Woofs & Hoofs · 2010. 3. 15. · Cranial toward the head Caudal toward the tail Dorsal toward the back, sky, top Ventral toward the belly, ground, bottom Anterior in the front Posterior

Woofs & HoofsSchool of Animal Massage

Module 3:

Canine Anatomy and Physiology

Copyright 2005 - 2010 © Woofs & Hoofswww.woofsandhoofs.be

Unauthorised Reproduction Prohibited

3 - 2

Module 3:


STUDY GUIDELINES FOR THIS MODULE

What you will learn in the section

1. Anatomical and directional vocabulary

2. External description points of the canine

3. Skeletal system: functions and components

4. Joints: structures and movements

5. Bony landmarks of the canine

6. Ligaments: functions and locations

7. Tendons: functions and locations

8. Fascia: structure, functions and locations

9. Muscles: structure, functions and locations

How the information will be used during a massage

1. You will better understand which body parts the muscles

connect to based on their names

2. You will recognize correct range of motion in the joints

3. You will understand in which directions a joint can or

cannot move

4. You will be able to locate muscles attachments by their

bony landmarks

5. It will improve your effectiveness during the massage

6. The efficiency of your massage sessions will increase

7. The intent and focus of your work will become more clear

8. You will be better able to assess the needs of the dog



3 - 3

9. You will be able to discuss your work using the correct

terminology with owners, potential clients, and

professionals such as veterinarians and trainers

How to study the material

1. At first the study of anatomy may seem a bit

overwhelming, but be patient with yourself and try to learn

it a little at a time

2. Below is a list of suggested activities to help you in your

particular learning style. Choose at least two activities

from the list to complete.

3. If the activities require you to write or colour in your

books, you may want to make copies of pages before you

begin the activities. You can then practice on the blank

pages later.

4. To make the module more challenging, the answers to the

quiz preparation questions have not been provided,

however all the information you need to complete them is

provided in the module. Should you have any questions or

if you get stumped by a particular preparation question, do

not hesitate to contact your instructor.



3 - 4

Suggested Study Activities

1. Speak names of the muscles into a tape player and try to identify

the origin and/or the attachment points as you play the names

back to yourself.

2. Make an audio tape or CD of yourself naming the muscles, their

attachment points or any other information you wish to

remember. Play the recording in your car while driving, while

you are cooking, exercising, riding your bike or any other time

that suits you.

3. Have a study partner/friend quiz you using your flashcards.

4. Quiz yourself by reading your flash cards aloud.

5. Photocopy the pages you wish to study and colour in the bones

or muscles while saying the names out loud.

6. Identify the parts of the muscle names that give you information

about their location, attachments, shape or depth. For example:

Brachiocephalicus, brachio=arm, cephalous=head, so this

muscle connects the arm and the head.

7. On the laminated skeletal chart included with your course, draw

the muscles using an erasable ink pen. Think about the muscle

depth as well as the two-dimensional locations.

8. On the laminated muscle chart included with your course,

practice naming the muscles while you colour them. For even

more challenge, dot and name the attachment locations aloud as

you colour the muscle.

9. Group the muscles by attachment location. For example: name

all the muscles that attach to the humerus. Now make it even

more challenging by naming all the muscles that attach to the

medial aspect of the humerus, etc.



3 - 5

10. Using a stuffed animal or a willing live animal volunteer, point

to or gently touch the muscle attachment locations and outline

the muscle showing approximate size, shape and fibre direction

with your fingers.

How to make use of the on-line services

1. Visit the websites indicated in the additional resources

section for more information on animal anatomy and

articles on animal rehabilitation.

2. Visit the Student Forum to discuss this module, ask any

questions or find a study partner.

3. Participate in the webinar – “Animals are not Humans!”

4. Take the Module 3 test online when you have confidence

in your knowledge of the material.

How to check your readiness for the test

1. Complete the practice test using your notes

2. Using an actual animal, attempt to identify the types and

locations of the joints

3. Attempt to identify the bony landmarks on an actual

animal

What you will be expected to know for the practicum

1. Anatomical vocabulary for this section

2. External points of the canine

3. Main functions of the bones



3 - 6

4. Bones of the canine skeleton and bony landmarks

5. Components of a synovial joint

6. Main functions of the ligaments, tendons, fascia and

muscles

7. Muscle names, locations and their basic attachment points

(during the practicum we will introduce more exact

descriptions of the attachment sites)

How to demonstrate readiness for the practicum

1. Complete all homework assignments

2. Complete and pass the online test with a score of 90% or

better (to re-take the test, please contact your instructor)

Optional/supplemental materials (not required, but will add to

your massage knowledge)

1. Some interesting websites over animal anatomy and basic

anatomical knowledge:

www.jdenuno.com/PDFfiles/RootWords.pdf

vanat.cvm.umn.edu/vanat.pdf/GrossAnatLectNotes.pdf

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_position

www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls=2&cat=1562&articleid=327



3 - 7

Module 3:


Becoming familiar with anatomical words and phrases will

help you not only in your study of anatomy, massage and

kinesiology, but it will also offer you a common language when

speaking with veterinarians or other animal health professionals.

Anatomical Vocabulary

Many anatomical terms are derived from Greek or Latin, but

do not let that scare you. Simply break each word down into its

prefix, root and suffix, if present, to help you understand.

Some useful PREFIXES to know:

Prefix Meaning Example

ab-: away from abnormal, abduction

ad-: to, toward adjacent, adduction

bi-: two, double bilateral (two sides)

epi-: upon, over epicondyle

infra- below; beneath infraspinous

quad-: four quadruped, quadriceps

pre/pro-: before, in front precede

super/supra above supraglenoid

sym/syn-: with, together synergist, symphysis

uni-: one unilateral



3 - 8

Some useful ROOT words:

Root Meaning Example brachi- arm bicep brachii

carpal wrist metacarpals

capit- head capitulum

caud- tail sacrocaudal

cephal- head sternocephalic

cost- rib costal cartilage

crani- skull cranium

lat- side latissimus dorsi

orb- circle orbit

thorac- chest thoracic

Directional and locating terms commonly used:

Term Meaning Cranial toward the head

Caudal toward the tail

Dorsal toward the back, sky, top

Ventral toward the belly, ground, bottom

Anterior in the front

Posterior in the back

Lateral toward the side

Medial toward the midline

Superficial toward the body’s surface

Deep toward the body’s core

Proximal used with limbs; toward the

body/core

Distal used with limbs; away from the

body



3 - 9

External Points of the Dog

External anatomy includes both the general and the scientific

terms that are used to describe the surface features of the dog - that

is, those that we can see and touch. Knowing these terms will help

you later describe particular movements, locate anatomical

structures and discuss your findings with both owners and other

small animal health care professionals.

