Word Order and Sentence Structure (Daw Na Taung)

8/4/2019 Word Order and Sentence Structure (Daw Na Taung)

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Wt at `t|Wt at `t|Wt at `t|Wt at `t|

Eik Sai

Jawsayae

Kyaw Ni Soe

Nan War War AungAye Thandar Aung

ContentContentContentContentWord order and sentence organizationWord order and sentence organizationWord order and sentence organizationWord order and sentence organization

Basic word orderBasic word orderBasic word orderBasic word order

Information structureInformation structureInformation structureInformation structure

FrontingFrontingFrontingFronting

InversionInversionInversionInversion

EmphasisEmphasisEmphasisEmphasis


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SubjectSubjectSubjectSubject verbverbverbverb object/ complementobject/ complementobject/ complementobject/ complement

verb subj

obj complement

E.g., He cried.

She is a student.

I like ice-cream.

verb -

So can I, In come Mrs. Packer.

Obj

Preparatory it and therePreparatory it and therePreparatory it and therePreparatory it and there

- It preparatory sub(or)obj

- Introductory word

-It There

E.g., It was easy to know what he did.

E.g., He made it confusion that he wrote.

** subj there

E.g., There is a snake in the garden.

Direct and Indirect ObjectiveDirect and Indirect ObjectiveDirect and Indirect ObjectiveDirect and Indirect Objective

Subj + Verb + Obj/ Complement

It.to + v1 + Subj + Verb

Subj + verb _ it .. to + v1 + subj + verb

Those people I cant stand.


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direct Indirect object

direct object indirect object -

Indirect obj direct obj preposition direct obj preposition

E.g., She took the teacher some book.

She took some book from the teacher.

Questions: auxiliary before subjectiveQuestions: auxiliary before subjectiveQuestions: auxiliary before subjectiveQuestions: auxiliary before subjective

helping verb (or) auxiliary verb

E.g., Have you know him?

What were you working?

Did you call me?

Indirect question subj verb

Do you know where she was going?

Negative:Negative:Negative:Negative: auxiliary + notauxiliary + notauxiliary + notauxiliary + not

auxiliary verb not

E.g; He did not take a opportunity.

not auxiliary verb auxiliary verb subj

E.g; Why didnt she do?

Why did she not do?

Adjective before nounAdjective before nounAdjective before nounAdjective before nounssss

Adj noun adj noun

Auxiliary + not

Sub+ Verb +Direct Object +Indirect object

Subject +Verb +Indirect Object+ Preposition +Direct Object

Auxiliar Verb+ Sub ect+ Main Verb


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E.g; a boring story, an expensive book

Adverbs: possible positionsAdverbs: possible positionsAdverbs: possible positionsAdverbs: possible positions

adv ( verb )

E.g; OccasiOccasiOccasiOccasioooonallynallynallynally I forget what Im doing.

I have nevernevernevernever seen before him.

He can speak English very wellwellwellwell.

adv verb obj

E.g; I like ice-cream very much. (I like very much ice-cream.)

Subordinate clauses (after, if , because , etc)Subordinate clauses (after, if , because , etc)Subordinate clauses (after, if , because , etc)Subordinate clauses (after, if , because , etc)

After ,before, when , while , if , because subordinate clauses

E.g After I left the school I spent a year in China.(or) I spent a year in China after I left school.

E.g; IfI have a chance, I can get a degree.(or) I can get a degree ifI have a chance.

Prepositions: in what / what inPrepositions: in what / what inPrepositions: in what / what inPrepositions: in what / what in

(preposition) obj

In what what..in

In what hotel did the president stay?( )

What hotel did the president stay in?()

(((( conjunctionconjunctionconjunctionconjunction ))))

What are conjunctions?

Conjunction () conjunction

E.g; The story is fun andandandand it can give a thought. ( addition )

She can type very fast butbutbutbut she often make a lot of mistakes. ( contrast )

We can go out orororor we could stay here. ( alternative )


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He can not come to the party becausebecausebecausebecause he is ill. ( cause)

The stranger came in whenwhenwhenwhen the door opened. ( time )

ConjunctionConjunctionConjunctionConjunction

1.and, or, but co-ordinating conjunction grammar independent clause

2.like, because, when, that which subordinating conjunction subordinating conjunction

E.g; I ll call you when I finish.

He told me a lie that he called me.

