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Bioenergy
* Renewable energy from organic matter, (biomass).
* Stored energy in biomass - natures “solar batteries”.
* Includes food processing waste, manures, crops,
woody residues, weeds and sewage which are then
converted into heat, electricity or liquid biofuels.
* Woody biomass refers to plant derived biomass that
is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin -
„lignocellulosics’. Focus of this talk
Woody biomass can be used to produce
Liquid biofuels
e.g. 2nd generation lignocellulosic ethanol
or
Stationary Bioenergy:
e.g. electricity, heating & cooling
Share of bioenergy in the world
primary bioenergy mix in 2007
Source: IEA 2006 & IPCC 2007
10% of the world’s primary energy comes from biomass = ~ 50 Exajoules = 1018 joules
Constructed using data from the National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting System 2007
TABLE: Courtesy of the Clean Energy Council Bioenergy Roadmap
Bioenergy reduces greenhouse gas emissions.
GHG Emissions from various fuel types
Black Coal 955 11.8 4.3
Gas CCGT 446 0.0 0.5
Bioenergy
Straw - steam cycle 13 0.88 1.55
Forestry residues – steam cycle 29 0.11 1.95
Forestry residues – gasification 24 0.06 0.57
Poultry litter – gasification 8 1.67 2.68
Animal slurries – anaerobic dig. 31 1.12 2.38
Landfill gas 49 0.34 2.60
Sewage gas 4 1.13 2.01
MSW incineration 364 2.54 3.30
Other renewables
Decentralised PV – new homes 178 2.03 0.70
Wind – on shore 9 0.06 0.02
Hydro – existing large 32 0.04 0.02
Life Cycle Emissions of Various Renewable Technologies
Source: IEA/DTI UK report via Bioenergy Australia
g/kWh CO2 SO2 NOx
Generated Renewable Energy in Victoria
Actual Generated Renewable
Energy in Victoria, 2008
Table:. Source: Clean Energy Council Renewable Energy Database, ABARE, 2010
Chart: Source: Parliamentary Inquiry into Approvals Process for Renewable Energy, 2010
Installed renewable energy
capacity technology in Victoria,
2010
Delta Energy – NSW – Mallee sp. co firing project
* DE - Australia‟s largest power generator undertook analysis
comparing costs of meeting their 20% RET requirements using
various renewables.
* Investigating potential for mallee production for biomass.
* Trialling Crucible Carbon pyrolyser at Vale Power Station
Typical $A Capital Costs of Projects
Option Base/$KW Capacity factor Factored cost/KW
Coal $2600 .85 $3050
Biomass $4400 .75 $5850
Geothermal $5200 .80 $6500
Wind $2400 .30 $8000
Solar $5600 .40(?) $14000
Opportunities for woody biomass to bioenergy • CEC Bioenergy Roadmap states bioenergy could
provide 4% by 2020 & between 19.8 – 30.7% of
Australia‟s electricity needs by 2050.
• Federal government mandated 20% renewable
energy by 2020; New SRES and LRET breakdown will
help bring REC prices up to encourage large
bioenergy project developments.
• Increasing electricity prices & grid upgrades, landfill
price increases and tightening of EPA regulations will
help increase the viability of bioenergy.
• Regional employment opportunities…….
Full time equivalent ren. energy industry jobs
Source: Clean Energy Council Report, Clean Energy Australia, 2010, from SKMMMA, 2010
Barriers to Bioenergy - Clean Energy Council Report
Specific barriers to the bioenergy sector are:
* The lack of an adequate carbon price signal.
* Low price for RECs: disincentive for new projects.
* Regulatory gaps affecting eligibility & accreditation
* The high cost of arranging connection to the grid.
* The lack of general information on the value of embedded
generation to the network makes it costly to screen projects for
viable options and to optimise project location.
* Community support for local bioenergy projects.
Only Vic. has a feed-in tariff for bioenergy for
generating up to 100 kW from wind, solar, hydro &
biomass sources. Also, no rebates like solar hot water.
Nevertheless….