In the anatomy text provided with your course, read and

study the pages indicated and write down any questions you may

have for your instructor. Try locating, pointing to and touching the

points indicated on a stuffed animal or on a willing pet. To improve

your memory of each point, say its name out loud while touching

each point. Another excellent method of learning and remembering

the points is to teach someone else by pointing at and saying the

name of the points out loud (young children and grandchildren love

to learn this information!!).

Dog Anatomy: A Colouring Atlas

Plate 1: Regions of the Dog’s Body

Notes regarding Plate 1 :

The pinna (1) is another term for the external ear.



3 - 10

The commissure of the lips (3) is the point where the upper

and lower lips meet.

The point of the shoulder (15) and the point of the hip (28)

are important landmarks. Many muscles are attached to or

can be located by these points – learn them well!

The set of the tail (30) is also known as the “dock” of the tail

The entire area including #28-36 is commonly referred to as

the “hindquarter”.

Plate 2: Directional Terms

Notes regarding Plate 2 :

Read the explanation of the directional terms for more

detailed understanding

Notice the differences between the terms used on the front

foot and those used on the rear foot



3 - 11

Plate 3: Body Planes

Notes regarding Plate 3:

Any sagittal plane divides the body

into left and right parts. The

median plane divides it perfectly

into left and right halves.

A coronal plane (not shown)

divides the body into front and rear

parts, while the transverse plane

divides it exactly in the middle.

Horizontal planes divide the body

into upper and lower portions – the

dorsal plane divides the body (or

body part) at its centre of gravity.



3 - 12

The Skeletal System

Because dogs are quadrupeds (walk on four limbs), their skeletal

system is considerably different than that of the human biped. Most

noticeably, many dogs lack a clavicle or “collar bone”. If present, it is

only a very small piece of bone imbedded within a tendon and has no

function. Since dogs do not have a collar bone, their shoulder is not

attached to the body via a ball-and-socket joint as it is on humans - in

fact, their shoulder is not attached to the body by a joint at all, but

instead by several very strong muscles – but more on that later. A dog’s

pelvis is also more table-like while a human’s is shaped like a bowl, the

shoulder and hip are more stable, but also less mobile. Dogs have a

special set of bones in their throat called the hyoid apparatus which

anchors the tongue. The nine bones of the canine hyoid apparatus allow

for greater extension of the tongue while humans have only one u-

shaped hyoid bone located lower in the throat and allowing us to make

the more intricate sounds required for verbal language. And of course,

they have a tail.

It is important to know the names and locations of the bones

since they act as the levers that allow muscles to create

movement. But bones are not only used as levers to create

movement, they have four other important functions:

To provide the structural frame for the body

To protect the vital and internal organs

To store minerals – particularly calcium

To act as a production site for blood cells within the

marrow



3 - 13

Now again open your anatomy text to read and study Plate 7:

Skeleton of the Dog. Note that the axial skeleton refers to the bones

located along the midline or the core of the body while the

appendicular skeleton includes the bones in the limbs - thus the

forelimb and the hind limb are part of the appendicular skeleton.

The sacroiliac joint is the only joint connecting the appendicular

skeleton to the axial skeleton. Notice how the forelimb is not

connected to the axial skeleton through a joint. As indicated above,

it is attached by soft tissue structures only.

Plate 8: Vertebral Column of your anatomy text should be

examined very carefully. The spinous processes (SP) and

transverse processes (TVP) play a very important role in our study

of the muscle attachments and can help in understanding some of

the animal’s movements. For example, notice how both the SP and

the TVP at the cervical vertebrae are short and broad. This allows

the bones to move freely towards each other in several directions.

In contrast, the vertebrae in the thoracic region have very long SP’s

sticking up, but comparably shorter TVP’s to the sides. This allows

the animal a great deal of side to side movement and the ability to

take deep breaths, but a restricted amount of movement in rounding

the back at the shoulders. In the lumber region it reverses and the

SP’s are shorter while the TVP’s are very long and broad. This

allows for the attachment of a great number of muscles and the

ability to arch the lower back, but limited side to side movement as

the TVP's would touch each other. Notice also that the SP’s of the

spine have either a caudal tilt (toward the tail) in the thoracic spine,

or a cranial tilt (toward the head) in the lumbar spine.

The SP of the 10th thoracic vertebrae (T10) does not have a

tilt and feels like a dip in the back or that it is missing completely.



3 - 14

This point is called the point of aclination from Latin 'a' meaning

“without” and ‘clin’ meaning “incline”.

While studying Plate 8, also note the special relationship that

exists between the first cervical vertebrae, the atlas, and the second

cervical vertebrae, the axis. These two bones attach and work

together in a special way allowing the head and upper-neck to

rotate; for example when you use your head to say “No”.

From your Instructor:

While massage techniques differ dramatically from osteopathic or chiropractic

techniques, alignment of the skeletal system is closely linked to the tension and

health of the muscular system. Massage techniques can have profound effects

on the health of the combined musculoskeletal system. The techniques used by

massage practitioners should never involve thrust directed into the joints or

bone surfaces and it is inappropriate (and usually illegal) for a massage

practitioner to ever knowingly provide chiropractic treatment for their client.



3 - 15

Joints

The skeletal system alone can not create movement until the

muscles and other soft tissues are added, however the shape of the

bones and how they connect to each other are certainly determining

factors in the type of movement available. How the bones connect

to each other defines how they will articulate, or move together.

Different types of joints enable different types of movements or

may limit movement to only one plane or direction:

the ball-and-socket joint – allows movement in three

planes. Some examples of ball-and-socket joints on

humans include the shoulder and the hip.

Note from your instructor: To visualize the three planes in which

the shoulder can move, hold your arm at your side and then raise it

outward away from you and then further upward toward your head.

The line drawn by your arm is one plane. The second plane is

created by again holding your arm at your side and then lifting it

forward in front of you and then up toward your head. The third

plane is made by holding your arm in front of you as if you are

pointing at something and then while keeping it at the same height,

moving it to point at something to your side.

the hinge joint – allows movement in one plane like

the hinge on a door. Some examples on humans would

be the elbow, the knee or the last two knuckles on your

hand (but not the knuckle at your hand).

the pivot joint – allows rotation or pivoting in place,

like a jar and its lid. Our most often used pivot joint is



3 - 16

in the neck. It is the atlantoaxial joint which allows

you to turn your head to tell someone “no!”.

the plane or ‘sliding’ joint – allows small movements

in all directions through the articulation of several

small bones. Our wrists and our ankles are wonderful

examples of gliding joints as are the vertebrae.

Though only 4 types of joints are defined for your studies

based on their shape and the available movements, they all have

one thing in common – they are all synovial joints.

