m vufeufav#mhcsa&;pmcsKyf?r[mAsL[m vufeufav#mhcsa&;pmcsKyf?

states’ rightsjynfe,frsm;. tcGif hta&;?jynfe,frsm;. tcGif hta&;?jynfe,frsm;. tcGif hta&;?jynfe,frsm;. tcGif hta&;?jynfe,frsm;. tcGif hta&;?

statesmantar#mftjrif}uD;rm;onfhtar#mftjrif}uD;rm;onfhtar#mftjrif}uD;rm;onfhtar#mftjrif}uD;rm;onfhtar#mftjrif}uD;rm;onfh

Ed ki fiHacgif;aqmif?Ed ki fiHacgif;aqmif?Ed ki fiHacgif;aqmif?Ed ki fiHacgif;aqmif?Ed ki fiHacgif;aqmif?

statustqifhtwef;?tqif htwef;?tqif htwef;?tqif htwef;?tqif htwef;?

status quoaejrJtwdkif;?aejrJtwdkif;?aejrJtwdkif;?aejrJtwdkif;?aejrJtwdkif;?

statuteOya'jyÏmef;csuf?Oya'jyÏmef;csuf?Oya'jyÏmef;csuf?Oya'jyÏmef;csuf?Oya'jyÏmef;csuf?

steering committeeyJ hud kifaumfrDwD? OD;pD;aumfrDwD?yJ hud kifaumfrDwD? OD;pD;aumfrDwD?yJ hud kifaumfrDwD? OD;pD;aumfrDwD?yJ hud kifaumfrDwD? OD;pD;aumfrDwD?yJ hud kifaumfrDwD? OD;pD;aumfrDwD?

stimulus(0,fvdktm;jrifhvmap&ef tpdk;&u tcGef

av#mhcsjcif; odk@r[kwf tpdk;&toHk;pm;&dwf

jr‡ifhwifjcif; ponfhenf;vrf;wdk@tm;jzifh

pD;yGm;a&;udk) Ed _;qGay;jcif;?Ed _;qGay;jcif;?Ed _;qGay;jcif;?Ed _;qGay;jcif;?Ed _;qGay;jcif;?

storm in a tea cupwpdwfudk wtdwfvkyfjcif;?wpdwfudk wtdwfvkyfjcif;?wpdwfudk wtdwfvkyfjcif;?wpdwfudk wtdwfvkyfjcif;?wpdwfudk wtdwfvkyfjcif;?

ao;i,faomudpPud k t}uD;chs J jcif;?ao;i,faomudpPud k t}uD;chs J jcif;?ao;i,faomudpPud k t}uD;chs J jcif;?ao;i,faomudpPud k t}uD;chs J jcif;?ao;i,faomudpPud k t}uD;chs J jcif;?

straddle the fencejcHpnf;±d k; cGxd kif jcif;? avSeHESpfzufjcHpnf;±d k; cGxd kif jcif;? avSeHESpfzufjcHpnf;±d k; cGxd kif jcif;? avSeHESpfzufjcHpnf;±d k; cGxd kif jcif;? avSeHESpfzufjcHpnf;±d k; cGxd kif jcif;? avSeHESpfzuf

eif;jcif;?eif;jcif;?eif;jcif;?eif;jcif;?eif;jcif;?

T


Strategic Defense Initiativer[mAsL[m umuG,fa&;pDrHudef;r[mAsL[m umuG,fa&;pDrHudef;r[mAsL[m umuG,fa&;pDrHudef;r[mAsL[m umuG,fa&;pDrHudef;r[mAsL[m umuG,fa&;pDrHudef;

(tar&dueforRw a&*ifu 1983 ckESpfwGif

a=unmcJhaom ‘tar&duef avydkifeufudk

avqma&mifjcnfjzifh 'Hk;usnf&efrS umuG,f

xm;rnf qdkonfh’ pDrHudef;? =u,fwm&m

ppfqifa&; pDrHudef; Star Wars ESifh twlwl

jzpfonf?)?????

strategyr[mAsL[m?r[mAsL[m?r[mAsL[m?r[mAsL[m?r[mAsL[m?

straw vote(a&G;aumufyGJY &v'f rnfodk@&Sdrnfudk cef@rSef;

vdkaomtm;jzifh ðyvkyfonfh) tprf;rJ/tprf;rJ/tprf;rJ/tprf;rJ/tprf;rJ/

tóurJ/ vlxkoabmxm; ppfwrf;?tóurJ/ vlxkoabmxm; ppfwrf;?tóurJ/ vlxkoabmxm; ppfwrf;?tóurJ/ vlxkoabmxm; ppfwrf;?tóurJ/ vlxkoabmxm; ppfwrf;?

tóuppfwrf; aumuf,lr_?tóuppfwrf; aumuf,lr_?tóuppfwrf; aumuf,lr_?tóuppfwrf; aumuf,lr_?tóuppfwrf; aumuf,lr_?

strikeoydwf? oydwfarSmufjcif;? v#yfwjyufoydwf? oydwfarSmufjcif;? v#yfwjyufoydwf? oydwfarSmufjcif;? v#yfwjyufoydwf? oydwfarSmufjcif;? v#yfwjyufoydwf? oydwfarSmufjcif;? v#yfwjyuf

wdkufcd kufjcif;?wd kufcd kufjcif;?wd kufcd kufjcif;?wd kufcd kufjcif;?wd kufcd kufjcif;?

structural unemploymentpepfa=umif h jzpfaom a&&Snfpepfa=umif h jzpfaom a&&Snfpepfa=umif h jzpfaom a&&Snfpepfa=umif h jzpfaom a&&Snfpepfa=umif h jzpfaom a&&Snf

tvkyfvufrJ htvkyfvufrJ htvkyfvufrJ htvkyfvufrJ htvkyfvufrJ h (Oyrm - acwfukefvmaom

ausmufrD;aoG; vkyfief;wGif tvkyfvufrJh

jzpf&olwdk@onf tjcm;vkyfief;rsm;wGif

tvG,fwul tvkyfr& Edkifojzifh a&&Snf

tvkyfvufrJh jzpf&jcif;rsdK;?)?????

subjecttkyfpd k;cH&olrsm;?tkyfpd k;cH&olrsm;?tkyfpd k;cH&olrsm;?tkyfpd k;cH&olrsm;?tkyfpd k;cH&olrsm;?

subpoena(w&m;±Hk;odk@ vma&muf&ef) qif hac:pm?qif hac:pm?qif hac:pm?qif hac:pm?qif hac:pm?

oAŠmefpm?oAŠmefpm?oAŠmefpm?oAŠmefpm?oAŠmefpm?

