Photopolarimetry in Remote Sensing v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents ....................................................................vPreface ................................................................................... ix

General Information

Maxwell’s Equations, Electromagnetic Waves, and Stokes Parameters M.I. Mishchenko and L.D. Travis ............................................1

Polarized Light Scattering by Large Nonspherical Particles A. Macke and K. Muinonen ...................................................45

Optimization of Numerical Inversion in PhotopolarimetricRemote Sensing O. Dubovik .............................................................................65

Radiative Transfer

Eigenvalue Shifting – A New Analytical-ComputationalMethod in Radiative Transfer Theory H. Domke..............................................................................107

Quadratic Integrals in Inverse Problems withMultiple Scattering T. Viik and N.J. McCormick ................................................125

Dynamic Systems

Polarization Fluctuation Spectroscopy K.I. Hopcraft, P.C.Y. Chang, E. Jakeman, and J.G. Walker ....................................................................137

Intensity and Polarization Fluctuation Statistics of LightScattered by Systems of Particles F. González, F. Moreno, J.M. Saiz and J.L de La Peña........175

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Backscatter Polarization

Scattering Properties of Planetary Regoliths Near Opposition Y. Shkuratov, G. Videen, M. Kreslavsky,I. Belskaya, V. Kaydash, A. Ovcharenko,V. Omelchenko, N. Opanasenko, E. Zubko .........................191

Backscattering from Particles Near Planar SurfacesG. Videen and K. Muinonen.................................................209

Backscattering Effects for Discrete Random Media V. Tishkovets, P. Litvinov, E. Petrova, K. Jockers,and M. Mishchenko ..............................................................221

Biological Systems

Inverse Polarimetry and Light Scattering by Leaves S.N. Savenkov and R.S. Muttiah ..........................................243

Optical Properties and Biomedical Applications of Nanostructures Based on Gold and Silver Bioconjugates N.G. Khlebtsov, A.G. Melnikov, L.A. Dykman, and V.A. Bogatyrev ..............................................................265

Astrophysical Phenomena

Polarization of Light by Young Stellar ObjectsV.P. Grinin............................................................................309

Infrared Polarimetry of Interstellar Dust J.H. Hough and D.K. Aitken.................................................325

Measurements of General Magnetic Fieldson Stars with Vigorous Convective ZonesUsing High-Accuracy Spectropolarimetry S.I. Plachinda ........................................................................351

Photopolarimetry in Remote Sensing vii

Polarimetry and Physics of Solar System Bodies A. Morozhenko and A.Vid’machenko .................................369

Disk-Integrated Polarimetry of Mercury in 2000–2002D. Lupishko and N. Kiselev .................................................385

Comets

Polarimetry of Dust in the Solar System:Observations and Measurements A.Chantal Levasseur-Regourd..............................................393

Polarimetry of Comets: Progress and Problems N. Kiselev and V. Rosenbush ...............................................411

Characterization of Dust Particles Using Photopolarimetric Data: Example of Cometary Dust L. Kolokolova, H. Kimura, I. Mann .....................................431

Photopolarimetry Instrumentation

Invitation to SpectropolarimetryY. Yefimov ...........................................................................455

Astronomical Polarimeters and Features ofPolarimetric Observations A. Morozhenko and A.Vid’machenko .................................479

Participants...........................................................................487Index.....................................................................................495

viii Photopolarimetry in Remote Sensing

Advertisement appearing in Nature (May 22, 2003) outlining the ASI.

Photopolarimetry in Remote Sensing ix

Preface

The NATO Advanced Study Institute on “Photopolarimetry in Remote Sensing” met on the outskirts of the Ukrainian Black-sea city of Yalta, 20 September – 3 October, 2003. The focus of the meeting was recent advances in polarimetric methodologies used in remote sensing, including, but not limited to terrestrial and astrophysical characterization, medical diagnostics, environmental and military monitoring. Following the ASI, some participants attended an accompanying workshop focusing on international cooperation in Kyiv, 4 – 10 October.

The concept for the ASI was put forth at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on “Optics of Cosmic Dust” (held in Bratislava, Slovakia, chaired by Gorden Videen and Miroslav Kocifaj) and was proposed by Nikolai Voshchinnikov, Michael Mishchenko and Vera Rosenbush. It should be noted that none of these plotters actually co-chaired either of these events. Like most good things, the initial planning was facilitated by many bottles of vodka and brandy, too many to count actually. Because of the pioneering observational efforts and support infrastructure of the Main Astronomical Observatory of Ukraine, it was decided that the ASI would take place in Ukraine on the Black-sea coast. Preparation of the ASI began in earnest in the autumn of 2002 with formal acceptance of our NATO proposal.

