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Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Wireless LANs and PANs
Chapter 15
1
Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Outline
Introduction Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) Enhancement for IEEE 802.11 WLANs Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANs) using WiMAX and Mesh Networks Mesh Networks Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) ZigBee Summary
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Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Data rate
Scope of Various WLAN and WPAN Standards
802.11n*
Power consumption Complexity
802.15.I Bluetooth
802.11a HiperLAN
802.11g*
802.11
WPAN
802.11b
WLAN
* Standard in progress
WMAN
802.16 WiMAX
WMN 802.16*
802.15.4
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Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
IEEE group published a standard for WLANs named as IEEE 802.11 (now known as IEEE 802.11n) Higher bit rates at 2.4GHz ISM band resulted in high-speed standard called the IEEE 802.11b (popularly known as Wi-Fi) Can be used to have an ad hoc network using peer-to-peer mode, Or, as a client/server wireless configuration (Infrastructure)
Ad hoc Client/server
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
IEEE 802.11
It is the standard for wireless LANs. It specifies MAC procedures and operate in 2.4
GHz range with data rate of 1Mbps or optionally 2Mbps.
User demand for higher bit rates and international availability of 2.4 GHz band has resulted in development of a high speed standard in the same carrier frequency range.
This standard called 802.11b, specifies a PHY layer providing a basic data rate of 11 Mbps and a fall-back rate of 5.5 Mbps.
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
IEEE 802.11
In the ad hoc network mode, as there is no central controller, the wireless access cards use the CSMA/CA protocol to resolve shared access of the channel. In the client/server configuration, many PCs and laptops, physically close to each other (20 to 500 meters), can be linked to a central hub [AP] A larger area can be covered by installing several APs The access points track movement of users and make decisions on whether to allow users to communicate WLAN cards could be operated in continuous aware mode (radio always on) and power saving polling mode (radio in sleep state to extend battery life)
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Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Distributed Wireless Network
Station
Access point
Wired network
Access point
Distributed system
Access point
Station
Station Station
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Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
IEEE 802.11 and variants
IEEE 802.11a With a throughput up to 54Mbps IEEE 802.11a operates on 5GHz It has less interference as compared to IEEE 802.11b/g since 2.4GHz band is heavily used Uses orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) with 52 subcarriers spanning over a 20MHz spectrum
IEEE 802.11b (WiFi) Operates on 2.4GHz band with throughput of up to11Mbps Direct-sequence spread spectrum DSSS on PHY layer
IEEE 802.11g Operates on 2.4G using either DSSS or OFDM Can achieve higher throughput of up to 54Mbps
IEEE 802.11n Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology Bandwidth can be 40MHz in 2.4GHz and 5GHz
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Enhancement for IEEE 802.11 WLANs
The keys behind all the above networks are the wireless cards and wireless LAN access points
In an ad hoc network mode, there is no central controller, the wireless access cards use CSMA/CA protocol to resolve shared access
MAC layer access uses one of following methods: distributed coordination function (DCF), point coordination function (PCF), and hybrid coordination function (HCF)
DCF is carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) and senses the medium before sending frame
9
Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Enhancement for IEEE 802.11 WLANs
IEEE 802.11e working group has developed enhanced DCF (EDCF) so that the differentiated service could be provided
MSs with shorter AIFS have a higher priority to access channel than stations with longer AIFS
Two EDCF priority schemes: interframe space (IFS) priority scheme and contention window (CW) priority scheme
IFS priority scheme works better when the number of competing stations is large and can improve up to 50% for the real-time packets
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Issues in MAC Protocol Challenges security related and support of multicast
and location management Many mobile applications require support for group
communication Location-based services include providing listings of
local restaurants or movie theaters, emergency services, and vehicle tracking
Scalability is a major concern to WLANs In client server model, many PC’s or laptops