subsidy(vlxkaumif;usdK;&Sdapaom vkyfief;rsm;

aqmif&Gufaeaom yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;

udk tpdk;&uay;aom) taxmuftyH h?taxmuftyH h?taxmuftyH h?taxmuftyH h?taxmuftyH h?

subsistence&Sifoefa&;? &Sifoef&ef enf;vrf;?&Sifoefa&;? &Sifoef&ef enf;vrf;?&Sifoefa&;? &Sifoef&ef enf;vrf;?&Sifoefa&;? &Sifoef&ef enf;vrf;?&Sifoefa&;? &Sifoef&ef enf;vrf;?

subversivetzsufoabmqe fonf h ?tzsu foabmqe fonf h ?tzsu foabmqe fonf h ?tzsu foabmqe fonf h ?tzsu foabmqe fonf h ?

tzsufvky f&y f jzp faom?tzsufvky f&y f jzp faom?tzsufvky f&y f jzp faom?tzsufvky f&y f jzp faom?tzsufvky f&y f jzp faom?

succession(&mxl;) qufcHjcif;?qufcHjcif;?qufcHjcif;?qufcHjcif;?qufcHjcif;?

suffragerJqENay;yd kifcGif h?rJqENay;yd kifcGif h?rJqENay;yd kifcGif h?rJqENay;yd kifcGif h?rJqENay;yd kifcGif h?

summit diplomacy(ppfat;wdkufyGJumvu acwfpm;cJhaom)

xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0; oHwrefa&;?xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0; oHwrefa&;?xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0; oHwrefa&;?xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0; oHwrefa&;?xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0; oHwrefa&;?

xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0; oHcif;wrefcif;?xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0; oHcif;wrefcif;?xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0; oHcif;wrefcif;?xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0; oHcif;wrefcif;?xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0; oHcif;wrefcif;?

superpower

U

r[mtiftm;}uD;Ed ki fiH?r[mtiftm;}uD;Ed ki fiH?r[mtiftm;}uD;Ed ki fiH?r[mtiftm;}uD;Ed ki fiH?r[mtiftm;}uD;Ed ki fiH?

supply and demanda&mif;vdktm;ESif h 0,fvdktm;?a&mif;vdktm;ESif h 0,fvdktm;?a&mif;vdktm;ESif h 0,fvdktm;?a&mif;vdktm;ESif h 0,fvdktm;?a&mif;vdktm;ESif h 0,fvdktm;?

surplus value(vkyfcESifh ukefypPnf;wefzdk;wdk@ jcm;em;jcif;rS

&vmaom) tyd kwefzd k;?tyd kwefzd k;?tyd kwefzd k;?tyd kwefzd k;?tyd kwefzd k;?


surrealismtrSefvGef0g' trSefvGef0g' trSefvGef0g' trSefvGef0g' trSefvGef0g' (pmaytEkynm

toHk;tE_ef;)?????

surveyorppfwrf;aumuf,lol?ppfwrf;aumuf,lol?ppfwrf;aumuf,lol?ppfwrf;aumuf,lol?ppfwrf;aumuf,lol?

sustainable developmentcd kifrmaom zG H@ òz;r_?cd kifrmaom zG H@ òz;r_?cd kifrmaom zG H@ òz;r_?cd kifrmaom zG H@ òz;r_?cd kifrmaom zG H@ òz;r_?

symposium(oD;oef@ta=umif;t&mwckudk aqG;aEG;&ef

&nf&G,fðyvkyfaom) oD;oef@aqG;aEG;yG J?oD;oef@aqG;aEG;yG J?oD;oef@aqG;aEG;yG J?oD;oef@aqG;aEG;yG J?oD;oef@aqG;aEG;yG J?

syndicate(oD;oef@ aps;uGufwckudk xdef;csKyfxm;

vdkonfh &nf&G,fcsufjzifh ukr`%Dtrsm;

pkaygif;zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh) ukr`%Dtkyfpk?ukr`%Dtkyfpk?ukr`%Dtkyfpk?ukr`%Dtkyfpk?ukr`%Dtkyfpk?

qif'Dudwf?qif'Dudwf?qif'Dudwf?qif'Dudwf?qif'Dudwf?

synthesisyl;aygif;zefwD;jcif;?yl;aygif;zefwD;jcif;?yl;aygif;zefwD;jcif;?yl;aygif;zefwD;jcif;?yl;aygif;zefwD;jcif;?

qufpyfaygif;pnf;jcif;? orl[?qufpyfaygif;pnf;jcif;? orl[?qufpyfaygif;pnf;jcif;? orl[?qufpyfaygif;pnf;jcif;? orl[?qufpyfaygif;pnf;jcif;? orl[?

taboo("avhxHk;pHESifh rnD!Gwf[k qdkum)

wm;jrpfcHxm;&aomt&m?wm;jrpfcHxm;&aomt&m?wm;jrpfcHxm;&aomt&m?wm;jrpfcHxm;&aomt&m?wm;jrpfcHxm;&aomt&m?

tacticsenf;AsL[m?enf;AsL[m?enf;AsL[m?enf;AsL[m?enf;AsL[m?

tariff(jynfwGif;xGufukefwdk@ ta&mif;xdkif;rnfudk

umuG,faomtm;jzifh jynfyrS wifoGif;

aom ukefypPnf;rsm;tay: csrSwfonfh)

xyfaqmif;cGef/ tcGeftwkyf?xyfaqmif;cGef/ tcGeftwkyf?xyfaqmif;cGef/ tcGeftwkyf?xyfaqmif;cGef/ tcGeftwkyf?xyfaqmif;cGef/ tcGeftwkyf?

taxation(sales tax ta&mif;cGef/ income tax0ifaiGcGef ponfwdk@ tñuH;0ifonfh)

tcGefaumuf,ljcif;?tcGefaumuf,ljcif;?tcGefaumuf,ljcif;?tcGefaumuf,ljcif;?tcGefaumuf,ljcif;?

territorial watersa&yd kifeuf?a&yd kifeuf?a&yd kifeuf?a&yd kifeuf?a&yd kifeuf?

terrorismt=urf;zuf0g'?t=urf;zuf0g'?t=urf;zuf0g'?t=urf;zuf0g'?t=urf;zuf0g'?

terroristt=urf;zuform;?t=urf;zuform;?t=urf;zuform;?t=urf;zuform;?t=urf;zuform;?

theocracybmoma&;acgif;aqmifwdk@ubmoma&;acgif;aqmifwdk@ubmoma&;acgif;aqmifwdk@ubmoma&;acgif;aqmifwdk@ubmoma&;acgif;aqmifwdk@u

tkyfcsKyfaom Ed kifiH tkyfcsKyfaom Ed kifiH tkyfcsKyfaom Ed kifiH tkyfcsKyfaom Ed kifiH tkyfcsKyfaom Ed kifiH (Oyrm - tD&efEdkifiH)?????

third partywwd,tiftm;pk? wwd,yk*~ d Kvf?wwd,tiftm;pk? wwd,yk*~ d Kvf?wwd,tiftm;pk? wwd,yk*~ d Kvf?wwd,tiftm;pk? wwd,yk*~ d Kvf?wwd,tiftm;pk? wwd,yk*~ d Kvf?

