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COMPSCI 734 April 7, 2008
© Manoharan 1
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WML and WML Script
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dWML (Wireless Markup Language)
WML is a DTD of XMLDevelopped from an earlier language called HDML (Handheld
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Devices Markup Language) from a company called Unwired PlanetThis is “HTML” for wireless devices that are usually resource limited
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WML Structure
WML applications use a card and deck metaphorA user interaction is represented by a card, while a
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p y ,complete task is represented by a deckA deck is the smallest unit of WML a web server can send to a WAP browser, and it contains one or more cards
The browser displays one card at a time
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WML: A Deck of Cards
Card
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CardCard
CardTh
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COMPSCI 734 April 7, 2008
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Hello World!
<?xml version="1.0"?><!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC " //WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1 1//EN"
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<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC -//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.1//EN"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml_1.1.xml">
<wml><card id="MainCard" title="My First WML Card">
<p><img src="hello.wbmp" alt="Hello"/> <br/>
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img src hello.wbmp alt Hello / br/Hello World! <br/><a href="click.wml">Click Me here…</a><br/>
</p></card>
</wml>
Hello World!
<?xml version="1.0"?><!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1 3//EN"
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<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC //WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.3//EN"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml13.dtd">
<wml><card id="MainCard" title="My First WML Card">
<p><img src="hello.wbmp" alt="Hello"/> <br/>
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img src hello.wbmp alt Hello / br/Hello World! <br/><a href="click.wml">Click Me here…</a><br/>
</p></card>
</wml>
WML Example #1
Splash Deck
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Splash
Index
PeopleCourses
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c334
c335
c734
WML Example #1: Splash
<card id="Splash" title="Uni Wap Server">
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<p align="center"><img src=“ClockTower.wbmp"
alt="Welcome"/><br/> <b><big>Uni Wap Server</big></b><br/>
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<br/><a href="#Index">Enter the Uni</a>
</p></card>
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WML Example #1: Index
<card id="Index" title="Main index">
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<p>Choose the info type:<select><option title="Courses" onpick="#Courses">Course Information</option>
<option title="People" onpick="#People">
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<option title= People onpick= #People > People Information</option>
</select></p>
</card>
WML Example #1: Courses
<card id="Courses" title="Course List"><p>
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<p><a href="#c334">Internet Programming</a><br/><a href="#c335">Distributed Objects & Web Services</a><br/><a href="#c734">Pervasive Computing & the Enterprise</a></p>
</card>
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WML Example #1: c334
<card id="c334" title="Internet Programming">
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<p>Internet ProgrammingCurrently on.
</p></card>
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WML Example #1: c335
<card id="c335" title="Distributed Objects
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& Web Services"><p>Distributed Objects & Web ServicesNext Semester.
</p></card>
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</card>
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WML Example #1: c734
<card id="c734" title="Pervasive Computing
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& the Enterprise"><p>Pervasive Computing & the EnterpriseCurrently on.
</p></card>
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</card>
WML Example #1: People
<card id="People" title="People Information">
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<p>Work in progress. Please visit later.
