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Intelligence in Substation Automation

Wolfgang Wimmer

ABB Switzerland

Summer Workshop of Swiss Chapter of IEEE PES, 05-06-02

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Contents

The role of Substation Automation in the Power Grid

What is ‘Intelligence’

IEC 61850: standardized semantics

Intelligent algorithms

Engineering

System architectures

A Vision: self healing SA system

Summary

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The role of substation automation in the gridSubstation

Node of the Power GridGrid operations are performed in substations

Substation automationActuator and Sensor for Grid control and monitoring - remotely controlledBasic safety:

Active: ProtectionPassive: Interlocking, command blocking

Process near, fast automaticsauto reclosure, load shedding, restoration, ….

Data access for Switch gear maintenanceProtection data access for system fault analysis

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Automatics, Safety

Operation & Supervision

SA as access to the substation

Control Protection

Bay 1

Control Protection

Bay N

GWNetworkControl

Station HMIGW

Protectionmonitoring

GWSwitchgearMonitoring

Communication network

Grid operationProtectionmaintenance

SwitchgearMaintenance

Security?

Actuators & Sensors

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What is ‘Intelligence’ (1)?The IED view point

Use of Microprocessors – more computing powerSelf supervision -> higher reliability

More complex algorithms

Use of higher level standards -> IEC 61850

Connection by Communication – more bandwidthReuse of information at different places

Access to more information than before

Use COTS communication technology

Ethernet, TCP, MMS -> IEC 61850

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What is ‘Intelligence’ (2)?

The human view pointHandling of unforeseen situations

Rule based reasoning (expert system)

Action adaptation, e.g. if parts are ‘out of service’

Operator supportAutomate often used action sequences

Focus on ‘important’ information

Information classification and filtering

Suppression of ‘dependent’ information

Intelligent automatic algorithms need standardized semantics -> IEC 61850

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IEC 61850: standardized semantics

Standardized description ofSystem functionality within the substation

(Logical) Communication system structure

Binding of IED and its functions to the switch yard

EnablesAutomatized function configuration

System quality checking (performance, reliability)

… and is provided by IEC 61850 IED data model and SCL language

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SCL Contents – Single line diagram

=E1 Voltage level 110kV

=WB1 Busbar 1

=WB2

=Q2 line bay / feeder

=QB1 =QB2

=QE1=QC1

=QA1

=Q1 line bay / feeder

=QB1 =QB2

=QE1=QC1

=QA1

Function designations according to IEC 61346

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SCL Contents – IED configuration

=E1 Voltage level 110kV

=WB1 Busbar 1

=WB2

=Q2 line bay / feeder

=QB1 =QB2

=QE1=QC1

=QA1

IED -SB1

=S1CSWI1

=Q1 line bay / feeder

=QB1 =QB2

=QE1=QC1

=QA1

IED -SB1

=S1CSWI1

IED Configuration

IED configuration in terms of available functions-> Logical Nodes

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IED -SB1

=S1CSWI1

SCL Contents – Communication relation

=E1 Voltage level 110kV

=WB1 Busbar 1

=WB2

=Q2 line bay / feeder

=QB1 =QB2

=QE1=QC1

=QA1

IED -SB1

=S1CSWI1

=Q1 line bay / feeder

=QB1 =QB2

=QE1=QC1

=QA1

=XW1

CommunicationSubnetwork

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SCL Contents – Function relation

=E1 Voltage level 110kV

=WB1 Busbar 1

=WB2

=Q2 line bay / feeder

=QB1 =QB2

=QE1=QC1

=QA1

IED -SB1

=S1CSWI1

Relation between LNand single line

=Q1 line bay / feeder

=QB1 =QB2

=QE1=QC1

=QA1

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SCL Contents illustrated

=E1 Voltage level 110kV

=WB1 Busbar 1

=WB2

=Q2 line bay / feeder

=QB1 =QB2

=QE1=QC1

=QA1

IED -SB1

=S1CSWI1

Single line (1 bay)

Relation between LNand single line

=Q1 line bay / feeder

=QB1 =QB2

=QE1=QC1

=QA1

IED -SB1

=S1CSWI1

IED Configuration

=XW1

CommunicationSubnetwork

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Intelligent algorithmsAdaptive to existing data and its source

Automatic disabling of not applicable function parts (no VT=> no PDIS)Derivation of needed configuration data (e.g. scaling)

Adaptive to operational situationsConsideration of parts out of service (load shedding, sequences)Consideration of existing load situation (load shedding)Consideration of foreseeable future load situation (grid level?)