Third World(qif;&Jaom EdkifiHrsm; yg0ifonfh)

wwd,urBm?wwd,urBm?wwd,urBm?wwd,urBm?wwd,urBm?

V


torturen‡if;yef;ES dyfpufjcif;?n‡if;yef;ES dyfpufjcif;?n‡if;yef;ES dyfpufjcif;?n‡if;yef;ES dyfpufjcif;?n‡if;yef;ES dyfpufjcif;?

n‡if;yef;ES dyfpufonf?n‡if;yef;ES dyfpufonf?n‡if;yef;ES dyfpufonf?n‡if;yef;ES dyfpufonf?n‡if;yef;ES dyfpufonf?

total warrD;ukef,rf;ukef ppfyG J? tvHk;pH kppfyG J?rD;ukef,rf;ukef ppfyG J? tvHk;pH kppfyG J?rD;ukef,rf;ukef ppfyG J? tvHk;pH kppfyG J?rD;ukef,rf;ukef ppfyG J? tvHk;pH kppfyG J?rD;ukef,rf;ukef ppfyG J? tvHk;pH kppfyG J?

O\HkppfyG J?O\HkppfyG J?O\HkppfyG J?O\HkppfyG J?O\HkppfyG J?

totalitarianismtm%m&Sifpepf? tm%mukefpepf?tm%m&Sifpepf? tm%mukefpepf?tm%m&Sifpepf? tm%mukefpepf?tm%m&Sifpepf? tm%mukefpepf?tm%m&Sifpepf? tm%mukefpepf?

wygwDpepf?wygwDpepf?wygwDpepf?wygwDpepf?wygwDpepf?

toxic wastestqdyfoif hpGef@ypfypPnf;?tqdyfoif hpGef@ypfypPnf;?tqdyfoif hpGef@ypfypPnf;?tqdyfoif hpGef@ypfypPnf;?tqdyfoif hpGef@ypfypPnf;?

trade uniontvkyform;or*~?tvkyform;or*~?tvkyform;or*~?tvkyform;or*~?tvkyform;or*~?

treason (high-reason)Ed kifiHawmfopPmazmufr_?Ed kifiHawmfopPmazmufr_?Ed kifiHawmfopPmazmufr_?Ed kifiHawmfopPmazmufr_?Ed kifiHawmfopPmazmufr_?

treaty(w&m;0ifcsKyfqdkxm;+yD; csKyfqdkolwdk@u

pmcsKyfygtwdkif; vdkufem&ef wm0ef&Sdonfh

pD;yGm;a&;/ ppfa&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&; ponfhwdk@ESifh

ywfoufonfh) Ed kifiHwum pmcsKyf?Ed kifiHwum pmcsKyf?Ed kifiHwum pmcsKyf?Ed kifiHwum pmcsKyf?Ed kifiHwum pmcsKyf?

trendvm;&m? wdrf;!¸wf&m?vm;&m? wdrf;!¸wf&m?vm;&m? wdrf;!¸wf&m?vm;&m? wdrf;!¸wf&m?vm;&m? wdrf;!¸wf&m?

tribunalcH k±H k ;?cH k± H k ;?cH k± H k ;?cH k± H k ;?cH k± H k ;?

truce,m,D typftcwf&yfpJjcif;?,m,D typftcwf&yfpJjcif;?,m,D typftcwf&yfpJjcif;?,m,D typftcwf&yfpJjcif;?,m,D typftcwf&yfpJjcif;?

Truman Doctrinex±l;rif; rl0g'x±l;rif; rl0g'x±l;rif; rl0g'x±l;rif; rl0g'x±l;rif; rl0g' (tar&dueforRw [,f&D

x±l;rif;u 1947 ckESpfwGif jyÏmef;cJhaom

‘vlenf;pk vufeufudkifrsm;.&efESifh jyify&ef

udk a=umuf&GHŒae&olwdk@tm; tultnDay;&

rnf’ qdkonfh rl0g')?

trusteeship(wcsdefcsdefwGif tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEdkifiH

jzpfvmrnfh e,fajrwcktm; ukvor*~.

!¸ef=um;csufjzifh tjcm;EdkifiHwcku a*gyu

toGifjzifh wm0ef,lapmifha&Smuf&aom)

e,fajrxdef; a*gyuvkyfief;?e,fajrxdef; a*gyuvkyfief;?e,fajrxdef; a*gyuvkyfief;?e,fajrxdef; a*gyuvkyfief;?e,fajrxdef; a*gyuvkyfief;?

tyranny(tkyfcsKyfa&;/ Oya'ðya&;ESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;

tm%m oHk;&yfpvHk;udk csKyfudkifI wdkif;jynf

W

X

udk zdESdyf tkyfcsKyfaom) tm%m&Siftpd k;&?tm%m&Siftpd k;&?tm%m&Siftpd k;&?tm%m&Siftpd k;&?tm%m&Siftpd k;&?

qdk;oGrf;aom tpdk;&? zdES dyftkyfcsKyf jcif;?qd k;oGrf;aom tpdk;&? zdES dyftkyfcsKyf jcif;?qd k;oGrf;aom tpdk;&? zdES dyftkyfcsKyf jcif;?qd k;oGrf;aom tpdk;&? zdES dyftkyfcsKyf jcif;?qd k;oGrf;aom tpdk;&? zdES dyftkyfcsKyf jcif;?

tyrant

Y

rif;qd k;rif;npf?rif;qd k;rif;npf?rif;qd k;rif;npf?rif;qd k;rif;npf?rif;qd k;rif;npf?

undergroundajratmuf? v#dKŒ0Suf ajratmuf? v#dKŒ0Suf ajratmuf? v#dKŒ0Suf ajratmuf? v#dKŒ0Suf ajratmuf? v#dKŒ0Suf (vkyfief;)?????

unemployment ratetvkyfvufrJ hE_ef;?tvkyfvufrJ hE_ef;?tvkyfvufrJ hE_ef;?tvkyfvufrJ hE_ef;?tvkyfvufrJ hE_ef;?


txufv$wfawmf?txufv$wfawmf?txufv$wfawmf?txufv$wfawmf?txufv$wfawmf?

usurpationrw&m;ojzif h tm%m&,ljcif;?rw&m;ojzif h tm%m&,ljcif;?rw&m;ojzif h tm%m&,ljcif;?rw&m;ojzif h tm%m&,ljcif;?rw&m;ojzif h tm%m&,ljcif;?