physically close to each other (20-500m) can be linked to a central hub (access point) which acts as a bridge between the wireless and wired network
A large area can be covered by installing several access points in the building
11
Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Roofnet and HyperLAN
Roofnet is an experimental multi-hop IEEE 802.11b consists of about 50 nodes in apartments of Cambridge
Few nodes act as gateways to wired Internet Requires no pre-configuration and users can connect on
the fly HiperLAN stands for high-performance LAN Employs 5.15GHz and 17.1GHz frequency bands and
has a data rate of 23.5Mbps with a coverage of 50m and mobility < 10 m/s
Supports 25 audio connections at 32 kbps with a maximum latency of 10 ms, 1 video connection of 2Mbps with 100ms latency, and data rate of 13.4 Mbps
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Features of Hiper LAN/2
HiperLAN type 2 has been specifically developed to have a wired infrastructure
Type 1 has a distributed MAC with QoS provisions, whereas type 2 has a centralized scheduled MAC
Type 1 is based on Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK), whereas type 2 is based on OFDM
HiperLAN/2 automatically performs handoff to the nearest AP which is basically a radio BS that covers an area of about 30 to 150 meters
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Features of Hiper LAN/2
The goals of HiperLAN are: QoS (to build multiservice networks) Strong security Handoff when moving between local area and wide areas Increased throughput Ease of use, deployment, and maintenance Affordability Scalability
The connection oriented approach makes support for QoS easy It supports automatic frequency allocation, eliminating the need
for manual frequency planning as in cellular networks
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
HyperLAN/2 Features
Fixed network
AP
AP AP
AP
MS MS
A simple HyperLAN/2 system
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
HyperLAN/2 Features MS may at any time request the AP and enter a low-power state for a sleep period Control is centralized at AP Channel spacing is 20MHz allowing high bit rates per channel Selective repeat ARQ is an error control mechanism used Radio link control (RLC) protocol provides following services: Association control with feature negotiation Encryption algorithms and convergence layers, authentication, key negotiation, and convergence layer negotiation Radio resource control to support handoff capability, to perform radio measurements in assisting the APs in selecting an appropriate radio channel, and to run the power-saving algorithm Connection control for the establishment and release of user connections
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
HomeRF
Two kind of networks: HomeRF (for home), Hiper LAN (for business workspace).
43 million US homes now contain more than one PC. A home network typically consists of one high speed
internet access port providing data to multiple networked nodes.
Home networking allows all computers in a home to simultaneously utilize the same high speed ISP (Internet Service Provider) account.
Home networking allows two options: wired solution and wireless solution.
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
HomeRF (cont’d)
Wired Solutions such as Ethernet, phone line offers a fast reliable secure connections, but the cost of wiring and installation is high.
Wireless networks such as PC-Centric Data offer more mobility to the users of the network.
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Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Architecture of HomeRF System
Baby monitor
Phone connection
Cell phone
Main PC
Clock
Palmtop
Wireless headset
Satellite dish
Fridge data pad
Television Handheld communicator
Laptop 2nd PC Cable modem
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Advantages of Wireless HomeRF
Mobility Flexibility: Simultaneous internet access while sharing
a single internet connection with other PCs. Simple: Installation time is small. Economical: Less than $100 for each networked PC. Secure Based on industry Standards: Enables interoperability
between many different manufacturers.
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
HomeRF Technology
In HomeRF all the devices can share the same connections for voice and data
Provides the foundation for a broad range of interoperable consumer devices
A specification for wireless communications in the home called Shared Wireless Access Protocol (SWAP) has been developed
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Home RF Network
A network consists of Resource providers, which are gateways to different resources like cordless phones, printers, fileservers and TV.
The goal of Home RF is to integrate all of them in to a single Network suitable for all applications and also remove all wires and utilize RF links in the network.
This will support the mobility of devices. With Home RF, cordless phone can connect to
PSTN ordinarily, but can also connect through a PC for enhanced services.