Open your anatomy workbook to Plate 14: Structure of

Joints and you will see a visual representation of a synovial joint at

Figure 3. Note that it has the following characteristics:

a pad of articular cartilage at the ends of the bones to

lessen the force if the bones touch during movement

a supportive fibrous joint capsule with collateral (on

opposite sides) ligaments to limit the amount of

movement available

lubricating fluid produced within the synovial

membrane and often a fibrous padding between the

bones to protect the bones from the friction of

movement

The support offered by the collateral ligaments in

combination with the extra protection of the articular cartilage and

synovial fluid create a joint that can bend, flex, compress, rotate

and stretch with an impressive degree of safety. In joints such as the



3 - 17

gliding joints, since movement is allowed in so many directions,

instead of possessing a joint capsule they are instead protected by a

fluid-filled sack called a bursa located between the articulating

edges. Synovial joints, however, are not the only type of joints in

the body. There are two other types of joints that allow for minute

amounts of movement between the bones - these are the fibrous

joints and the cartilaginous joints. These joints are less associated

with movement and therefore are less involved in musculoskeletal

dysfunction yet they can still benefit from bodywork, particularly to

stimulate fluid dynamics as in cranio-sacral work.

Fibrous joints, such as those found between the bones of the

skull, connect bones along a tight-knit suture line. Movement in this

type joint is limited to the minimal amount of stretch permitted by

receptors within the suture line itself.

Cartilaginous joints join bones along a line called a

symphysis. The joint does not have a specific joint capsule and

movement at the joint is minimal. The right and left halves of the

pelvis are connected by a cartilaginous joint at the pubic bone.

During childbirth (or whelping in dogs)

specific hormones are released to allow

the joint to loosen to allow more

movement and space for delivery.

Multiple litters may cause the joint to

become “lax” or unstable in some

animals.

Many common joint dysfunctions including arthritis,

dysplasia, inflammation due to strain or injury to supporting

ligaments or tendons, or even desiccation of the joint fluid due to

age or nutrition can benefit from the rejuvenating effects of



3 - 18

massage. Massage helps to enhance or restore circulation, remove

waste products held at the injury site and encourage mobility in stiff

joints.

The following sections of your anatomy text will help you

learn more about the joints and their locations in the dog. Study

them carefully and send any questions you have to your instructor.

Plate 14: Structure of Joints

Plate 15: Joints of the Forelimb

For the purpose of this course it is not necessary to know the names of

the individual carpal bones and joints though this may be valuable for

future study of if you plan to assist in a veterinary practice. For now it

is sufficient to describe the wrist of the dog as the carpal joints while

understanding that multiple articulations are possible.

Plate 25: Bones of the Pelvis

We study the bony landmarks of the pelvis later so you are not required

to know these yet. It is, however, important that you get an idea of the

shape and size of the pelvis and understand how the three bones come

together to form the os coxae or hip bone.

Plate 28: Joints of the Hind Limb

As with the front limb, it is not necessary to know the individual names

of the tarsal bones and joints for this course. You should understand

that the area is described as the hock of the dog and that multiple

articulations are present.



3 - 19

Bony Landmarks

Now that you are familiar with the bones and joints, you can

begin your study of the various landmarks, or locators, on the

bones. Bones are not smooth. They have many features such as

bumps, ridges, dents and curves. These topographical features can

be palpated, meaning “to be felt with the hand”, and have specific

names. Several of the tendons and ligaments that you will study

later attach at these landmark points making it easier for use to

locate and release tension in the associated muscle.

When describing the bony landmarks, some general terms are

used by medical professionals to help in locating them. The list

below should help you understand the terms in your text.

Term Meaning Example

arch arc inguinal arch

condyle knuckle lateral femoral condyle

crest top of hill crest of ilium

Epicondyle over the knuckle medial epicondyle

fossa bowl supraspinous fossa

process a projection spinous process

spine ridge spine of scapula

trochanter large projection greater trochanter

tuber root or bulb tuber coxae

tubercle small round bump lesser tubercle of the humerus

tuberosity large round bump radial tuberosity

There are several common bony landmarks used as muscle

attachment sites that will reappear often during your studies. It is in

your best interest to familiarize yourself with these bony landmarks

and to learn how to palpate them. Most are relatively easy to locate.

Using your anatomy book and referring to the plate indicated while



3 - 20

learning the landmarks will help you visualize the points while

learning their names. Many of the descriptions use the directional

terms and body planes you learned previously. You may need to

refer back to plates 2 and 3 to refresh your memory.

Plate 12: Bones of the Shoulder, Arm and Forearm

Spine of the Scapula (also called the scapular spine)

(2) - the ridge located down the centre of the scapula

Supraspinous Fossa (1) - located on the cranial half

of the scapula from the anterior border to the scapular

spine

Infraspinous Fossa (4) - located on the caudal half of

the scapula from the posterior border to the scapular

spine

Acrimion (3) - the projection at the distal aspect of the

scapular spine

Greater Tubercle (10) - the small round bump on the

anterior head of the humerus (also known as the Point

of the Shoulder)



3 - 21

Lesser Tubercle (12) - the small round bump on the

medial head of the humerus adjacent to the greater

tubercle

Deltoid Tuberosity (14) - large round bump on the

anterior surface of the humerus, distal to the greater

tubercle

Teres Major Tuberosity (16) - large round bump on

the posterior and medial surface of the proximal

humerus, distal to the lesser tubercle

Lateral Epicondyle (17) - feature located above the

knuckle on the lateral surface of the humerus at the

level of the elbow

Medial Epicondyle (22) - feature located above the

knuckle on the medial surface of the humerus at the

level of the elbow

Olecranon Process (26) - long projection of the ulna

at the back of the elbow



3 - 22

Plate 25: Bones of the Pelvis

Crest of the ilium (1) - located from the most dorsal

aspect of the pelvis around to the anterior border of the

ilium

Ischiatic tuber (7) - large prominence across the most

caudal aspect of the pelvis on the ischium; also called

the ischial tuberosity or pin bone (note that the dog has

two of these tubers, one on each side of the pelvis)

Pelvis Symphysis (8) - the suture line between the left

and right hip bones on the ventral surface of the pelvis

Cranial ventral iliac spine (11) - located on the

ventral and cranial lip of the ilium; also known as the

“Point of Haunch” or the Tuber Coxae



3 - 23

Plate 26: Bones of the Thigh and Leg

Head of the Femur (1) - located on the proximal end

of the femur; this is the ball of the hip joint

Lesser Trochanter (3) - located on the posterior

aspect of the femur, just distal to the head

Greater Trochanter (4) - located on the most lateral

aspect of the proximal femur; easily palpated and

known as the “Point of Hip”

Medial and Lateral Epicondyles (6, 7) - located on

the inner (medial) and outer (lateral) aspect of the

distal end of the femur

Tibial Tuberosity (17) - located on the proximal end

of the tibia, just below the joint



3 - 24

The Soft Tissues

Though the skeletal system determines the type of movement

possible, it is not capable of creating movement until the soft

tissues are added. When laid over the architecture provided by the

skeleton, soft tissues form the overall body shape, use the bones as

levers for movement and define the range of movements

permissible.

All soft tissues are composed of several different materials

including water, proteins, salts, minerals, lipids and simple sugars.