usuryrwefwqtwdk;jzif h aiGacs;jcif;?rwefwqtwdk;jzif h aiGacs;jcif;?rwefwqtwdk;jzif h aiGacs;jcif;?rwefwqtwdk;jzif h aiGacs;jcif;?rwefwqtwdk;jzif h aiGacs;jcif;?

utility(vloHk;ukef ypPnf;rsm;udk) oH k;pG J jcif;oH k;pG J jcif;oH k;pG J jcif;oH k;pG J jcif;oH k;pG J jcif;

(pD;yGm;a&; qdkif&m toHk;tE_ef;)?????

utopiapdwful;urBmpdwful;urBmpdwful;urBmpdwful;urBmpdwful;urBm (vlr_ESifh EdkifiHa&;pepfwdk@

vHk;0O\Hk jynfhpHk&rnf qdkaom t,ltq?

pma&;q&m qmaomrwfpfrdk;&f SirThomas More u 1516 ckESpfwGif

xkwfa0cJhaom pmtkyftrnfudk tpGJðy+yD;

ay:aygufvmaom toHk;tE_ef;?)?????

vanguarda&SŒajy;wyf?a&SŒajy;wyf?a&SŒajy;wyf?a&SŒajy;wyf?a&SŒajy;wyf? (EdkifiHa&;Y) t=uHOD;ol?t=uHOD;ol?t=uHOD;ol?t=uHOD;ol?t=uHOD;ol?

Vatican Councils(±dkrifuufovpf c&pf,mef*dk%f;csKyf ±Hk;pdkuf

&m AmwDuefòr@wGif&Sd+yD;/ ‚omoemqdkif&m

udpP&yfrsm;udk ðypka=unmavh&Sdonfh)

AmwDuefaumifpD?AmwDuefaumifpD?AmwDuefaumifpD?AmwDuefaumifpD?AmwDuefaumifpD?

vendetta(ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm =umjrifhae+yDjzpfonfh)

a&&Snftrkef;w&m;? tòi;taw;?a&&Snftrkef;w&m;? tòi;taw;?a&&Snftrkef;w&m;? tòi;taw;?a&&Snftrkef;w&m;? tòi;taw;?a&&Snftrkef;w&m;? tòi;taw;?

vetowcsufv$wftm%m? ADwd ktm%m?wcsufv$wftm%m? ADwd ktm%m?wcsufv$wftm%m? ADwd ktm%m?wcsufv$wftm%m? ADwd ktm%m?wcsufv$wftm%m? ADwd ktm%m?

unilateralwzufowf? wzufwnf;rS?wzufowf? wzufwnf;rS?wzufowf? wzufwnf;rS?wzufowf? wzufwnf;rS?wzufowf? wzufwnf;rS?

united frontnD!Gwfaom wyfOD;?nD!Gwfaom wyfOD;?nD!Gwfaom wyfOD;?nD!Gwfaom wyfOD;?nD!Gwfaom wyfOD;?

United Nations (UN)ukvor*~?ukvor*~?ukvor*~?ukvor*~?ukvor*~?

universalismwavmuvHk;ESif h tusK H;0ifaomrl?wavmuvHk;ESif h tusK H;0ifaomrl?wavmuvHk;ESif h tusK H;0ifaomrl?wavmuvHk;ESif h tusK H;0ifaomrl?wavmuvHk;ESif h tusK H;0ifaomrl?

vlom;wdkif; bk&m;ocif. u,fwifjcif;vlom;wdkif; bk&m;ocif. u,fwifjcif;vlom;wdkif; bk&m;ocif. u,fwifjcif;vlom;wdkif; bk&m;ocif. u,fwifjcif;vlom;wdkif; bk&m;ocif. u,fwifjcif;

cH&rnf qdkaom c&pf,mef ,Hk =unfr_?cH&rnf qdkaom c&pf,mef ,Hk =unfr_?cH&rnf qdkaom c&pf,mef ,Hk =unfr_?cH&rnf qdkaom c&pf,mef ,Hk =unfr_?cH&rnf qdkaom c&pf,mef ,Hk =unfr_?

upper house

Z


vicious circleqdk;usdK;oHo&m? tqdk;oHo&m?qdk;usdK;oHo&m? tqdk;oHo&m?qdk;usdK;oHo&m? tqdk;oHo&m?qdk;usdK;oHo&m? tqdk;oHo&m?qdk;usdK;oHo&m? tqdk;oHo&m?

vigilante(yHkrSef vHkðcHa&;tpDtrHwdk@ ysufpD;oGm;ojzifh

e,fajrcHwdk@u rdrdwdk@zmom zGJ@pnf;&onfh)

udk,fxludk,fx uif;tzG J@?ud k,fxludk,fx uif;tzG J@?ud k,fxludk,fx uif;tzG J@?ud k,fxludk,fx uif;tzG J@?ud k,fxludk,fx uif;tzG J@?

ud k,fxludk,fx vHk ðcHa&;tzG J@?ud k,fxludk,fx vHk ðcHa&;tzG J@?ud k,fxludk,fx vHk ðcHa&;tzG J@?ud k,fxludk,fx vHk ðcHa&;tzG J@?ud k,fxludk,fx vHk ðcHa&;tzG J@?

visajynf0ifcGif h? ADZm?jynf0ifcGif h? ADZm?jynf0ifcGif h? ADZm?jynf0ifcGif h? ADZm?jynf0ifcGif h? ADZm?

vox populivlxktoHvlxktoHvlxktoHvlxktoHvlxktoH (vufwifpum;)?

war crimeppf&mZ0wfr_?ppf&mZ0wfr_?ppf&mZ0wfr_?ppf&mZ0wfr_?ppf&mZ0wfr_?

warhead('Hk;usnf/ awmfyD'dk ponfh ppfvufeufrsm;.)

vufeufxdyfzl;?vufeufxdyfzl;?vufeufxdyfzl;?vufeufxdyfzl;?vufeufxdyfzl;?