It is a question which nobody can answer.

conjunction

E.g; I waited an extra one hour sosososo thatthatthatthat I could see you.

Let me see the momentthe momentthe momentthe moment thatthatthatthat you have free.

grammar subordinate clauses dependent clause

Position of subordinate clausesPosition of subordinate clausesPosition of subordinate clausesPosition of subordinate clauses

adv clauses ( )

E.g; While I was having a dinner, I dropped the spoon on the floor. (emphasizes whatwhatwhatwhat it happened)

I dropped the spoon on the floor while I was having a dinner. (emphasize whenwhenwhenwhen it happened )

People like to listen music, because it can give them pleasure .

Because it can give them pleasure, people like to listen music.

PunctuationPunctuationPunctuationPunctuation

commas (, ) commas(,)

E.g; I came home and the others went dancing.


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I dicided to come home earlier than I had planned, and the others spent the evening at the localclub.

subordinate clause commas clause if clause clause comma

E.g; If you get the correct answer, let me see it.

Let me see it, if you get the correct answer.

Leaving words outLeaving words outLeaving words outLeaving words out

co-ordinate clause subordinate clause

E.g; She was depressed, and didnt know what to do. (= and she didnt know what to do)

She was depressed, because she didnt know what to do. (Not She was depressed, because didnt

know.)

However, after if, when, while, until, once, unless (al)though pronoun subj (be) verb common fixed ( if necessary)

E.g; If in doubt, wait and see. (= if you are in doubt .)

Cook slowly until ready.

When in Rome, do as the Romans do.

(after, before, since, when, while, whenever, once until ) -ing past participles verb subj

E.g; I always feel depression after talking to him.

Some things are never forgotten, once learnt.

Conjunctions in separate sentencesConjunctions in separate sentencesConjunctions in separate sentencesConjunctions in separate sentences

E.g; When are you going to get up? ~~~~ When Im ready.

Why did you do that? ~~~~ Because I felt like it.

Im going out, Mum. ~~~~ As soon as youve brushed your hair.

(clause)


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E.g; This government has got to go. Before it does any more damage.

(conjunction)

E.g; Ok, I did it. But I didnt mean to.

conjunctionconjunctionconjunctionconjunction

European clause Joined second language conjunction

Conjunction Conjunction

AlthoughAlthoughAlthoughAlthoughshe was tired, she went to work.

She was tired butbutbutbutshe went to work.(NOT although she was tired but she went to work.)

BecauseBecauseBecauseBecauseI liked him, I tried to help him.I like him, sosososoI tried to help him.

(NOT Because I like him, so I tried to help him)

AsAsAsAsyou know, I work very hard.You know thatthatthatthatI work very hard.

(NOT As you know, that I work very hard.)

Repeated conjunctionRepeated conjunctionRepeated conjunctionRepeated conjunction andandandand orororor We came back because we ran out of money, and becauseand becauseand becauseand becauseAnn got ill.She didnt writ when I was ill, or whenor whenor whenor whenI got married.

Relative pronouns (who, which and that) Claus Conjunctions

Theres the girl whowhowhowhoworks with my sister.

A relative pronoun is like the subjectsubjectsubjectsubjector objectobjectobjectobjectof the verb that comes after it. So we do not need anothersubjectsubjectsubjectsubjector objectobjectobjectobject.

Ive got a friend whowhowhowho works in a pub. (NOT who he works in a pub)The man that she married was an old friend of mine. (NOT The man that she married him)She always thanks me for the money thatthatthatthatI give her. (NOT the money that I give her it)

One conjunction for two clauses:

Relative pronouns are also conjunctionsRelative pronouns are also conjunctionsRelative pronouns are also conjunctionsRelative pronouns are also conjunctions

That, where and when


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That who which Theres the girl thatthatthatthatworks with my sister. whenwhenwhenwhenwherewherewherewhere

August 31st is a national holiday, whenwhenwhenwheneverybody dances in the streets.(NOT that everybody dances)

The house where I live is very small. (NOT The house that I live is very small.)

But thatthatthatthat inininincan mean the same as where.The house thatthatthatthatI live ininininis very small.

That can be used instead ofwherewherewherewhereand whenwhenwhenwhenin a few special cases (e.g after place, day);Ill always remember the daythe daythe daythe day(that)(that)(that)(that)I met you.