Each type of tissue has different amounts of each of these elements

resulting in varying degrees of thickness, pliability and function.

Various soft tissues that we do not study in this course can

also profit from massage. Internal organs, the brain, the spinal cord

and various membranes, or pleura, are all nourished and

strengthened by the healing benefits of massage.

As massage practitioners, however, we are mainly concerned

about the proper functioning of the fascia, ligaments, tendons and

muscles. These four types of soft tissue are responsible for creating

movement while preventing hyper-mobility (too much or excessive

movement) in the body. They play a large role in posture and help

in transporting fluids and nutrients throughout the body to support

the overall health of the system.

Fascia

The most widespread of all the soft tissues is fascia.

Sometimes referred to as connective tissue, fascia is found

throughout the body and in various forms. It consists mainly of

water, collagen and other proteins.

Fascia is one of the first tissues to differentiate itself in the

development of an embryo and creates the tension that stimulates

the body to form the bones. As it develops, it surrounds or is

interwoven into each structure of the body - encasing bones in a

sleeve of connective tissue called the periosteum and enveloping



3 - 25

each muscle fibre, internal organ and every part of the nervous

system in a fascial membrane.

Tendons and muscles share fascia, ligaments are dense

connective tissue bands, blood vessels are pipelines created by

connective tissue and even the eye and the brain contain fascial

components. In fact, fascia exists as one continuous sheet that

travels through the body in a myriad of directions - gaining density

in one area, stretching to a think watery membrane in another.

Like a spider’s web, the fascial system is sensitive to any

stimulus it receives, travelling like a ripple in a pond throughout the

body. As a result, any disruption in the system can have far-

reaching effects on the health, posture and movement of the animal.

Superficial fascia refers to those layers of connective tissue

just below the skin or closest to the external body that can usually

be palpated. Deep fascia includes the connective tissue between the

layers of muscles, the periosteum around the bones, and the

membranes of the intestines that are less accessible. Fascial

interspersed between the muscle fibres and their neural components

is called myofascia and will be the subject of further discussion

later in the course.

Facial Health and Injury

Healthy fascia is flexible and resilient and should assist in

smooth and free movement of the skin over the underlying tissues.

It also provides as slippery contact between deep tissues.

When healthy, the natural tone of fascia is similar to a muscle

at rest - it is neither too loose nor too firm. It is similar to a wet

sponge. It can be likened to a woven fabric whereby a tug or strain

at one point simultaneously creates a tightening or loosening in the

surrounding areas. By maintaining this constant tension, fascia

creates reliable and flexible support. In contrast, unhealthy fascia

will either possess too much tonus - whereby the fascia looks and,

upon palpation, feels too tight - or not enough - resulting in the

tissue appearing limp.



3 - 26

Tight and restricted fascia will create ratcheted or strained

movement that is not fluid. It will also eventually lead to the

cessation of movement. Restricted fascia may be described as

looking and feeling wrinkled, dry, leathery or stiff. The tissue itself

is dehydrated. The surrounding tissues will not move freely and

may appear stretched, puckered, or crowded by the unhealthy

fascia.

Overly loose fascia does not occur often in animal, but it may

be seen as chronic or pocketed swelling. It has lost its supportive

function so structures may appear to sag or hang and movement

may be sloppy or hyper-mobile.

Whether too tight of too loose, massage is an effective way to

influence the texture and function of the fascia. Plate 16: Fascia in

your anatomy text shows some of the major fascial areas. Read and

study this information carefully to help you in your practice of

massage.

Ligaments

Tough, rope-like ligaments of both elastic and inelastic fibres

connect bone to bone. The yellow coloured elastic fibres are made

of collagen, while the white, inelastic fibres consist mainly of

protein. To offer the skeleton support and protection in its

movements, ligaments must be very strong to avoid bones

disconnecting from one another at the joints during articulations.

Strength and flexibility, however, have a reciprocal relationship;

one exists at the expense of the other. Thus because they are

required to be so strong, ligaments are less flexible than the other

soft tissues that you will study.

Health and Injury of Ligaments

Although ligaments allow movement within a designed

range-of-motion (ROM), excessive or abnormal movement at a

joint can overstretch the ligaments resulting in a sprain or small

tears in the tissue. Sprained ligaments are extremely painful but



3 - 27

may not always display excessive swelling due to their limited

vascular, or blood, supply.

Severed ligaments may exhibit less pain due to loss of the

nerve stimulus, but will generally be accompanied by inflammation

and hyper-mobility. Ligament injuries are less common than tendon

or muscle injuries, but they will require a longer rehabilitation

period.

Please familiarize yourself with the following ligaments:

Collateral Ligaments

Ligaments found on the lateral and medial aspects of a

synovial joint are called collateral or capsular ligaments. The

combination of collateral ligaments and muscles offer such well-

engineered support that dislocation of the joint is rare.

Dorsal Ligament System

There is one very special group of ligaments that provide

support for the axial skeleton. This group of ligaments, known as

the dorsal ligament system refers to the cooperative action of four

ligaments; the nuchal, supraspinous, sacroiliac and sacrotuberous

ligaments.

The nuchal ligament connects the second cervical vertebra to

the second thoracic vertebra and acts to support the head and neck.

The supraspinous ligament follows along the top of the spine,

attaching to the transverse process of each vertebra to provide

support for the animal’s back. Supporting the pelvis and providing

attachment points for several of the large neighbouring muscle

groups, the sacroiliac and sacrotuberous ligaments are also

responsible for allowing the pelvis to rotate slightly when the

animal runs.



3 - 28

Tendons

Just as ligaments provide support to articulating bones,

tendons act as an anchor between the muscles and the bones.

Like ligaments, tendons consist of both elastic and inelastic

fibres, however, tendons have a greater percentage of elastic fibres

giving them more flexibility and allowing for a greater degree of

movement between muscle and bone.

Tendons are fascia, or connective tissue fibres, that run

through a muscle and between the muscle fibres. At the ends of the

muscles, as the muscle fibres thin out or decrease, the connective

tissue condenses into thick bands. The point where the muscle

fibres decrease and the connective tissue increases in density is

called the musculotendinous junction. After this junction, the

connective tissue is now considered a tendon and attaches to a bone

at a bony landmark by connecting to the periosteum (the connective

tissue enveloping the bone).

Health and Injury of Tendons

In addition to serving as an anchor for the muscles, tendons

have special nerves that measure the amount of stress a muscle is

under due to load or fatigue. If the nerves are not functioning

properly due to trauma or sedation, both the muscle and the tendon

are vulnerable to strain or tearing. Pain, swelling and gradual loss of

range of motion are common signs associated with tendon injuries.

Since tendons have a greater blood supply than ligaments, generally

a tendon injury will heal faster than a ligament injury of similar

severity.

Tendon injuries also occur when a muscle is used to make

the same motion repetitively over a short amount of time. Chronic

overuse causing inflammation of the membrane surrounding the

tendon is called tendonitis. This condition can occur in animals in

the same way it does in humans though tendonitis can also have

other causes.