Warsaw Pact0gaqmppftkyfpk? 0gaqmpmcsKyftzG J@0gaqmppftkyfpk? 0gaqmpmcsKyftzG J@0gaqmppftkyfpk? 0gaqmpmcsKyftzG J@0gaqmppftkyfpk? 0gaqmpmcsKyftzG J@0gaqmppftkyfpk? 0gaqmpmcsKyftzG J@

(ydkvef EdkifiH 0gaqmòr@wGif

ppfa&;r[mrdwfpmcsKyf csKyfqdk zGJ@pnf;cJhonfh

,cif ta&SŒ Oa&my

uGefjrLepfEdkifiHrsm;tzGJ@)?

weapon of mass destruction (WMD)zsuftm;jyif;xefaom vufeuf?zsuftm;jyif;xefaom vufeuf?zsuftm;jyif;xefaom vufeuf?zsuftm;jyif;xefaom vufeuf?zsuftm;jyif;xefaom vufeuf?

vltrsm;udk aoapEd kifaom vufeuf?vltrsm;udk aoapEd kifaom vufeuf?vltrsm;udk aoapEd kifaom vufeuf?vltrsm;udk aoapEd kifaom vufeuf?vltrsm;udk aoapEd kifaom vufeuf?

welfare(vlxk) aumif;pm;a&;? aumif;pm;a&;? aumif;pm;a&;? aumif;pm;a&;? aumif;pm;a&;? (vlr_) zlvH ka&;? zlvH ka&;? zlvH ka&;? zlvH ka&;? zlvH ka&;?

welfare state

(tpdk;&u vlr_zlvHka&;vkyfief;rsm;udk

yHhydk;ay;onfh) vlr_zlvH ka&; Ed kifiH?vlr_zlvH ka&; Ed kifiH?vlr_zlvH ka&; Ed kifiH?vlr_zlvH ka&; Ed kifiH?vlr_zlvH ka&; Ed kifiH?

jynfawmfomEd kifiH?jynfawmfomEd kifiH?jynfawmfomEd kifiH?jynfawmfomEd kifiH?jynfawmfomEd kifiH?

westernization(taemufEdkifiHwdk@. EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/

,Ofaus;r_ pepfrsm;udk twk,l toGif

ajymif;onfh) taemuftoGifajymif;jcif;?taemuftoGifajymif;jcif;?taemuftoGifajymif;jcif;?taemuftoGifajymif;jcif;?taemuftoGifajymif;jcif;?

white elephant(tpmrsm;rsm; au|;&+yD; tvkyfenf;enf;om

cdkif;&aom qifjzLawmfudk arG;xm;&ouJhodk@)

wGufajcrudkufjcif;?wGufajcrudkufjcif;?wGufajcrudkufjcif;?wGufajcrudkufjcif;?wGufajcrudkufjcif;?

white papertpkd;&tpD&ifcHpm?tpk d;&tpD&ifcHpm?tpk d;&tpD&ifcHpm?tpk d;&tpD&ifcHpm?tpk d;&tpD&ifcHpm?

women’s movementtrsdK;orD;tcGif hta&;v_yf&Sm;r_?trsd K;orD;tcGif hta&;v_yf&Sm;r_?trsd K;orD;tcGif hta&;v_yf&Sm;r_?trsd K;orD;tcGif hta&;v_yf&Sm;r_?trsd K;orD;tcGif hta&;v_yf&Sm;r_?

working classtvkyform; vlwef;pm;?tvkyform; vlwef;pm;?tvkyform; vlwef;pm;?tvkyform; vlwef;pm;?tvkyform; vlwef;pm;?

workshopvkyfief;aqG;aEG;yG J?vkyfief;aqG;aEG;yG J?vkyfief;aqG;aEG;yG J?vkyfief;aqG;aEG;yG J?vkyfief;aqG;aEG;yG J?

World BankurBm@b%f?urBm@b%f?urBm@b%f?urBm@b%f?urBm@b%f?

writpmc|efv$m?pmc|efv$m?pmc|efv$m?pmc|efv$m?pmc|efv$m?

xenophobia(tusdK;ta=umif; cdkifvHkr_ r&SdbJ)

vlrs d K; jcm;/ Ed kifiH jcm;om;rsm;udkvlrs d K; jcm;/ Ed kifiH jcm;om;rsm;udkvlrs d K; jcm;/ Ed kifiH jcm;om;rsm;udkvlrs d K; jcm;/ Ed kifiH jcm;om;rsm;udkvlrs d K; jcm;/ Ed kifiH jcm;om;rsm;udk

rESpfoufjcif;?rESpfoufjcif;?rESpfoufjcif;?rESpfoufjcif;?rESpfoufjcif;?

yardstick


(E_dif;,SOfjcif;ðyonfh) pH? pHcs defpH!¸ef;?pH? pHcs defpH!¸ef;?pH? pHcs defpH!¸ef;?pH? pHcs defpH!¸ef;?pH? pHcs defpH!¸ef;?

ud kufwH?ud kufwH?ud kufwH?ud kufwH?ud kufwH?

year bookESpfcsKyf rSwfwrf;pmtkyf?ESpfcsKyf rSwfwrf;pmtkyf?ESpfcsKyf rSwfwrf;pmtkyf?ESpfcsKyf rSwfwrf;pmtkyf?ESpfcsKyf rSwfwrf;pmtkyf?

zealot(txl;ojzifh EdkifiHa&;/ bmoma&;wdk@wGif

vGefuJpGm pdwftm;xufoefaom)

w,loef/ tpGef;a&muf?w,loef/ tpGef;a&muf?w,loef/ tpGef;a&muf?w,loef/ tpGef;a&muf?w,loef/ tpGef;a&muf?

zero-sum game(wa,mufu omwdkif; wa,mufu

em&onfh) tusK d;tjrwfvHk;0r&S daom tusKd;tjrwfvHk;0r&S daom tusKd;tjrwfvHk;0r&S daom tusKd;tjrwfvHk;0r&S daom tusKd;tjrwfvHk;0r&S daom

upm;enf;?upm;enf;?upm;enf;?upm;enf;?upm;enf;?

Zionism([efa*&D *sL;vlrsdK; oDtdk'dk[mZ,fvf

Theodor Herzl wDxGifcJhonfh ‘urBmtESH@&Sd

*sL;vlrsdK;wdkif;onf a&S;a[mif;*sL;vlrsdK;wdk@.

tquftEG,f jzpfonf’ qdkaom)

ZD,Gef0g'?ZD,Gef0g'?ZD,Gef0g'?ZD,Gef0g'?ZD,Gef0g'?

EdkifiHwum tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;EdkifiHwum tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;EdkifiHwum tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;EdkifiHwum tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;EdkifiHwum tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;InternationalInternationalInternationalInternationalInternational

OrganizationsOrganizationsOrganizationsOrganizationsOrganizations

AFTA - ASEAN Free Trade AreatmqD,HtmqD,HtmqD,HtmqD,HtmqD,H

vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fa&;e,fajr?vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fa&;e,fajr?vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fa&;e,fajr?vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fa&;e,fajr?vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fa&;e,fajr?

APEC - Asia-Pacific EconomicCooperationtm&S-ypdzdwf pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;tm&S-ypdzdwf pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;tm&S-ypdzdwf pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;tm&S-ypdzdwf pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;tm&S-ypdzdwf pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;

aqmif&Gufr_ (tzG J@)?aqmif&Gufr_ (tzG J@)?aqmif&Gufr_ (tzG J@)?aqmif&Gufr_ (tzG J@)?aqmif&Gufr_ (tzG J@)?