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Comparison of WLAN Standards Technology Wireless LAN
IEEE 802.11b (WiFi)
HomeRF HiperLAN
Operational spectrum
2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 5.GHz
Physical layer DSSS FHSS with FSK OFDM with QAM
Channel access CSMA/CA CSMA–CA and TDMA
Central resource control/TDMA/TDD
Nominal data rate
2 Mbps 10 Mbps 32–54Mbps
Coverage 100 m >50m 30–150m
Power level issues <350mA current drain
<300mA peak current
Uses low power states like sleep
Interference Present Present Minimal
Price/complexity Medium (<$100) Medium High (>$100)
Security Low High High
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANs)
IEEE 802.16 based WiMAX Offers less expensive opportunity Supports point-to-multipoint broadband wireless access Very high bit rates in the range of 3.5 MHz Support a variety of backhaul requirements, including both
ATM and packet-based protocols Convergence sublayers are used to map the transport-layer–
specific traffic to a MAC and offers features such as payload header suppression, packing, and fragmentation
Supports 99.999 percent link availability MAC supports automatic repeat request (ARQ)
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Protocol Stack
Packet convergence Sublayer (PCS)
ATM Packet SSCS
(security sublayer 16-2004)
Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Brief Functions Convergence Sublayer (CS)
Mapping external network data into MAC SDU Classifying external network SDU Associating to MAC connection ID Payload header suppression (PHS)
Common Part Sublayer (CPS) Core MAC functionality
System access Bandwidth allocation Connection establishment Connection maintenance Handover and Power amanagement
Security Sublayer Authentication (RSA X.509/EAP) Security key exchange (3DES) Encryption (AES)
PHY Multiple sections
Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Service Specific Convergence Sublayer (SSCS)
The CS performs the following functions: accepting higher-layer PDUs from the higher layer performing classification of higher-layer PDUs processing (if required) the higher-layer PDUs
based on the classification delivering CS PDUs to the appropriate MAC SAP receiving CS PDUs from the peer entity
Currently, two CS specifications are provided Asyncronous Transfer Mode (ATM) CS Packet CS
Such as IP, PPP, Ethernet, etc., Other CSs may be specified in the future.
Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Packet Convergence Sublayer (PCS) Packet convergence sublayer (PCS)
The packet CS resides on top of the Common Part Sublayer (CPS)
The PCS performs the following functions, utilizing the services of the MAC sublayer: a) Classification of the higher-layer protocol PDU into the
appropriate connection b) Suppression of payload header information (optional) c) Delivery of the resulting CS PDU to the MAC SAP
associated with the service flow for transport to the peer MAC SAP
d) Receipt of the CS PDU from the peer MAC SAP e) Rebuilding of any suppressed payload header
information (optional)
Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANs)
Data to the subscriber stations are multiplexed in TDM fashion. The uplink (UL) is shared between SSs in TDMA fashion SS has a standard 48-bit MAC address MAC PDU consists of a fixed-length MAC header, a variable-
length payload, and an optional cyclic redundancy check (CRC) MAC supports various higher-layer protocols such as ATM or IP
CID lsb (8) HCS (8)
LEN lsb (8) CID msb (8)
Type (6) LEN Msb(3)
HT=
0 (1
)
Rsv(
1)
EC(1
)
Rsv(
1)
CI(1
)
EKS (2)
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
IEEE 802.16 MAC MAC supports both TDD and FDD 10–66GHz: line-of-sight (LOS) needed Burst design allows coexistence of both TDD and FDD forms 2–11GHz: three air interfaces are defined
Air Interface Specification WMAN–SC2 A single-carrier modulation is used WMAN–OFDM
License-exempt bands necessarily use this TDMA access interface. OFDM is present with a 256-point transform
WMAN–OFDMA
Each receiver is assigned a set of multiple carriers to enable multiple access. OFDM is present with a 2048-point transform
Three 2–11GHz Air Interface of the IEEE 802.16a Draft 3 Specifications
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
IEEE 802.16 MAC Physical Layer
Channel bandwidths are 20, 25MHz (typical U.S. allocation) or 28MHz (typical European allocation) Frame size can be 0.5, 1, or 2 ms Negotiated burst profile is used to provide synchronization with the Down Link
P MAC PDU which has started in previous TC PDU
First MAC PDU, this TC PDU
Second MAC PDU, this TC PDU
TC sublayer PDU 31
Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Wireless Mesh Network
Figure 15.9 Illustration of a Wireless Mesh Network (WMN)
Internet
IGW 1
IGW 2
MR1
MR2 MR3
MR4
MR5 MR6
Backbone
Mesh Clients
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Wireless Mesh Network
Comprise of: Internet Gateways (IGWs) Mesh Routers (MRs) Mesh Clients (MCs) Multi-hop WMN, traffic is predominantly oriented towards IGWs from MRs Traditional routing solutions of MANETs are not adequate for WMNs TCP could result in excessive packet delays Vulnerable to variety of security attacks
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Ricochet
A mobile data access service that is always on, provides high speed, secure mobile access to the desktop from outside the office.
It allows to link to the Internet or the corporate network without needing phone lines or cable connections.
The Ricochet service is provided by Metricom.