</p></card>
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WML Example #2: Basic Animation
Splash Deck
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Splash
Splash1
Splash2
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Index
Splash3
WML Example #2: Splash
<card id="Splash" title="Uni Wap Services"><onevent type="ontimer">
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<onevent type= ontimer ><go href="#Splash1"/>
</onevent><timer value="10"/><p align="center"><br/>
*<br/>
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<b><big>Uni Wap Services</big></b></p>
</card>
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WML Example #2: Splash1
<card id="Splash1" title="Uni Wap Services"><onevent type="ontimer">
h f "#S l h2"/
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<go href="#Splash2"/></onevent><timer value="10"/><p align="center"><br/>\ | /<br/>-- --
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</p></card>
WML Example #2: Splash2
<card id="Splash2" title="Uni Wap Services"><onevent type="ontimer"><go href="#Splash3"/>
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<go href= #Splash3 /></onevent><timer value="10"/><p align="center"><br/>\ | /<br/><br/>-- --
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<br/><br/>/ | \<br/><b><big>Uni Wap Services</big></b>
</p></card>
WML Example #2: Splash3
<card id="Splash3" title="Uni Wap Server">li " t "
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<p align="center"><img src=“ClockTower.wbmp" alt="Welcome"/><br/> <b><big>Uni Wap Server</big></b><a href="#Index">"Enter the Uni"</a>
</p></card>
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</card>
WML Example #3: Softkeys
<card id="Splash3" title="Uni Wap Server"><p align="center">
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<p align= center ><img src= "ClockTower.wbmp" alt="Welcome"/><br/> <b><big>Uni Wap Server</big></b><do type="accept" label="Enter the Uni"><go href="#Index"/></do>
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</do></p></card>
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© Manoharan 6
WML Example #4N
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Result
InputNumbers
Deck
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InputNumbers asks for two numbers, and Result displays the sum
WML Example #4a: InputNumbers
<card id="InputNumbers" title="Add2 Tool"><p align="center">
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<p align= center ><b>Enter Two Numbers to Add</b><br/>n1: <input name="n1" title="" format="*N"/><br/>n2: <input name="n2" title="" format="*N"/>
</p>
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/p<do type="accept" label="Add"><go href="#Result"/>
</do> </card>
Link using soft keys
WML Example #4b: InputNumbers
<card id="InputNumbers" title="Add2 Tool">
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p<p align="center"><b>Enter Two Numbers to Add</b><br/>n1: <input name="n1" title="" format="*N"/><br/>n2: <input name="n2" title="" format="*N"/>
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<br/><a href="#Result">Get Results</a></p>
</card>
Link using anchor
WML Example #4: Result
d id "R lt" titl "Add2 R lt "
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<card id="Result" title="Add2 Results"><p align="center"><b>Thanks for using the Add2 Tool</b><br/>You wanted to add $(n1) and $(n2)
</p></card>
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</card>
To use $ as part of the text, one must use $$
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WML Example #4c: InputNumbers
<card id="InputNumbers" title="Add2 Tool"><p align="center"><b>Enter Two Numbers to Add</b>
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<b>Enter Two Numbers to Add</b><br/>n1: <input name="n1" title="" format="*N"/><br/>n2: <input name="n2" title="" format="*N"/>
</p><do type="accept" label="Add"><go href="#Result"/>
</do> An extra button to clear input fields
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<do type="reset" label="Clear"><refresh>
<setvar name="n1" value=""/><setvar name="n2" value=""/>
</refresh></do>
</card>
input fields
WML Example #4d: InputNumbers
<card id="InputNumbers" title="Add2 Tool"><onevent type="onenterbackward">
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<onevent type= onenterbackward > <refresh>
<setvar name="n1" value=""/><setvar name="n2" value=""/>
</refresh></onevent><p align="center">
<b>Enter Two Numbers to Add</b><br/>n1: <input name="n1" title="" format="*N"/>
EnterBackward event clears input fields
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<br/>n2: <input name="n2" title="" format="*N"/>
</p><do type="accept" label="Add">
<go href="#Result"/></do>
</card>
Soft keys
User-interface for soft keys differ from phone to phone. Some phones do not even support soft keys.
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Avoid using soft keys. Use anchors instead.
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WML Script
Based on ECMA Script, a derivative of JavaScriptAllows defining functions that can be called from WML, in
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g ,much the same way as calling JavaScript functions in HTML
The main difference between JavaScript and WML Script is that WML Script functions are contained in a separate file and WML contains references to the URL address of the file, whereas JavaScript functions are normally embedded in the HTML code.
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WML Script
Reduces network round-trips and enhance functionality.Example usages
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p gField validation
• Check for formatting, input ranges, etc.
Conditional logic• Download some intelligence into the device
Device extensions• Access device or vendor-specific API
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Not object-oriented, or even object-based.New variables are decalred using the var keyword (e.g. var
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g y ( gx;)Types aren’t explicitly declared, so there is no need to do type checking
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WML Script
WML Script units have to be compiled into binary WML Script code before they can be executed in a WAP device.
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The WAP gateway normally does the compilationWML Script Virtual Machine (VM) has to be included on the browser that executes the script.