ARIAT - Asian Regional Initiativeagainst Trafficking in Women andChildrentm&Sa'oqdkif&m trsdK;orD;ESif h uav;tm&Sa'oqdkif&m trsdK;orD;ESif h uav;tm&Sa'oqdkif&m trsdK;orD;ESif h uav;tm&Sa'oqdkif&m trsdK;orD;ESif h uav;tm&Sa'oqdkif&m trsdK;orD;ESif h uav;

oli,f vlukefoG,fr_wd kufzsufa&;?oli,f vlukefoG,fr_wd kufzsufa&;?oli,f vlukefoG,fr_wd kufzsufa&;?oli,f vlukefoG,fr_wd kufzsufa&;?oli,f vlukefoG,fr_wd kufzsufa&;?

ASEAN - Association of South-East Asian Nationsta&SŒawmiftm&S Ed kifiHrsm;toif;?ta&SŒawmiftm&S Ed kifiHrsm;toif;?ta&SŒawmiftm&S Ed kifiHrsm;toif;?ta&SŒawmiftm&S Ed kifiHrsm;toif;?ta&SŒawmiftm&S Ed kifiHrsm;toif;?

CAT - Committee Against Torture(U.N)n‡if;yef;ES dyfpufr_ wdkufzsufa&;n‡if;yef;ES dyfpufr_ wdkufzsufa&;n‡if;yef;ES dyfpufr_ wdkufzsufa&;n‡if;yef;ES dyfpufr_ wdkufzsufa&;n‡if;yef;ES dyfpufr_ wdkufzsufa&;

aumfrDwD?aumfrDwD?aumfrDwD?aumfrDwD?aumfrDwD?

CEDAW - Committee on theElimination of DiscriminationAgainst Women (U.N.)trsdK;orD; cG J jcm;qufqHr_ yaysmufa&;trsdK;orD; cG J jcm;qufqHr_ yaysmufa&;trsdK;orD; cG J jcm;qufqHr_ yaysmufa&;trsdK;orD; cG J jcm;qufqHr_ yaysmufa&;trsdK;orD; cG J jcm;qufqHr_ yaysmufa&;

aumfrDwD?aumfrDwD?aumfrDwD?aumfrDwD?aumfrDwD?

CERD - Committee on theElimination of Racial Discrimination(U.N.)vlr d s K ;c G J jcm;qufqHr _ yaysmufa&;vlr d s K ;c G J jcm;qufqHr _ yaysmufa&;vlr d s K ;c G J jcm;qufqHr _ yaysmufa&;vlr d s K ;c G J jcm;qufqHr _ yaysmufa&;vlr d s K ;c G J jcm;qufqHr _ yaysmufa&;

aum fr Dw D ?aum fr Dw D ?aum fr Dw D ?aum fr Dw D ?aum fr Dw D ?

CESCR - Committee onEconomic, Social and Cultural Rights(U.N.)pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESif h ,Ofaus;r_ tcGif hpD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESif h ,Ofaus;r_ tcGif hpD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESif h ,Ofaus;r_ tcGif hpD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESif h ,Ofaus;r_ tcGif hpD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESif h ,Ofaus;r_ tcGif h

ta&;rsm; aumfrDwD?ta&;rsm; aumfrDwD?ta&;rsm; aumfrDwD?ta&;rsm; aumfrDwD?ta&;rsm; aumfrDwD?

CHR - Commission on HumanRights (U.N.)vl@tcGif hta&; aumfrD&Sif?vl@tcGif hta&; aumfrD&Sif?vl@tcGif hta&; aumfrD&Sif?vl@tcGif hta&; aumfrD&Sif?vl@tcGif hta&; aumfrD&Sif?

CIS - Commonwealth of IndependentStates


vGwfvyfaom Ed kifiHrsm;vGwfvyfaom Ed kifiHrsm;vGwfvyfaom Ed kifiHrsm;vGwfvyfaom Ed kifiHrsm;vGwfvyfaom Ed kifiHrsm;

"eo[m,tzGJ@?"eo[m,tzGJ@?"eo[m,tzGJ@?"eo[m,tzGJ@?"eo[m,tzGJ@?

CoE - Council of EuropeOa&myaumifpD?Oa&myaumifpD?Oa&myaumifpD?Oa&myaumifpD?Oa&myaumifpD?

CRC - Committee on the Rights ofthe Child (U.N.)uav;oli,f tcGif hta&; aumfrDwD?uav;oli,f tcGif hta&; aumfrDwD?uav;oli,f tcGif hta&; aumfrDwD?uav;oli,f tcGif hta&; aumfrDwD?uav;oli,f tcGif hta&; aumfrDwD?

CSW - Commission on the Status ofWomen (U.N.)trsdK;orD; tqifhtwef; aumfrD&Sif?trsd K;orD; tqifhtwef; aumfrD&Sif?trsd K;orD; tqifhtwef; aumfrD&Sif?trsd K;orD; tqifhtwef; aumfrD&Sif?trsd K;orD; tqifhtwef; aumfrD&Sif?

DAW - Division for theAdvancement of Women (U.N.)trsdK;orD;rsm; wdk;wufa&; XmecG J?trsd K;orD;rsm; wdk;wufa&; XmecG J?trsd K;orD;rsm; wdk;wufa&; XmecG J?trsd K;orD;rsm; wdk;wufa&; XmecG J?trsd K;orD;rsm; wdk;wufa&; XmecG J?

ECOSOC - Economic and SocialCouncil (U.N.)pD;yGm;a&;ESif h vlr_a&; aumifpD?pD;yGm;a&;ESif h vlr_a&; aumifpD?pD;yGm;a&;ESif h vlr_a&; aumifpD?pD;yGm;a&;ESif h vlr_a&; aumifpD?pD;yGm;a&;ESif h vlr_a&; aumifpD?

ECOWAS - Economic Community ofWest African Statestaemuftmz&duEd kifiHrsm;taemuftmz&duEd kifiHrsm;taemuftmz&duEd kifiHrsm;taemuftmz&duEd kifiHrsm;taemuftmz&duEd kifiHrsm;

pD;yGm;a&;tzG J@?pD;yGm;a&;tzG J@?pD;yGm;a&;tzG J@?pD;yGm;a&;tzG J@?pD;yGm;a&;tzG J@?

EP - European ParliamentOa&myygvDref?Oa&myygvDref?Oa&myygvDref?Oa&myygvDref?Oa&myygvDref?