3 - 29

Muscles

Muscles have five primary functions including:

movement

heat-production (a by-product of contraction)

fluid transport (blood, lymph, water)

nutrient transport

involuntary processes (heartbeat, digestion, etc.)

Each muscle is made up of thousands of individual muscle

fibres made of primarily water and protein. Groups of muscle fibres

are called muscle bundles or fascilicles. The thicker, central area of

the muscle is created by multiple bundles and is known as the belly

of the muscle. As stated in the previous section, the point where the

muscle fibres decrease and the connective tissue collects to become

the muscle’s tendon that will connect to the bone is called the

musculotendinous junction

When the nerves are stimulated, the muscle bundles contract

and shorten by folding like an accordion. This contraction, in

conjunction with the muscle’s connections to the bones through the

tendons, articulates the bones and creates movement.

Contraction can occur in two different ways known as

concentric and eccentric contraction. Concentric contraction occurs

while the muscle is going from the resting state to its shortened

position. Eccentric contraction keeps the movement under control

as the shortened muscle returns back to its lengthened state - some

fibres remain in the contracted state until the muscle returns to its

resting position to prevent abrupt movements that could damage the

tissues.

For example, think of lifting a glass from a table. When you

raise the glass, the muscles in the front of your arm contract to

bring your upper and lower arm closer together - this is concentric

contraction. As you set the glass back on the table, your muscles

can not simply release else you would drop the glass to the table, or

if the object were heavier, may tear the muscle as the object is

pulled uncontrolled by gravity. Instead, some of the fibres remain



3 - 30

contracted to slowly lower the glass and protect the muscle and its

tendonous connections - this is eccentric contraction.

Muscles are described by their attachment points and their

action. Each muscle has an attachment site considered to be the

origin, or fixed attachment point, and an attachment site considered

to be the insertion, or the moving attachment. The muscle’s action

is defined as the movement created when the muscle is actively -

intentionally - shortened or contracted and the bony attachments are

brought closer together. Note that muscles are like a one-way street

in their working; they can only contract or release. They are not

able to expand and “push” the bones apart; they can only contract to

pull them together. This is why muscles come in pairs on opposite

sides of a joint.

Some muscles however have more than two attachments and

multiple actions which can blur the distinction between the origin

and the insertion. For this course you will be required to know the

attachment locations for the muscles as well as which is the origin

and which is the insertion. This will make your work more effective

and efficient since in general, problems occur more frequently at

the musculotendinous junction closest to the origin.

Individual Muscles

On the following pages you will find a list of muscles

including their attachment points and actions. While studying and

learning the muscles, focus your attention on being able to locate

and palpate them on the animal. In this course you will not learn

every muscle of the canine, but instead those that are most

commonly involved in massage.

To help you in your studies, you will be creating a flashcard

for each muscle. You are encouraged to add any additional

information to your flashcards as you see fit. Expanding your

knowledge of anatomy and kinesiology beyond the content of this

course will improve your talents as an animal massage therapist and

may help you to specialize in a particular field such as rehabilitation

of competing animals or improving the mobility and flexibility of



3 - 31

older animals. Information that will help you in achieving these

goals can be easily added to and accessed from your flashcards.

The names of the muscles often contain clues about their

location (serratus ventralis), their shape (triceps), their action

(adductor), or their attachment sites (brachiocephalicus).

Before you begin studying the muscles, please read the

following study hints designed to help you learn the material

quickly and easily.



3 - 32

Study Hints

The study of anatomy is best accomplished through repetition

and by learning small amounts of information during each study

period. Frequent review and making use of your study materials -

anatomy textbook and flashcards - will help you cover a

considerable amount of information in less time and with greater

retention. To ensure that your learning remains interesting and does

not become too overwhelming, it is recommended that you do not

attempt to learn more than four muscles per day. Study the muscles

using the following hints to make your learning experience

enjoyable:

1. Read the name of the muscle on the following

Essential Muscle List (EML).

2. Find the muscle in your anatomy text (plate #’s

are provided on the EML).

3. Study the location, shape and direction of the

fibres of the muscle.

4. Using a colour pen, pencil or marker, colour the

muscle in your anatomy book.

5. Take out a blank flashcard and three different

coloured pens, pencils or markers.

6. Write the name of the muscle on the back of

your flashcard.

7. Read the attachment sites for the muscle from

the EML and locate them using your anatomy

book.

8. Write the name of the origin on the back of your

flash card.

9. Use one colour to mark the muscle’s origin on

the front of your flashcard.

10. Now write the name of the insertion on the back

of your flashcard.



3 - 33

11. Turn the flashcard over and use a second colour

to draw the attachment point (you will add the

‘action’ information later when you study the

Kinesiology section).

12. Look at the picture in the text book again and

then, using the third colour, draw the muscle

fibres in the correct direction between the

attachment sites on your flashcard.

13. Attempt to imagine and locate the muscle on a

stuffed animal.

14. Palpate the location and shape of the muscle on a

willing animal (be sure not to poke the animal as

you palpate).

15. Repeat steps 1-14 for the next 3 muscles.

When you start your study of the next four muscles on the

following day, take a few minutes to first review the muscles you

have already learned. If you follow this routine each time you learn

new muscles, you will quickly feel confident in your new

knowledge and will be familiar with all the muscles when you reach

the end of the list.

Note from your instructor: In our experience in teaching this material, the

flashcards have proven to be a key learning tool. The process of making the

flashcards will by far be the most time-intensive aspect of the entire course, but

it is also the most valuable. You will need your completed set of flashcards to

complete work in later sections and to receive your certificate after the

practicum. The flashcard set is also a great tool for your professional “toolkit”

when you start your own practice. You can quickly refer to the flashcards you

have made to confirm issues you feel you have found on your canine client and

to help explain your findings to the animal’s owner. Do not skip this exercise.



3 - 34

Muscles of the Canine

Muscles of the Head and Neck

Masseter (plate 17, muscle # 7)

Attachments:

Origin (O): Zygomatic arch (plate 39)

Insert (I): Ramus of the mandible (plate 39)

Action: Mastication (chewing); elevation of the mandible

Frontal (plate 17, # 4)

Attachments:

O: Surface of the frontal bone (plate 39)

I : Also surface of the frontal bone (plate 39)

Action: Raises the scalp; ear movement

Splenius (plate 18, # 1)

Attachments:

O: SP of T1-T3 (plate 8) and nuchal ligament

(extra handout, #11)

I : Mastoid (angular) process (plate 39)

Action: Lateral flexion and extension of the head and

neck

Brachiocephalicus (plate 17 - #’s 11, 14 and 15)

Attachments:

O: Mastoid process (plate 39)

Occipital bone (plate 39)

Nuchal ligament (extra handout, #11)

I : Cranial proximal 1/3 of the humerus (plate

12, between landmarks 10 and 14 on Figure 1)

Action: Shoulder (and forelimb) extension; unilateral

and bilateral flexion of the head and neck



3 - 35

Sternocephalicus (plate 18, # 4 in Figure 1 and # 30 on Figure 2)

Attachments:

O: Mastoid process (plate 39)

Occipital bone (plate 39)

I : Sternum (at the manubrium)

Action: Unilateral and bilateral flexion of the head and

neck

Muscles of the Shoulder and Forelimb

Trapezius (plate 17, #12)

Attachments:

O: Nuchal ligament from C2-T7

(extra handout, #11)

I : Scapular spine (plate 12, #2) and brachial

fascia

Action: Elevation of the scapula; cervical portion draws

the scapula forward; thoracic portion draws the

scapula backward

Rhomboideus (plate 18, #5)

Attachments:

O: Occipital bone (plate 39, occipital b.)