• Considerable activity around Australia in the area of
woody biomass to bioenergy projects.
• Most development where large thermal energy needs
& cheap, free or problematic waste biomass streams.
• Opportunities for exporting biomass e.g. pellets to
Asia and Europe, and for building up local biomass-
using industries e.g. in hospitals and other public
institutions, new housing developments and to
encourage group pellet heater buy ups.
Operating Woody Biomass to Bioenergy Projects
in Victoria
Note: this is just an example of some of the operating
woody biomass to bioenergy projects -
the list is by no means complete!
Australian Paper, Maryvale - Black Liquor to Power
* Black liquor- by product of pulp & paper making industry
* The Maryvale power station is the largest industrial
producer of renewable energy in Victoria.
* Generates ~ 200,000 MWh/year or 23 MWe average + over
2 million tonnes/year of process steam or about 1.5 million
MWh of thermal energy for their processes.
* In 2007, 69.5 % of Maryvale Mill’s energy input was produced from
waste black liquor.
* Also potential to convert
black liquor into bio-oil or
gasified into transport fuel.
Thermal bioenergy production in Victoria
Reid Bros. Sawmill – Yarra Junction
• 1MW(thermal) bioenergy
plant at their sawmill.
• Burning 70-80 tonnes of
wood milling waste /week to
run their kilns.
• Cost $350,000 to install in
2004, (nowadays maybe
$500,000).
• Saving $300k/annum
compared to LPG they used
to use.
Photo and information: David Coote
Thermal energy production
Carter Holt Harvey Pine mill – Morwell
• Producing nearly 20MWth from one large boiler
• Runs 24/7
• Used to produce steam for their kilns.
• Most larger Vic sawmills use their waste wood to produce
heat & steam for their kilns
• 65% of their mill’s energy is from renewable sources
Bioenergy Projects In Australia under
development
• Focus on woody biomass to energy projects under
development – mostly Victorian.
• Again, this list is by no means complete, and;
• Apologies to anyone who is developing woody
biomass to energy projects I have omitted.
Visy Paper recycling & RCR Energy: Campbellfield
• Currently installing a Bubbling Fluidised Bed boiler
with 30.8MWth & 3.0 MWe capacity.
• Will use up to 11.3 tonnes/hr of fuel ~ 50%
unrecycleable short paper/cardboard fibres, ~ 50%
plastics (not PVC‟s). Will also use urban wood waste
Norske Skog Biomass/Gas Cogeneration, Albury
• Currently produces ~ 270,000 t/yr of newsprint 24/7 from
recycled paper & pine which are both processed onsite.
• NS is in final study phase of a biomass/gas cogeneration
proposal to supply process steam and electrical power.
• Boiler to be fuelled by mill & local regional waste steams:
* Hog Fuel from the debarking and processing of pine
* Recycled Paper Deinking & Water Treatment Sludges
* Local Council construction timber waste
* Forest residues
• 8 MW generated on-site:
• 5 new jobs in biomass supply chain +
up to 100 construction jobs.
• 75% reduction in natural gas use.
Plantation Energy Australia
• PEA is Australia‟s only industrial scale Densified Biomass Fuel
(DBF) pellet manufacturer – using plantation residues.
• Currently, one DBF plant in Albany – 250,000 tonnes/yr; one
plant planned for Heywood & one in Mt. Gambier.
• New 4 yr supply deal with Mitsui company worth > $70 million.
• Brings them one step closer to developing these new plants.
New Royal Children’s Hospital - Melbourne
• Aim to be Australia‟s greenest hospital & reduce GHG‟s by 45%.
• Various energy efficiency measures include a recently installed
600 kW, 90% efficient, wood boiler to help heat ~ 10% of hospital.
• Capital cost of around $700K to install.
• Will use 10,040 t/yr pellets, initially from PEA, Albany.
D&R Henderson, Benalla, Particle Board Plant
• Plan to install downdraft, fluidised bed gasifier(s) to generate
heat & syngas to dry chips for particle board manufacturing.