ESCAP - Economic and SocialCommission for Asia and the Pacifictm&SESif h ypdzdwfa'o pD;yGm;a&;ESif htm&SESif h ypdzdwfa'o pD;yGm;a&;ESif htm&SESif h ypdzdwfa'o pD;yGm;a&;ESif htm&SESif h ypdzdwfa'o pD;yGm;a&;ESif htm&SESif h ypdzdwfa'o pD;yGm;a&;ESif h

vlr_a&; aumfrD&Sif?vlr_a&; aumfrD&Sif?vlr_a&; aumfrD&Sif?vlr_a&; aumfrD&Sif?vlr_a&; aumfrD&Sif?

EU - European UnionOa&myor*~?Oa&myor*~?Oa&myor*~?Oa&myor*~?Oa&myor*~?

FAO - Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations

ukvor*~ pm;eyf&duQmESif hukvor*~ pm;eyf&duQmESif hukvor*~ pm;eyf&duQmESif hukvor*~ pm;eyf&duQmESif hukvor*~ pm;eyf&duQmESif h

pd kufys d K;a&;tzG J@?pd kufys d K;a&;tzG J@?pd kufys d K;a&;tzG J@?pd kufys d K;a&;tzG J@?pd kufys d K;a&;tzG J@?

FATF - Financial Action Task Forceon money lauderingaiGrJwd kufzsufa&;qdkif&m b¾ma&;aiGrJwd kufzsufa&;qdkif&m b¾ma&;aiGrJwd kufzsufa&;qdkif&m b¾ma&;aiGrJwd kufzsufa&;qdkif&m b¾ma&;aiGrJwd kufzsufa&;qdkif&m b¾ma&;

vkyfief;tzG J@?vkyfief;tzG J@?vkyfief;tzG J@?vkyfief;tzG J@?vkyfief;tzG J@?

GA - General Assembly (U.N.)taxGaxGnDvmcH?taxGaxGnDvmcH?taxGaxGnDvmcH?taxGaxGnDvmcH?taxGaxGnDvmcH?

GATT - General Agreement on Tariffand TradetcGefESif h ukefoG,fa&;qdkif&m taxGaxGtcGefESif h ukefoG,fa&;qdkif&m taxGaxGtcGefESif h ukefoG,fa&;qdkif&m taxGaxGtcGefESif h ukefoG,fa&;qdkif&m taxGaxGtcGefESif h ukefoG,fa&;qdkif&m taxGaxG

oabmwlnDcsuf?oabmwlnDcsuf?oabmwlnDcsuf?oabmwlnDcsuf?oabmwlnDcsuf?

HRC - Human Rights Committee(Committee on Civil and PoliticalRights) (U.N.)vl@tcGif hta&; aumfrDwD (Ed kifiHom;ESif hvl@tcGif hta&; aumfrDwD (Ed kifiHom;ESif hvl@tcGif hta&; aumfrDwD (Ed kifiHom;ESif hvl@tcGif hta&; aumfrDwD (Ed kifiHom;ESif hvl@tcGif hta&; aumfrDwD (Ed kifiHom;ESif h

Ed ki fiHa&;tcGif hta&;rsm; aumfrDwD)?Ed kifiHa&;tcGif hta&;rsm; aumfrDwD)?Ed kifiHa&;tcGif hta&;rsm; aumfrDwD)?Ed kifiHa&;tcGif hta&;rsm; aumfrDwD)?Ed kifiHa&;tcGif hta&;rsm; aumfrDwD)?

IAEA - International Atomic EnergyAgency (U.N.)Ed kifiHwum tEkjrLpGrf;tif at*sifpD?Ed kifiHwum tEkjrLpGrf;tif at*sifpD?Ed kifiHwum tEkjrLpGrf;tif at*sifpD?Ed kifiHwum tEkjrLpGrf;tif at*sifpD?Ed kifiHwum tEkjrLpGrf;tif at*sifpD?

ICC - International Criminal Court(U.N.)Ed kifiHwum &mZ0wfcH k±H k;?Ed kifiHwum &mZ0wfcH k±H k;?Ed kifiHwum &mZ0wfcH k±H k;?Ed kifiHwum &mZ0wfcH k±H k;?Ed kifiHwum &mZ0wfcH k±H k;?

ICJ - International Court of Justice(U.N.)Ed kifiHwum w&m;±H k;?Ed kifiHwum w&m;±H k;?Ed kifiHwum w&m;±H k;?Ed kifiHwum w&m;±H k;?Ed kifiHwum w&m;±H k;?

ICRC - International Committee ofthe Red CrossEd kifiHwum =uufajceD aumfrDwD?Ed kifiHwum =uufajceD aumfrDwD?Ed kifiHwum =uufajceD aumfrDwD?Ed kifiHwum =uufajceD aumfrDwD?Ed kifiHwum =uufajceD aumfrDwD?


ICTR - International CriminalTribunal for Rwanda (U.N.)&0ef'gEd kifiHqd kif&m Ed kifiHwum &mZ0wfr_&0ef'gEd kifiHqd kif&m Ed kifiHwum &mZ0wfr_&0ef'gEd kifiHqd kif&m Ed kifiHwum &mZ0wfr_&0ef'gEd kifiHqd kif&m Ed kifiHwum &mZ0wfr_&0ef'gEd kifiHqd kif&m Ed kifiHwum &mZ0wfr_

=um;emppfaq;a&; cH k±H k;?=um;emppfaq;a&; cH k±H k;?=um;emppfaq;a&; cH k±H k;?=um;emppfaq;a&; cH k±H k;?=um;emppfaq;a&; cH k±H k;?

ICTY - International CriminalTribunal for the Former Yugoslavia(U.N.),cif ,l*d kqvm;AD;,m;Ed kifiHqd kif&m,cif ,l*d kqvm;AD;,m;Ed kifiHqd kif&m,cif ,l*d kqvm;AD;,m;Ed kifiHqd kif&m,cif ,l*d kqvm;AD;,m;Ed kifiHqd kif&m,cif ,l*d kqvm;AD;,m;Ed kifiHqd kif&m

Ed kifiH wum &mZ0wfr_Ed kifiH wum &mZ0wfr_Ed kifiH wum &mZ0wfr_Ed kifiH wum &mZ0wfr_Ed kifiH wum &mZ0wfr_

=um;emppfaq;a&; cH k±H k;?=um;emppfaq;a&; cH k±H k;?=um;emppfaq;a&; cH k±H k;?=um;emppfaq;a&; cH k±H k;?=um;emppfaq;a&; cH k±H k;?

IE - Independent Expert (U.N.)vGwfvyfaom ynm&Sif? oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom ynm&Sif? oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom ynm&Sif? oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom ynm&Sif? oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom ynm&Sif? oD;jcm;

ynm&Sif?ynm&Sif?ynm&Sif?ynm&Sif?ynm&Sif?