Nuchal ligament (extra handout, #11)

SP of T1-T7 (plate 8)

I : Medial, dorsal border of the scapula (plate 12,

in the area of # 7)

Action: Elevation of the scapula; lateral flexion of the

neck; draws the scapula forward and backward

Ventral Serrate (Plate 18, #2)

Attachments:

O: TVP of C2-T8 (plate 8)

Lateral surface of ribs 1-7 (plate 9, Figure 1)

I : Subscapular fossa (plate 12, #8)



3 - 36

Action: Trunk support (stationary and mobile) and

inspiration (inhaling)

Pectoral (plate 17, # 19, plate 18, #’s 32 and 33 and plate 19, # 4) -

occurs in two parts (deep and superficial)

Attachments:

O: Sternum (plate 9, Figure 1)

I : Medial shaft of the humerus (plate 12, area

between 16 and 21)

Action: Forelimb adduction

Brachialis (plate 17, # 17, plate 18 #11 and plate 19, #10)

Attachments:

O: Lateral proximal 1/3 of the humerus (plate

12, # area between 13 and 14)

I : Ulnar and radial tuberosities (plate 12, #25)

Note from your instructor: The ulnar tuberosity

is not indicated in your textbook, but lies on the

ulna at the same level as the radial tuberosity

Action: Elbow flexion

Bicep Brachii (Brachial Bicep) (plate 19, # 11)

Attachments:

O: Supraglenoid tubercle (plate 12, #5)

I : Ulnar and radial tuberosities (plate 12, #25)

Action: Elbow flexion; shoulder extension

Triceps Brachii (plates 17, # 18, plate 18, # 10 and plate 19, # 9) -

there are 4 heads: the long, the lateral, the medial and the accessory

Attachments:

O: Caudal border of the scapula (plate 12, along

the edge of area # 4)

I : Olecranon process (plate 12, # 26)

Action: Elbow extension; shoulder flexion



3 - 37

Supraspinatus (plate 18, # 6 and plate 19, # 5)

Attachments:

O: Supraspinous fossa of the scapula (plate 12, # 1)

I : Greater tubercle of the humerus (plate 12, # 10)

Action: Shoulder extension and internal rotation

Infraspinatus (plate 18, # 7 and plate 19, # 6)

Attachments:

O: Infraspinous fossa of the scapula (plate 12, # 4)

I : Lateral tuberosity of the humerus (plate 12, in

the area of # 15)

Action: Shoulder flexion, abduction and external rotation

Deltoid (plate 17, # 16, plate 18, # 9)

Attachments:

O: Posterior spine of the scapula (plate 12, # 2)

I : Deltoid tuberosity of humerus (plate 12, # 14)

Action: Shoulder flexion, abduction and external rotation

Teres Major (plate 18, # 8 and plate 19, # 7)

Attachments:

O: Caudal border of the scapula (plate 12, along

the edge of area 4)

I : Teres major tuberosity of the humerus

(plate 12, # 16)

Action: Shoulder flexion and internal rotation

Muscles of the Trunk

Latissimus Dorsi (plate 17, # 20)

Attachments:

O: SP of T7-L6 (plate 8)

Thoracolumbar fascia (plate 16)

I : Teres major tuberosity (plate 12, # 16)

Action: Shoulder flexion and internal rotation; draws

foreleg backward



3 - 38

Longissimus Dorsi (plate 18, # 16 and plate 35, # 3) - longest

thoracic and lumber muscle

Attachments:

O: TVP of C7-L6 (plate 8)

I : Crest of the ilium (plate 25 # 1)

Ventral surface of the ilium (plate 25, between

#’s 11 and 12)

Action: Extension and lateral flexion of the spine

Rectus Abdominus (plate 18, # 20)

Attachments:

O: Sternum and costal cartilages of ribs 4 - 9

(plate 9, Figure 1)

I : Cranial rim of the pubis (plate 25, between #4 and #9)

Action: Trunk support; flexion of the back

External Oblique (plate 17, # 21 and plate 18, # 34)

Attachments:

O: Lateral surface of ribs 6-13 (plate 9)

I : Inguinal arch (plate 25, Figure 2 - area

between #’s 12 and 4)

Action: Trunk support and later flexion; assist in

drawing the hind limb forward

Internal Oblique (plate 17, # 22) partial view

Attachments:

O: Spine of the iliac (plate 25, #‘s 11 and 12)

Inguinal arch (plate 25, Figure 2 - area


I : Medial surface of ribs 9-13 (plate 9)

Action: Trunk and visceral (intestinal) support



3 - 39

Intercostals (plate 18, # 18) - internal and external (only external

are visible)

Attachments:

Anterior surface of each rib (plate 9)

Posterior surface of each rib (plate 9)

Action: Respiration (breathing)

Muscles of the Hindquarter

Iliopsoas (plate 35, Figure 2 - #’s 3 and 4)

Attachments:

O: Ventral surface of the lumbar vertebrae (plate

8)

Ventral surface of the ilium (plate 25,


I : Lesser trochanter of the femur (plate 26, # 3)

Action: Hip flexion

Superficial Gluteal (plates 17, caudal portion of # 24, plate 18,

caudal portion of # 22 and plate 31, # 4)

Attachments:

O: Sacrum at the spine of the iliac (plate 25,


Gluteal fascia (plate 16)

I : Greater trochanter of the femur (plate 26, # 4)

Action: Hip extension and abduction

Middle Gluteal (plate 17, cranial portion of # 24, plate 18, cranial

portion of #22 and plate 31, # 5)

Attachments:

O: Crest and gluteal surface of the ilium

(plate 25, # 1)

I : Greater trochanter of the femur (plate 26, # 4)

Action: Hip extension, abduction and internal rotation



3 - 40

Tensor Fascia Latae (plate 17, # 26 and plate 31, # 6)

Attachments:

O: Cranial ventral iliac spine (plate 25, #11)

I : Lateral fermoral fascia (plate 16)

Action: Hip flexion; stifle extension

Bicep Femoris (plate 17, # 27 and plate 31, # 1)