While Co-chairs Yaroslav Yatskiv and Gorden Videen busied themselves with bureaucratic necessities, the actual preparations were made by the Local Organizing Committee. Special recognition is owed to Vera Rosenbush who is responsible for all the good things that happened. In addition to the LOC, we thank the management and staff of the Sanatorium Druzhba for extending the warmest of welcomes to the participants. Sasha Krysyuk participated in all the conference activities and insisted that we receive the best of everything. We could not have wished for a better host.

Chairman Yaroslav Yatskiv rallies the troops at the first conference dinner.

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Many fields have made contributions to the art of polarimetry, and our goal was to select representative lecturers who have contributed to the various

aspects. We were lucky to have a group of outstanding lecturers willing to invest the time to provide illuminating and entertaining lectures on the fundamental research in their fields. This book is a compilation of significant contributions taken primarily from these key lectures. We are grateful to those who were able to devote the significant time and effort necessary to document this work.

While the lectures represent the key component of a NATO ASI, another critical component is providing opportunities for

ASI and Sanatorium Druzhba management and staff stand in front of flags of the NATO ASI participant countries. Back row (left to right): Anatoliy Vid’machenko, Sasha Krysyuk, Klaus Jockers and Michael Mishchenko. Front row (left to right): Valentin Babenko, Tamara Bulba, Ivan Andronov, Irina Kulyk, Yuriy Shkuratov, Nikolai Kiselev, Anny-Chantal Levasseur-Regourd, Ted Kostiuk, Vera Rosenbush, Gorden Videen, Alexander Fedorov, Zhanna Platonova, and Yaroslav Yatskiv.

The Swallow’s Nest, symbol of the Crimea, is a short distance from the Druzhba.

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interactions. Not only is this important for lecturers to elucidate key points and to provide details on a more personal level, but it is also critical to provide the time for the communications that ultimately will lead to advances and collaborations that will drive the field into the future. The LOC organized these activities that included an opening reception, two formal conference dinners and field trips to the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory (with a visit to the Uspensky Monastery and Chufut Kale), and tours of Livadia and Alupka

palaces, Ai Petra, and Sevastopol. In sum, we did our best to provide the necessary elements to commence fruitful collaborations, i.e., food, drink, and discussion, and hope our participant colleagues are able to turn this opportunity to their advantage.

Gorden Videen Yaroslav Yatskiv Michael Mishchenko

April, 2004

Picnic at CrAO was a carnivorous affair. Shown (left to right): Ivan Mishchenko, Matt Easley, Olga Kalashnikova, James McDonald, Marina Prokopjeva, Daria Dubkova and Pavel Litvinov.

Photopolarimetry in Remote Sensing xiii

Organizational Structure

CHAIRS

Yaroslav Yatskiv Main Astronomical Observatory of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Gorden Videen United States Army Research Laboratory

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Vladimir Grinin Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, Ukraine Vsevolod Ivanov St. Petersburg University, Russia Theodore Kostiuk NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, USA Michael Mishchenko NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, USA Alexander Morozhenko Main Astronomical Observatory of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

LECTURERS

Oleg Dubovik NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, USA Francisco Gonzalez University of Cantabria, Spain Vladimir Grinin Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, Ukraine Keith Hopcraft University of Nottingham, UK James Hough University of Hertfordshire, UK Vsevolod V. Ivanov St. Petersburg University, Russia Theodore Kostiuk NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, USA A. Chantal Levasseur-Regourd University of Paris, France Andreas Macke University of Kiel, Germany Michael Mishchenko NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, USA Yuriy Shkuratov Kharkov University, Ukraine Nikolai Voshchinnikov St. Petersburg University, Russia Dmitry Zimnyakov Saratov State University, Russia

LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Tamara Bulba Alla Rostopchina- Shakhovskaya Zhanna Dlugach Dmitry Shakhovskoy Irina Kulyk Anatoliy Vid’machenko Vera Rosenbush

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LOCAL CONTACT ADDRESS:

POLAR-2003 Main Astronomical Observatory National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Zabolotnoho Str. 27 Kiev 03680 UKRAINE Fax: (380) + 44 + 266 21 47 Tel: (380) + 44 + 266 08 69 E-mail : polar2003@mao.kiev.ua

CONFERENCE LOCALE:

Sanatorium KURPATY, Druzhba (“Friendship”) Alupka highway 12 Yalta 98659 Crimea UKRAINE Fax: (380) + 0654 + 24 83 09 Tel: (380) + 0654 + 31 47 93

ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF SUPPORT:

Primary support for the NATO ASI was provided by the NATO Science Committee. Additional funding was provided by the US OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL FIELD OFFICE and the US National Science Foundation. Some travel fellowships were provided by the US National Science Foundation and the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey. Additional support was provided by the US Army Research Laboratory. Support for the Workshop on Remote Sensing Techniques and Instrumentation was provided by the European Research Office of the US Army and Science of Technology Center of Ukraine. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Research Office of the US Army, the Office of Naval Research International Field Office, the NATO Science Committee, the US Army Research Laboratory, the US National Science Foundation, the Technical Research Council of Turkey, the participants, authors, or the editors.

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