When we talk about a situation, we can usually organize the information in various ways forexample, by choosing different elements of the situation as the subject of a clause or sentences. subject ()

The stormThe stormThe stormThe stormblewMargarets roofoff.Margarets roofMargarets roofMargarets roofMargarets roofwas blown offin the storm.MargaretMargaretMargaretMargaret had her roofblown offin the storm.

Normal order: important new informationNormal order: important new informationNormal order: important new informationNormal order: important new information lastlastlastlast

Hows Joe these days? ~ Oh, fine. HesHesHesHesjust got married to a very nice girl.(More natural than A very nice girls just got married to him)

My fatherMy fatherMy fatherMy fatherwas bitten by a dog last week.(More natural than A dog bit my father last week.)

Our dogOur dogOur dogOur dogbit the postman this morning.

(More natural than The postman was bitten by our dog this morning)

I cant find my clothes. ~ Well, your trousersyour trousersyour trousersyour trousersare under my coat.(More natural than My coats on your trousers.)

New elementNew elementNew elementNew element therestherestherestheres TheresTheresTheresTheresa cat on the roof. (More natural than A cats on the roof.)

Information structure:

Different ways of organizing information

Getting the right subject: actives, passive,


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patient,agent Agent => V2,V1,has+V3 (active form)

The storm blewThe storm blewThe storm blewThe storm blewMargarets roof off.Somebodys droppedSomebodys droppedSomebodys droppedSomebodys droppedketchup all over the floor.

Patient=> passive formMargarets roof was blownMargarets roof was blownMargarets roof was blownMargarets roof was blownoff in the storm.Ketchup has been droppedKetchup has been droppedKetchup has been droppedKetchup has been droppedall over the floor.

Has +obj + V3Has +obj + V3Has +obj + V3Has +obj + V3Margaret had her roof blownMargaret had her roof blownMargaret had her roof blownMargaret had her roof blownoff in the storm.The floor has had ketchup droppedThe floor has had ketchup droppedThe floor has had ketchup droppedThe floor has had ketchup droppedall over it.

FrontingFrontingFrontingFronting

Fronting

grammer subject

-People like that I just cant stand. People like that fronting

I just cant stand people like that.

I just cant stand people like that. People likePeople likePeople likePeople like thatthatthatthat I just cant stand.

What Im going to do nextWhat Im going to do nextWhat Im going to do nextWhat Im going to do next I just dont know.How she got the gun through customsHow she got the gun through customsHow she got the gun through customsHow she got the gun through customs we never found out.

ObjectObjectObjectObject Adj complementAdj complementAdj complementAdj complement FrontingFrontingFrontingFronting (Ellipsis)(Ellipsis)(Ellipsis)(Ellipsis) FrontingFrontingFrontingFrontingObject Adj complement Fronting

fronting

Strange PeopleStrange PeopleStrange PeopleStrange People they are!Very gVery gVery gVery good lessonood lessonood lessonood lesson we had yesterday.Last for everLast for everLast for everLast for ever these shoes will.

that noun

Fool that I was! (Ellipsis) Fronting -


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Postman been?(Has postman been there?) Subject tag verb(or)complement ellipsis

Like his beer,Stephen does.Funny,your brother.Nice day,isnt it?

AdverbAdverbAdverbAdverb frontingfrontingfrontingfronting

adverb fronting

phrasal verb adverb OffOffOffOffwe go! (we go off.)DownDownDownDown you come!(you come down.)

adverb Sub verb( V2 )

Inversion

Under no circumstances cancancancan we acceptacceptacceptaccept cheques.Round the corner camecamecamecame Mrs Porter.

as though adjective ,adverb fronting YoungYoungYoungYoungas I was,I realised what was happening.FastFastFastFastthough she drove,she could not catch them.

Spoken structure and tagsSpoken structure and tagsSpoken structure and tagsSpoken structure and tags clause space out

-

Last Wednesday it wasLast Wednesday it wasLast Wednesday it wasLast Wednesday it was, I was just going to work,Its terrible, you knowyou knowyou knowyou know, the unemployment down there.

Subject object space out -One of my brothersOne of my brothersOne of my brothersOne of my brothers,his wife is a singer,he says.

Me myself pronoun subject apace out -MeMeMeMe,I dont care.