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Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Ricochet Mobile Communication Network
Network interconnection facility Microcell radios on street lights, utility poles
Wireless access point
Name server
Router
Gateway
Gateway to Internet, Intranets, LANS, Compuserve, AOL and other on-line services Computer device
Modem radio
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Ricochet The Ricochet service is a wide area wireless system using
spread spectrum packet switching data. The network operates within 902-928 MHz portion of RF
spectrum. The Ricochet wireless Micro Cellular Data Network
(MCDN), consists of shoebox sized radio receivers, called Micro cell radios.
Micro cells are typically mounted to street poles. Micro cells require a small power from the street lights. Each Micro cell radio employs 162 frequency hopping
channels.
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
The Ricochet Wireless Modem It weighs 13 ounces. Has the general dimensions of a small paperback
book, plugs directly into a desktop. When a Ricochet modem is configured to operate
in bridge mode, it translates signals from other Ricochet modems into signals that a wired modem can receive.
V.34, 28,800 bps access Good Availability Unlimited access Flexible pricing
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Services Provided by Ricochet
Provides immediate, dependable and secure connections without the cost and complexities of land based phone lines.
Sending E-mails, access to documents in home networks.
Many real estate agents use this to search for property listings while on road.
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Comparison of WMAN Standards
Technology Wireless MAN
IEEE 802.16 Ricochet
Operational spectrum 10–66GHz, LOS required, 20/25/28MHz channels
900MHz
Physical layer TDMA-based uplink, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
FHSS
Channel access TDD and FDD variants CSMA
Minimum data rate possible 120/134.4Mbps for 25/28MHz channel 176 kbps
Coverage Typically a large city As of September, 2002 only Denver, CO
Power level issues Complicated power control algorithms for different burst profiles
Low power modem compatible with laptops and hand-held
Interference Present but limited Present
Price complexity Not available Medium
Security High. Defines an extra privacy sublayer for authentication
High (Patented security system)
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Wireless Personal Area Network
Bluetooth initially conceived to replace RS232 cables, is the only WPAN technology to be commercially available
Since 2002, its presence has become visible in devices ranging from laptops to wireless mouse to cameras, to headsets, to printers and cell phones
IEEE 802.15.x protocols to address needs of WPANs with varied data rates
Bluetooth has adopted as IEEE 802.15.1 (medium rate) while the IEEE 802.15.3 (high rate) and 802.15.4 (low rate) are also available
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
IEEE 802.15 Task Groups IEEE 802.15 WPAN/Bluetooth TG1 IEEE 802.15 Coexistence TG2: TG2 (the IEEE 802.15.2) is developing recommended practices to facilitate coexistence of WPANs (the IEEE 802.15) and WLANs (the IEEE 802.11). IEEE 802.15 WPAN/High Rate TG3: The TG3 for WPANs is chartered to draft a new standard for high-rate (20Mbps or greater) WPANs IEEE 802.15 WPAN/Low Rate TG4: The goal is to provide a standard for ultra-low complexity, cost, and power for low-data- rate (200 kbps or less) wireless connectivity among inexpensive fixed, portable, and moving devices
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Bluetooth It is named after the King of Denmark that unified
different factions in Christianity through the country. It is a short range RF communication. Low cost, low power, radio based wireless link
eliminates the need for short cable. Bluetooth radio technology built into both the cellular
telephone and the laptop would replace the cable used today to connect a laptop to cellular phone.
Printers, desktops can all be wireless. It also provides a universal bridge to existing data
networks. 42
Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Bluetooth Cellular Link
Use of Bluetooth to connect notebook
Base Station
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Bluetooth connecting printers, PDA’s, desktops, fax machines, keyboards, joysticks and virtually any other digital device
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Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Fixed Line
Bluetooth providing a universal bridge to existing data networks
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Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Bluetooth: A mechanism to form ad hoc networks of connected devices away from fixed network
infrastructures
Bluetooth
Personal Ad hoc Network
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Bluetooth
The ultimate goal is to make small products (PC/Laptops) have only one wire attached to power cord.
In case of PDA, the power cord is also eliminated. A simple application of Bluetooth is updating the
phone directory of the PC from a mobile telephone. A typical Bluetooth has a range of 10 m.