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Referencing Variables
Variable reference Description
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$(myvar:e) Forces escaping of symbolic characters.
$(myvar:n) Forces no escaping of symbolic characters.
$(myvar:u) Forces removal of symbolic character escaping. Th
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Referencing Variables
<card id="MainCard" title="My First WML Card"><onevent type="onenterforward">
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yp<refresh>
<setvar name="urlA" value="file nameA.wml"/><setvar name="urlB" value="file%20nameB.wml"/>
</refresh></onevent><p>
<a href="$(urlA)">urlA $(urlA)</a><br/><a href="$(urlB)">urlB $(urlB)</a><br/><a href="$(urlA:n)">urlA:n $(urlA:n)</a><br/>
h f "$( lB )" lB $( lB ) / b /
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<a href="$(urlB:n)">urlB:n $(urlB:n)</a><br/><a href="$(urlA:u)">urlA:u $(urlA:u)</a><br/><a href="$(urlB:u)">urlB:u $(urlB:u)</a><br/><a href="$(urlA:e)">urlA:e $(urlA:e)</a><br/><a href="$(urlB:e)">urlB:e $(urlB:e)</a><br/>
</p></card>
Referencing Variables
Reference outside a URL
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$(urlA) file nameA.wml
$(urlB) file%20nameB.wml
$(urlA:n) file nameA.wml
$(urlB:n) file%20nameB.wml
$(urlA:u) file nameA.wml
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$(urlA:e) file%20nameA.wml
$(urlB:e) file%2520nameB.wml
Referencing Variables
Reference within a URL
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$(urlA) file%20nameA.wml
$(urlB) file%2520nameB.wml
$(urlA:n) file%20nameA.wml
$(urlB:n) file%20nameB.wml
$(urlA:u) file%20nameA.wml
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$(urlA:e) file%20nameA.wml
$(urlB:e) file%2520nameB.wml
WML Example #5
D k
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Result
InputNumbers
Deck
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InputNumbers asks for two numbers, and Result displays the sum
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WML Example #5: InputNumbers
<card id="InputNumbers" title="Add2 Tool">
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p<p align="center"><b>Enter Two Numbers to Add</b><br/>n1: <input name="n1" title="" format="*N"/><br/>n2: <input name="n2" title="" format="*N"/>
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</p><do type="accept" label="Add">
<go href="add2.wmls#add2()"/></do>
</card>
WML Example #5: Result
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<card id="Result" title="Add2 Results"><p align="center"><b>Thanks for using the Add2 Tool</b><br/>You wanted to add $(n1) and $(n2)<br/>
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The result you require is $(reslt)</p>
</card>
WMLS Example #5
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extern function add2() {var n1 = Lang.parseInt(WMLBrowser.getVar("n1"));var n2 = Lang.parseInt(WMLBrowser.getVar("n2"));var sum = n1 + n2;var sumStr = String.format("%d", sum);WMLBrowser.setVar("reslt", sumStr);
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WMLBrowser.setVar( reslt , sumStr);WMLBrowser.go( "add2.wml#Result" );
}
WMLS Example #6
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extern function add2() {var n1 = Lang.parseInt(WMLBrowser.getVar("n1"));var n2 = Lang.parseInt(WMLBrowser.getVar("n2"));var sum = n1 + n2;var sumStr = String.format("%d", sum);Dialogs alert("The res lt is " + s mStr)
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Dialogs.alert("The result is: " + sumStr);}
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WML Script
Literals can be of the following types: boolean, integer, string, floating point, and invalids
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var mString = “hello world”;var myInteger = 34;var myFloat = 3.142;var d;
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d = myFloat / 0;if ( d == invalid ) {
// divide by zero error}
WML Script Libraries
LangLang library includes functions for data type manipulations, absolute
l l l ti l th f ti lit d d
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value calculations, general-purpose math functionality, and random number generation
FloatOptional Float library includes functions such as pow(), round(), etc, but only supported on devices with floating point capabilities
StringThe String library contains methods such as length(), charAt(), find(), etc
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etc.