Attachments:

O: Sacrotuberous ligament (plate 29)

Ischiatic tuberosity

(plate 25, ventral surface of # 7 and plate 29)

I : Tuber calcanei (point of hock) (plate 27)

Proximal tibia (plate 26)

Action: Extension of hip, stifle and hock

Semitendinosus (plate 17, # 28, plate 18, # 26 and plate 32, # 7)

Attachments:

O: Ischiatic tuberosities


I : Medial body of the tibia (plate 26)

Tuber calcanei (plate 27)

Crural fascia (plate 16)

Action: Extension of hip and hock; flexion of the stifle

Semimembranosus (plate 18, # 25, plate 31, # 3 and plate 32, # 6)

Attachments:

O: Ischiatic tuberosities


I : Posterior femur (plate 26)

Proximal tibia (plate 26)

Action: Extension of the hip; flexion of the stifle



3 - 41

Gastrocnemius (plate 31, # 15 and plate 32, # 8)

Attachments:

O: Medial and lateral condyles of the femur

(plate 26, #’s 6 and 7)

I : Tuber cancanei (plate 27)

Action: Extension of the hock; flexion of the stifle

Adductor Group (plate 32, #’s 3, 4 and 5)

Note from your instructor: The adductor group is actually made up of

three muscles: Gracilis, Pectineus, and the Adductor. They share

common attachments on the inner thigh and all act to adduct the hind

limb. For the purposes of this course, you do not need to learn the

individual muscles of the adductor group, however it is a recommended

area for future study as their individual contributions to adduction vary

slightly and can be involved in specific dysfunctions.

Attachments:

O: Pelvic symphysis (plate 25, # 8)

Ventral arch of the ischium (plate 25, area

between #’s 7 and 4, lies below # 13)

I : Medial and posterior surface of the femur

(plate 26)

Action: Hind limb adduction

Quadricep Group (plate 31, # 9a and 9b and plate 32, # 2a and 2b)

Note from your instructor: The quadricep group is made up of four

muscles: Rectus femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Intermedius and

Vastus Medialis. They all have attachments on the inner thigh and act

in extension of the stifle. For the purposes of this course, you do not

need to learn the individual muscles of the quadriceps group, however

it is a recommended area for future study as their individual

contributions to hind limb action vary slightly and can be involved in

specific dysfunctions.



3 - 42

Attachments:

Rectus Femoris (plate 31, #9a and plate 32, # 2a)

O: Cranial ventral spine of the ilium

(plate 25, # 11)

I : Proximal cranial tibia (plate 26)

Vastus muscles (plate 31, #9b and plate 32, #2b)

O: Shaft of the femur (plate 26)

I : Proximal tibia (plate 26)

Action: Stifle extension (Rectus Femoris also flexes the

hip)



3 - 43

Muscles of the Limbs

For the purposes of this programme, you need to be

concerned with only two primary groups of muscles - the flexors

and the extensors. The joints of the limbs below the elbow and

below the hock are all hinge joints and thus only flex or extend.

When you consider the forelimb, you will quickly notice that

below the wrist the soft tissues are mainly tendons and ligaments

with very little muscle fibres. The names of the muscles in the limb

indicate their action, whether they act on the wrist (carpus) or the

toes (digits) and give a hint to their attachment location. Thus the

radial carpal flexor attaches to the radius and flexes the wrist

(carpal).

In the forelimb, the extensor muscles are found on the front

or anterior part of the leg while the flexors are located on the back

of the leg.

Forelimb (plate 20)

Radial Carpal Extensor (# 1)

Common Digital Extensor (# 3)

Radial Carpal Flexor (# 11)

Ulnar Carpal Flexor (#’s 7 and 8)

Superficial Digital Flexor (# 10)

On the hind limb, the same is true. Extensors are found on

the front of the leg, since contraction of these causes the foot to

extend, and flexors are on the back of the leg whereby contraction

causes the foot to flex.

Hind Limb

Superficial Digital Flexor (plate 32, # 9)

Deep Digital Flexor (plate 32, # 10)

Long Digital Extensor (plate 31, # 19)

Long Peroneal (plate 31, # 18 - turns foot

outward)

Cranial Tibial (plate 31, # 17 - turns foot

inward)



3 - 44

Module 3:


Reinforcement Exercises

The following activities are designed to reinforce the material

and to make it easier for you to remember what you have just

learned. You are encouraged to participate fully in the activities to

help gain confidence, knowledge and comfort when working with

animals, their language of communication and the concepts that

have been introduced.

Instructions:Each exercise consists of a written assignment that you are to

submit to your instructor at the end of your study of the section.

Please re-state the question in your answer. For example, the

question “What is your name?” would be re-stated as “My name is

…”.

Please create a separate document for each exercise including

your name, the course section (for example - Section 1: Behaviour

and Handling) and the exercise number. You may send the

exercises via post or via e-mail. For submissions by post, please

send to:

Woofs & Hoofs

Professional Animal Massage Training

Sonnisstraat 106

3530 Helchteren

For e-mail submissions, please send only .TXT or Microsoft

Word .DOC files to [email protected] with your name and

the course section on the subject line.

You will be graded on your understanding of the material and

not on grammar or how well you can write, so do not be concerned

if your answers do not read like Shakespeare !



3 - 45

Activity One:

Find a picture of a dog from a magazine, the internet or other

source. The picture should show a full side view of the dog’s body.

Label the picture with all of the external features that you have

learned. You may use multiple pictures if necessary. Submit your

picture with the features labelled.



3 - 46

Activity Two:

Imagine that you are petting a dog from the tip of its nose to the tip

of its tail. Make a list of all the external points you touch as you

move from front to back. Submit this list.



3 - 47

Activity Three:

Now imagine that you are petting the dog from the top of his

shoulder down to the tips of his toes. Make a list of all the bones

and landmarks you will touch as you follow this path. Remember to

consider if you are petting on the lateral or medial side of the arm !

Submit this list.



3 - 48

Activity Four:

Make a table and categorize the following list of words based on if

they are related to the front limb or the hind limb.

plantar, deltoid tuberosity, manus, point of hip, pastern,

supraspinous fossa, acromion, pes, forearm, point of shoulder,

pinna, hock, fibula, palmar, head of fibula, tibial tuberosity, digits,

dorsal, tuber calcanei, supraglenoid tubercle, metatarsal, olecranon

process, radial tuberosity, stifle, radius, scapula, teres major

tuberosity, humerus, femur, patella, tibia, carpus, sesmoid bones,

ulna

Submit this table.



3 - 49

Activity Five:

Complete the chart below comparing the general characteristics

found in all ligaments, tendons and muscles. Use terms such as

strong, weak, high, low, fast, slow, etc. Submit the chart.