Tag space out

TheyTheyTheyThey work very hard, most of themmost of themmost of themmost of them. Subject pronoun full sentence subject

He likes his beer,John does. (Spoken)Like his beer,John does. (Writing)Like his beer,John. (Spoken)

Verb to be - Very happy,your childern. (Spoken) Your childern are very happy. (Writing)


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Living in the cloud,you lot. (Spoken)You arent living in the cloud.(Writing)

Note: Lot=aint(in poem)=arent,isnt ,doesnt Tag auxillary verb

She really gotgotgotgot on my nerves,Sylvia did.did.did.did.

tags reflexive Pronoun (I) dont think much of the party,myself.

Understanding ComplicateUnderstanding ComplicateUnderstanding ComplicateUnderstanding Complicated Structured Structured Structured Structure If ,when, after, because adverb clause extra information

extra information verb verb Sub verb

Clause inside clause clause if,when,after,because

E.g Ann, when she finally managed to go to sleepwhen she finally managed to go to sleepwhen she finally managed to go to sleepwhen she finally managed to go to sleep, had a series of bad dreams. Sub descriptive phrase/clause(extra information)

ThThThThat Picture of the childrenat Picture of the childrenat Picture of the childrenat Picture of the children standing in front of the palace talking to the Prime Minister isisisiswonderful.wonderful.wonderful.wonderful.

Obj noun clause, Complement noun clause relative pronoun

who ,that, which M.VM.VM.VM.V (Noun clause)(Noun clause)(Noun clause)(Noun clause) (adj clause)(adj clause)(adj clause)(adj clause)

E.g She insistedinsistedinsistedinsistedthat she thoughtthat she thoughtthat she thoughtthat she thoughtthat he knew that she was on the trainthat he knew that she was on the trainthat he knew that she was on the trainthat he knew that she was on the train.... adjective clause object Preposition obj

relative pronoun who ,that, which E.g The flim (that/whichthat/whichthat/whichthat/which) she was talking about.

sub adjective clause who ,that,which

InversionInversionInversionInversion

Inversion ? Sub Verb Inversion Inversion (HaveHaveHaveHave you finished your lunch?) (HasntHasntHasntHasnt she got lovely eyes!) () (WasWasWasWas I Mad!) -

1.how+adj,what +Noun (How beautifulHow beautifulHow beautifulHow beautiful are the flower!)


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2.as,than,so inversion (Im hungry. So amamamam I.)3.place direction adverb Main

verb+Sub(new definite subject) Pronoun Subject Subject+Verb

M.VM.VM.VM.VUnder a tree was lyingwas lyingwas lyingwas lying one of the biggest men I had ever seen .

(pronoun s(pronoun s(pronoun s(pronoun subject)ubject)ubject)ubject)

Here sheshesheshe comes. Condition If inversion

(HadHadHadHad I realised what you intended,I would have done as fast as I can.) adverb inversion verb+Sub

Under no circumstanceUnder no circumstanceUnder no circumstanceUnder no circumstance can we cash cheques. Hardly,seldom,rarely,little,never,only+time expression adverb

Inversion

LittleLittleLittleLittle did he realise the danger he faced. (direct speech) Inversion

What do you mean?he askedhe askedhe askedhe asked.

EmphasisEmphasisEmphasisEmphasis

emphasis Eg. JaneJaneJaneJane phoned me yesterday.(No somebody else)Eg. Jane phonedphonedphonedphoned me yesterday.(She didnt come to see me)Eg.Jane phoned memememe yesterday.(She didnt phone you)Eg.Jane phoned me yesterdayyesterdayyesterdayyesterday.(Not today)

E.g You havehavehavehave grown!

auxillary verb ( adverb ) word orderI am always happy . = > I alwaysalwaysalwaysalways am happy.

so,much,really,just,bloody(swearword) ,(ever,the hell,on earth+question word) Thank you sosososo much.It was suchsuchsuchsuch a lovely party.I reallyreallyreallyreally enjoyed it.


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Fronted AsleepAsleepAsleepAsleep,then,were you?

It,what ItItItIt was Joun who paid for the drinks.WhatWhatWhatWhat I need is a good rest.

Myself ,yourself ,indeed(adjective),(superlative)next,last ,first,same

I got a latter from the Managing Director himselfhimselfhimselfhimself.I was very surprised indeedindeedindeedindeed.We were born in the very samevery samevery samevery same street in the very samevery samevery samevery same year.

Much,much

She looks much,muchmuch,muchmuch,muchmuch,much older than she used to.


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Word Order and Sentence Structure (Daw Na Taung)