Rule based execution applied after situation analysisSwitchyard topology based interlockingTopology based switching sequencesTopology based protection (Breaker failure, Busbar protection zones)

More available data (IEC 61850 based communication)Interlocking against other side of lineAdaptation of protection settings from network view / temperature / …

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Communication between Substations

IED -SB1

=S1CSWI1

=Q2 line bay / feeder

=QB1 =QB2

=QE1=QC1

=QA1

IED -SB1

=S1CSWI1

=Q1 line bay / feeder

=QB1 =QB2

=QE1=QC1

=QA1

Substation 1 Substation 2

Line

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EngineeringEngineering wizards based on an IEC61850 system description can automate the engineering

Data flow configuration based on Function allocationA function instance knows its connection to the switch gearA function knows its needed inputsThus a function engineering wizard can generate or check the needed data flow definitions at the signal sources, and connect the source signals to the function inputs

Communication configuration based on Data flow, IED capabilities and needed performance

Realtime performance needs GOOSE, vertical communication reporting

Application configuration based on Switch yard topology (Demo)The Communication network and IED description defines the communication related configuration for the IEDsThe substation topology description configures the applicationThe relation between substation parts and LNs defines the process connection of the application

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Engineering wizard examples

Interlockingdata flow: station level interlocking needs all positions of

switches around the bus bar

Algorithm: based on switch yard topology (Demo)

Synchrocheck data flow: needs inputs from VTs right and left of Circuit Breaker

One VT (line side) is internal to bay

Second may be external / bus bar

For bus bars without VT: bus bar image concept necessary

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Synchrocheck example

=WB1 Busbar 1

=WB2

=Q1 line bay / feeder

=QB1 =QB2

=QE1=QC1

=QA1

IED -SB1CSWI1RSYN1TVTR1

IED –SB2=TVTR1=TVTR2

SB1/RSYN1 wizard finds:- Input 1: SB1/TVTR1 (internal)- Input 2: dependent on QB1 / QB2either SB2/TVTR1 or SB2/TVTR2

=VT1

=WB1VT1 =WB2VT1

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System architectures

Free function allocation leads to two extreme implementation alternatives on top of process interface bus

Centralization of all functions on two (redundant) IEDsHigh IED (processor) costs (only few needed), medium communication network costRedundancy of central processor and communication network

Decentralisation down to LN, implemented on a chipLow processor cost (many), high communication network costA processor carries one function – fault can be easier tolerated

The right compromise depends on the existing technology, its reliability and its costsIn any case for HV protection: Separate communication network and IEDs needed for Main1 and Main2Vision: Self healing system

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Vision: Self healing system

Relay A

Controller

Merging unit

Switchgear Interface

Relay A

Controller

Merging unit

Switchgear Interface

Free spare

Bay 1 Bay N

Relay ABay 1

Supervisor

Needs compatible SW implementation (Java)or compatible configuration (adaptation by SCL)

one spare per IED type

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Summary: Intelligence in SA system ….

EnablesEnhanced reliability

Reduced SA system engineering and maintenance effort

Higher function integration between substations

Flexible adaptation from Grid level to operational needs of the power network

Needs newlyCommunication know how

Network Security setup

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What is available

Operational Function adaptations from grid level

Communication with neighbor substations

Adaptive Protection (Switching of Parameter sets)

System engineering wizards

More Topology based online algorithms

Data flow & application engineering wizards

Topology based bus bar protection & interlocking

Self healing systemsIEC 61850 Process bus

IEC 61850 with ‘conventional’ functionality and architecture

Vision (Future)Trends (Tomorrow)Facts (Now)

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Central redundant system

System control & Protection

Main1

Merging unit

Switchgear Interface

Merging unit

Switchgear Interface

Bay 1Bay N

System control & Protection

Main2

Network Control Center

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Decentral on Logical Node base

PIOCCSWI

Merging unit

Switchgear Interface

Merging unit

Switchgear Interface

Bay 1 Bay N

HMI

CSWI: switch control, CILO: InterlockingPIOC, PTOC: overcurrent prot., PTRC: Trip matrix

one spare per IED type

CILOPTRC

PIOCCSWI

CILO

PTRC

ControlProtection

PTOC PTOC