• Up to 18,000t/yr particle board sander dust & wood waste.
• Reduced energy costs and avoids cost of sending 6,000t/yr of
sander dust to landfill (flammable, hazardous product).
• Project cost - $1,950,000, RDV Support - $877,500
• Reducing GHG emissions by up to 10,310 t/yr (not including
avoided landfill emissions – same for all projects outlined).
• Staged project, achieving energy savings of up to 200,000
gigajoules of natural gas/yr & net savings of > $200,000/yr.
• Creating up to 6 new FTE positions through implementation
Real Power Systems Gasifiers & Wannon Water
• Five projects have approval in principle in Victoria.
• First gasifier recently commissioned near Hamilton, Vic. to
maintain heat in anaerobic sludge digester of Wannon Water‟s
recycled water processing facility partially heated with LPG.
• Using dried sewerage sludge & wood chip for heat & biochar.
• Gas flow rate aim was 300m3/hr but system producing 700m3/hr
• Est. power available -+ 400kWe or 1320kWth
Ararat Shire gasification project for local pool
Looking to purchase a 60kW Ankur gasifier to help supplement
> half of the gas heating of the YMCA pool from wood waste.
Around 50kg of fuel/hr to generate 622 MJ heat/hr.
~ 400 tonne per annum operating 8,000 hours per year.
Currently pool heating costs ~ $40,000/year on natural gas.
Total capital cost: gasifier, new syngas suitable boiler,
automated feed in system and storage ~ $100,000.
Expected pay back period of ~ 5 years
Hancock Victorian Plantations
• Trialing a Bruks Mobile Chipper in post harvest plantation slash.
• Currently contracted in the NE in 20 yr old fire damaged pine.
• Carter Holt Harvey using chip in their boiler at Myrtleford mill.
• Interest from other industries to use the chip including particle
board manufacturer.
Second Generation, Lignocellulosic, Biofuels
• Utilizing wood and crop residues unlike 1st gen. biofuels
• More than 150 second gen. projects worldwide.
• Two main technologies for making 2nd gen. ethanol
- Biochemical: conversion via hydrolysis to release sugars & fermentation to
alcohol fuels - difficult process cf. 1st gen. biofuel production.
- Thermochemical: gasification to syngas and synthesis to fuels.
Coskata Inc. Plasma Gasification to Ethanol Project • Vic. govt facilitating a $400 million, ethanol prod. facility to produce 225 million litres of ethanol/yr for blending with petrol.
• High temp. plasma gasification of biomass to syngas.
• Can be based on any MSW or biomass waste streams.
• Bio-fermentation of syngas with proprietary micro-organisms.
• Recent $250 million US loan guarantee for 250,000 tonne/yr pulplog based plant.
Bioenergy Activity in Victoria
• Victorian Bioenergy Network - (DPI and SV) email network,
regular Bioenergy Business Breakfasts , other events
• Various grants and incentives - eg.
* DPI‟s ETIS doubling of grant $ to $82 million in 2011.
* Federal govt $1.4 billion Regional Development Aust. Fund
• Vic. Timber Industry Strategy - lifts the ban on the sale of
renewable energy generated by burning native forest waste.
• DPI Biofuel Crop Potential in Victoria Project potential for 33
biofuel crops in Victoria now and in 2050.
• Feasability for Biochar Production in Victoria: Sensitivity
Analysis undertaken by DPI in 2009.
Victorian Biomass Audit
• Funded & managed by Regional Development Victoria.
• Detailed mapping of available biomass to better inform
investors of scale & scope for resource recovery initiatives.
• Drivers include:
* Incomplete data sets and lack of source specifics
* Increasing landfill levies
* Renewed EPA vigilance
* Pre-emptive assessment to identify industry and community
sustainability issues/options e.g. susceptibility of regional
industries to impending waste management bottlenecks.
• Provide the basis for considered, prioritised industry and
energy facilitation.
• Timber industry component of Audit completed late 2010.
Thank you
Senior Bioenergy Industry Officer
Department of Primary Industries, Victoria