ILO - International LabourOrganization (U.N.)Ed kifiHwum tvkyform; tzG J@?Ed kifiHwum tvkyform; tzG J@?Ed kifiHwum tvkyform; tzG J@?Ed kifiHwum tvkyform; tzG J@?Ed kifiHwum tvkyform; tzG J@?

IMF - International Monetary FundEd kifiHwum aiGa=u;&HyH kaiG (tzG J@)?Ed kifiHwum aiGa=u;&HyH kaiG (tzG J@)?Ed kifiHwum aiGa=u;&HyH kaiG (tzG J@)?Ed kifiHwum aiGa=u;&HyH kaiG (tzG J@)?Ed kifiHwum aiGa=u;&HyH kaiG (tzG J@)?

IOM - International Organization forMigrationvlom;rsm; e,fajra&$Œajymif;jcif;vlom;rsm; e,fajra&$Œajymif;jcif;vlom;rsm; e,fajra&$Œajymif;jcif;vlom;rsm; e,fajra&$Œajymif;jcif;vlom;rsm; e,fajra&$Œajymif;jcif;

qd kif&m Ed kifiHwumtzGJ@?qd kif&m Ed kifiHwumtzGJ@?qd kif&m Ed kifiHwumtzGJ@?qd kif&m Ed kifiHwumtzGJ@?qd kif&m Ed kifiHwumtzGJ@?

IPU - Interparliamentary UnionygvDreftzG J@rsm; or*~?ygvDreftzG J@rsm; or*~?ygvDreftzG J@rsm; or*~?ygvDreftzG J@rsm; or*~?ygvDreftzG J@rsm; or*~?

LAS - League of Arab States (TheArab League)tm&yfEd kifiHrsm;toif;? tm&yfvd*f?tm&yfEd kifiHrsm;toif;? tm&yfvd*f?tm&yfEd kifiHrsm;toif;? tm&yfvd*f?tm&yfEd kifiHrsm;toif;? tm&yfvd*f?tm&yfEd kifiHrsm;toif;? tm&yfvd*f?

LDC - Least Developed CountrieszG H@ òz;r_tenf;qHk;Ed kifiHrsm;?zG H @ òz;r_tenf;qHk;Ed kifiHrsm;?zG H @ òz;r_tenf;qHk;Ed kifiHrsm;?zG H @ òz;r_tenf;qHk;Ed kifiHrsm;?zG H @ òz;r_tenf;qHk;Ed kifiHrsm;?

NAC - North Atlantic CouncilajrmuftwWvefwpf aumifpD?ajrmuftwWvefwpf aumifpD?ajrmuftwWvefwpf aumifpD?ajrmuftwWvefwpf aumifpD?ajrmuftwWvefwpf aumifpD?

NAFTA - North American Free TradeAgreementajrmuftar&duajrmuftar&duajrmuftar&duajrmuftar&duajrmuftar&du

vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fa&; pmcsKyf?vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fa&; pmcsKyf?vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fa&; pmcsKyf?vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fa&; pmcsKyf?vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fa&; pmcsKyf?

NATO - North Atlantic TreatyOrganizationajrmuftwWvefwpf pmcsKyftzG J@?ajrmuftwWvefwpf pmcsKyftzG J@?ajrmuftwWvefwpf pmcsKyftzG J@?ajrmuftwWvefwpf pmcsKyftzG J@?ajrmuftwWvefwpf pmcsKyftzG J@?

aewdk;tzG J@?aewdk;tzG J@?aewdk;tzG J@?aewdk;tzG J@?aewdk;tzG J@?

NGO - non-governmentalorganizationtpdk;&ESif h rywfoufaom tzGJ@tpnf;?tpd k;&ESif h rywfoufaom tzGJ@tpnf;?tpd k;&ESif h rywfoufaom tzGJ@tpnf;?tpd k;&ESif h rywfoufaom tzGJ@tpnf;?tpd k;&ESif h rywfoufaom tzGJ@tpnf;?

OAS - Organization of AmericanStatestar&duEd kifiHrsm;tzG J@?tar&duEd kifiHrsm;tzG J@?tar&duEd kifiHrsm;tzG J@?tar&duEd kifiHrsm;tzG J@?tar&duEd kifiHrsm;tzG J@?

OAU - Organization of African Unitytmz&du nD!Gwfa&;tzG J@?tmz&du nD!Gwfa&;tzG J@?tmz&du nD!Gwfa&;tzG J@?tmz&du nD!Gwfa&;tzG J@?tmz&du nD!Gwfa&;tzG J@?

OCHA - Office for the Coordinationof Humanitarian Affairs (U.N.)vlr_0efxrf;a&;&mvlr_0efxrf;a&;&mvlr_0efxrf;a&;&mvlr_0efxrf;a&;&mvlr_0efxrf;a&;&m

n‡dEd _i f;aqmif&Gufr_±H k;?n‡ dEd _i f;aqmif&Gufr_±H k;?n‡ dEd _i f;aqmif&Gufr_±H k;?n‡ dEd _i f;aqmif&Gufr_±H k;?n‡ dEd _i f;aqmif&Gufr_±H k;?

ODIHR - Office for DemocraticInstitutions and Human Rights(OSCE)'Drd ku&ufwpf tzG J@tpnf;rsm;ESif h' Drd ku&ufwpf tzG J@tpnf;rsm;ESif h' Drd ku&ufwpf tzG J@tpnf;rsm;ESif h' Drd ku&ufwpf tzG J@tpnf;rsm;ESif h' Drd ku&ufwpf tzG J@tpnf;rsm;ESif h

vl@tcGif hta&;qdkif&m±H k;?vl@tcGif hta&;qdkif&m±H k;?vl@tcGif hta&;qdkif&m±H k;?vl@tcGif hta&;qdkif&m±H k;?vl@tcGif hta&;qdkif&m±H k;?

OECD - Organization for EconomicCo-operation and DevelopmentpD;yGm;a&;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ESif hpD;yGm;a&;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ESif hpD;yGm;a&;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ESif hpD;yGm;a&;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ESif hpD;yGm;a&;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ESif h

zG H @ òz;a&; tzG J@?zG H @ òz;a&; tzG J@?zG H @ òz;a&; tzG J@?zG H @ òz;a&; tzG J@?zG H @ òz;a&; tzG J@?

OHCHR - Office of the HighCommissioner for Human Rights

‘owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;’ pmtkyfudk jrefrmowif;or*~ u jynfwGif; jynfy&Sd

owif;ESifh pmayynm&Sifrsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_jzifh xkwfa0jcif;jzpf+yD;/

ukefuspm;&dwfudk National Endowment for Democracy tzGJ@u uscHygonf?

uGefjyLwmjrefrmpmvHk;rsm;udk Radio Burma Group tzGJ@u aus;Zl;ðyygonf?

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