Function Strength Flexibility CirculationHealing

Properties

Ligaments

Tendons

Muscles



3 - 50

Activity Six:

Create lists answering the following criteria:

a. List all the muscles that attach on the scapula.

b. List all the muscles that attach at the mastoid

process.

c. List all the muscles that attach on the pelvis.

d. List all the muscles that attach on the ribs.

e. List all the muscles that attach on the nuchal

ligament.

f. List two muscles that share a common attachment

on the humerus.

g. List three muscles that share a common attachment

on the hock.

Submit the lists.



3 - 51

Activity Seven:

During this module you have learned about two types of

muscles - superficial and deep. Explain which type you will

be touching during a massage and how you can affect each

type.

Now study the rhomboid and the trapezius muscles.

Which muscle is superficial and which is deep? What actions

do they share? Submit your answers.



3 - 52

Activity Eight:

Choose four muscles that you have studied. Scan or

photocopy the front and back of that flashcards you have

created for these muscles. Submit these photocopies.



3 - 53

Activity Nine:

When working with veterinarians, they will often use

the Latin names you have learned for muscles as well as the

other terms. If you work with pet owners, they will often not

recognise these Latin names so you will need to “translate”

them into more simple terms.

Also, if English is not your first language or the

language which you will be working in as an animal massage

practitioner, you may need to adjust your vocabulary to

ensure you can make yourself understood. For example the

English word “tendon” would translate to “pees”, “Sehne”,

“tendon” or “tendón” in Dutch, German, French or Spanish,

respectively. Though “scapula” could be used with a

veterinarian, you may need to replace it with “shoulder

blade”, or the foreign language equivalent, when speaking to

a pet owner.

Complete the list below with terms (in your “working

language”) which you may need to use to explain different

issues with veterinarians and pet owners.

English Term Your “translated”

veterinary term

Your “translated”

owner term

Bone

Tendon

Ligament

Soft Tissue

Scapula

Pelvis

Hip

Metacarpals

Masseter

Stifle

Lumbar spine



3 - 54

Module 3 - Canine Anatomy and Physiology

Quiz Preparation Questions

1. Which structure is cranial to the shoulder?a. pelvisb. hockc. humerusd. skull

2. Which term refers to the arm?a. proximalb. cephalicc. brachiid. pre/pro

3. The elbow is to the carpal bones.a. inferiorb. proximalc. connectedd. lateral

4. The pes includes the tarsus, metacarpals and digits.a. trueb. false

5. The term “ventral” refers to the .a. headb. ribsc. bellyd. thorax

6. The stifle is to the pelvis and to the shoulder.a. proximal, posteriorb. inferior, lateralc. distal, caudald. superior, deep

7. Which best describes the anatomical back of the dog?a. the dorsal aspect of the dogb. the sagittal plane from the neck to the pelvisc. the thoracic spined. the area between the wither and the loin



3 - 55

8. The Olecranon is a bony landmark on the humerus.a. trueb. false

9. The three types of joints are the .a. Cartilaginous, Synious and Fibrousb. Cartilaginous, Suture and Fibrousc. Symphysis, Fibrous and Cartilaginousd. Synovial, Fibrous, Cartilaginous

10. The Point of the Hip and the Point of the Shoulder are:a. bony landmarksb. attachment sites for musclesc. alternate names for features on the bonesd. all of the above

11. Palmar and plantar are terms used to describe the back of thelimbs below the wrist or hock.

a. trueb. false

12. The dorsal plane is an imaginary line that divides the body into:a. left and rightb. front and backc. upper and lowerd. medial and lateral

13. Which type of joint allows movement in three planes?a. ball-and-socket jointb. hinge jointc. sliding jointd. synovial joint

14. The median and sagittal planes are both:a. at the midlineb. horizontalc. laterald. vertical

15. The spinous processes are always longer than the transverseprocesses.

a. trueb. false



3 - 56

16. Which of the following is a synovial joint?a. hinge jointb. ball and socket jointc. atlantoaxial jointd. all of the abovee. none of the above

17. The appendicular skeleton refers to the:a. skull and spineb. limbsc. bones at the midline of the bodyd. shoulder and hip

18. Which are components of a synovial joint?a. articular cartilageb. collateral ligamentsc. lubricating fluidd. cartilaginous jointe. all of the abovef. only a, b and dg. only b, c and dh. only a, b, and c

19. Another name for the metacarpus is the wrist.a. trueb. false

20. The ischiatic tuber is found on what body part?a. the shoulderb. the elbowc. the pelvisd. the skull

21. The dog’s rump is also called the .a. carpusb. croupc. withersd. buttock

22. When comparing canine and human anatomy, which of thefollowing joints on the dog is equivalent to our knee?

a. fetlockb. hockc. stifled. pes



3 - 57

23. The vertebrae are fused by 1 ½ years of age.a. cervicalb. thoracicc. lumbard. sacrale. caudal

24. What is the meaning of the term “fossa”?a. projectionb. arcc. bowld. knuckle

25. The intervertebral disks of the dog account for of thetotal length of the vertebral column.

a. halfb. one-eighthc. one-fourthd. one-sixth

26. Another terms for the area at the top of the shoulders andbetween the shoulder blades is the .

a. point of shoulderb. withersc. thoraxd. crest

27. The hip bone, os coxae, is made up by three bones fusedtogether.

a. trueb. false

28. The prefix “ab-” means:a. to add tob. to move or take away fromc. to move or take towardd. to move apart

29. The dog has ribs (hint: it has the same number of ribs as thoracic

vertebrae)

a. sevenb. 20c. tend. 13



3 - 58

30. The two hip bones are joined by the pubis to create thepelvis.

a. sutureb. syndesmosisc. synoviald. symphysis

31. If “condyle” means “knuckle”, what does “epicondyle” mean?a. at the knuckleb. under the knucklec. through the knuckled. over the knuckle

32. An object is said to be “cranial” to another object if it is .a. closer to the backb. closer to the tailc. closer to the headd. closer to the belly

33. Suture joints are the most flexible type of joints.a. trueb. false

34. The processes on the top of the vertebrae are called the .a. sacral processesb. spinous processesc. transverse processesd. coccygeal processes

35. The supraspinous and infraspinous fossae lie on the .a. humerusb. femurc. scapulad. acrimion

36. If “bilateral” means “two sided”, what does “quadrilateral”mean?

a. walks on four legsb. walks of two legsc. four sidedd. walks on four sides

37. The skeletal system creates movement.a. trueb. false



3 - 59

38. The dog’s shoulder is attached to the body by:a. a hinge jointb. a ball-and-socket jointc. a pivot jointd. none of the above

39. The deltoid tuberosity is a large bump on the anterior surface ofthe .

a. ischiumb. humerusc. pelvisd. tibia

40.The point where the dog’s upper and lower lips meet is calledthe:

a. flewb. stopc. commissured. muzzle

Documents

Woofs & Hoofs · 2010. 3. 15. · Cranial toward the head Caudal toward the tail Dorsal toward the back, sky, top Ventral toward the belly, ground, bottom Anterior in the front Posterior