WML Script Libraries
URLThe URL library contains functions such as getPath(),
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getReferer(), getHost(), etc.Browser
WML browser interfaceProvides interaction with the browser
DialogProvides a set of typical user-interface functions such as
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prompt(), confirm(), and alert()
The Dialogs Library
Dialogs.alert(text)Dialogs.alert(“The parameter is: “ + parameter);
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Dialogs.confirm(text, ok, cancel)Dialogs.confirm(“The parameter is: “ + parameter, “OK”, “NOTOK”);
Dialogs.prompt(text, default)Dialogs.prompt(“Who are you?”, “James Bond”);
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Standard Library Functions
Lang.max(myVal1, myVal2);Lang.min(myVal1, myVal2);
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g ( y , y );Lang.abs(myVal)Float.int(myVal)Float.floor(myVal)Float.ceil(myVal)Float.round(myVal)
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Lang.random(parameter)Lang.maxInt()
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g ()Lang.minInt()Float.maxFloat()Float.minFloat()Float.pow(number, power);Float.sqrt()
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Basic String Manipulation
The String library offers all manner of functionality for handling and processing strings.
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ExampleString.isEmpty(string)String.length(string)String.charAt(string, position)
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Basic String Manipulation
SubstringsString.substring(string, position, length);
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String.find(string, substring);
White SpaceString.squeeze() String.trim()
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String Formatting
String.format(template, value);The formatting template is similar to the format specification used
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in C’s printf.• d for integer• f for float• s for string
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Standard Library String-Access Fuctionsstring.elements()
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string.elementAt()string.removeAt()string.replaceAt()string.insertAt()
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WTAI
Wireless Telephony Application Interface is a means to create telephony applications using a WTA user-agent with
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appropriate librariesCalling a number using WML ScriptWTAPublic.makeCall("777");
Calling a number through URL referencewtai://wp/mc;777
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Not all phones support WTAI. Check if your phone does!
WTAI
WTAI includes:Call control
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Network text messagingPhone book interfaceIndicator controlEvent processing
WTAI available in WML and WML Script
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Sample Application #1
<wml><card id="Top" title="Dialler">
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<card id= Top title= Dialler ><p align="center"><b>Enter the number to call:</b><br/><input name="n" title="" format="*N"/><br/></p>
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/p<do type="accept" label="Dial number">
<go href="dial.wmls#dial()"/></do>
</card></wml>
Sample Application #1 (2)
t f ti di l() {
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extern function dial() {var n1 = Lang.parseInt(WMLBrowser.getVar("n"));WTAPublic.makeCall(n1);
}
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Sample Application #2
<wml><card id="Top" title="Dialler">
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<card id= Top title= Dialler ><p align="center"><b>Enter a number to call:</b><br/><input name="n" title="" format="*N"/><br/></p>
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/p<do type="accept" label="Dial number">
<go href="wtai://wp/mc;$(n)"/></do>
</card></wml>
WTAI
Other useful WTAI functions include WTAPublic.addPBEntry, WTAPublic.sendDTMF,
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WTAPhoneBook.write, and WTAPhoneBook.search.Refer to the specification for details.
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Limits
There is a limit on the maximum compiled deck size, and this varies from device to device
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Nokia 7110’s is 1397 bytes while Alcatel 525’s is 6656 bytesThe contents will not be loaded, if the maximum size is exceeded.Maximum number of cards within a deck and the maximum size of a card are bounded by the maximum size of the deck.
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The history buffer is also limited. Explicit “back” links may be required rather than relying on the history buffer to go
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back.E.g., Alcatel 525 has a history buffer of size 10.
The maximum size of a WBMP image too is limited.E.g., Alcatel 525 has a limit of 784 bytes.
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Further Reading
Wireless Markup Language Specification. www.WAPForum.org.
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WML Script Specification. WML Script Standard Libraries Specification.WAP Wireless Telephony Application Interface.
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Exercises
Write a WML application for English dictionary lookup. Use a web service for the actual dictionary lookup.
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Write an MCQ Testing suite using WML.Use questions from COMPSCI 334-35 as sample data.
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© Manoharan 16
Exercises
Find out an approximate maximum deck size supported a mobile phone of your choice.
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Describe the card-and-deck metaphor used by WML applications, and discuss why such a metaphor is chosen.
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