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Features
Fast frequency hopping to reduce interference. Adaptive output power to minimize interference. Short data packets to maximize capacity. Fast acks allowing for low coding overhead for links. Flexible packet types that support a wide application range. CVSD (Continuous Variable Slope Delta Modulation)
voice coding that can withstand high bit error rates. Transmission/reception interface tailored to minimize
power consumption
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Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Architecture of Bluetooth System and Scatternet
Piconet 1 Piconet 4
Piconet 3
Piconet 2
M2
M1
M3
M4
S2,1
S2,2
S2,3
S3,1 S3,2
S3,3
S2,4 /S3,4
S1,2 /S2,5
S 1,3 /S 4,4
S1,1
S1,4
S1,5
S4,1
S4,2 S4,3
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Bluetooth Technological Characteristics Frequency band 2.4 GHz (unlicensed ISM band)
Technology Spread spectrum
Transmission method Hybrid direct sequence and frequency hopping
Transmission power 1 milli-watt (0 dBm)
Range 10 meters (40 feet)
Number of devices 8 per piconet, 10 piconets per coverage area
Data speed Asymmetric link: 721+57.6 kbps
Symmetric link: 432.6 kbps
Maximum voice channels 3 per piconet
Maximum data channels 7 perpiconet
Security Link layer w/s fast frequency hopping (1600 /sec)
Power consumption 30 μA sleep, 60 μA hold, 300 μA standby, 800 μA max transmit
Module size 3 square cm (0.5 square inches)
Price Expected to fall to $5 in the next few years
C/I co-channel 11 dB (0.1% BER)
C/I 1 MHz -8 dB (0.1% BER)
C/I 2 MHz -40 dB (0.1% BER)
Channel switching time 220 μs
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Architecture
Bluetooth radio typically hops faster and uses shorter packets as compared to other systems operating in the same frequency band.
Use of FEC (Forward Error Correction) limits the impact of random noise.
As the interference increases, the performance decreases.
51
Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Architecture (cont’d) Bluetooth devices can interact with other Bluetooth devices. One of the devices acts as a master and others as slaves. This network is called “Piconet”. A single channel is shared among all devices in Piconet. There can be up to seven active slaves in the Piconet. Each of the active slaves has an assigned 3 bit Active Member
address. A lot of other slaves can remain synchronized to the Master
through remaining inactive slaves, referred to as parked nodes. A parked device remains synchronized to the master clock and
can become active and start communicating in the Piconet anytime.
52
Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Architecture (cont’d)
If Piconets are close to each other, they have overlapping areas
The scenario where the nodes of two or more Piconets mingle is called Scatternet
Before any connections in the Piconet are created all devices are in STDBY mode
In this mode an unconnected unit periodically “listens” for message every 1.28 seconds
Each times a device wakes up, it tunes on the set of 32 hop frequencies defined for that unit
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Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Upper Layer
Baseband
SDP
LMP Audio L2CAPE
Low Radio Layer
SDP – Service Discovery Protocol
L2CAP – Logical Link Control and Adaptation Layer Protocol
LMP – Link Manager Protocol
Bluetooth Core Protocol
SDP: Provides a mean for applications to discover which services are provided by or available through a Bluetooth device
L2CAP: Supports higher level protocol multiplexing, packet segmentation and reassembly and conveying of QoS information
LMP: Used by Link managers for link set up and control Baseband: Enables the physical RF link between Bluetooth units forming a Piconet
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625µsec 1-slot packet
3-slot packet
5-slot packet
Core Protocols
Type User Payload (bytes)
FEC
Symmetric (kbps)
Asymmetric (kbps)
DM1 0–17 Yes 108.0 108.8 108.8
DH1 0–27 No 172.8 172.8 172.8
DM3 0–121 Yes 256.0 384.0 54.4
DH3 0–183 No 384.0 576.0 86.4
DM5 0–224 Yes 286.7 477.8 36.3
DH5 0–339 No 432.6 721.0 57.6
HV1 0–10 Yes 64.0
HV2 0–20 Yes 128.0
HV3 0–30 No 192
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Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Bea
con Contention
access period (CAP)
Bea
con
Guaranteed time slot (GTS)
Superframe
WPAN parameters
Non-QoS data frames: • Short bursty data • Channel access requests
CAP/GTS boundary dynamically adjustable
Data frames with QoS provisions: • Image Files • MP3 music files (multimedia files) • Standard definition MPEG2, 4.5 Mb/s • High-definition MPEG2, 19.2 Mb/s • MPEG1, 1.5 Mb/s • DVD, up to 9.8 Mb/s • CD audio, !.5 Mb/s • AC3 Dolby digital, 448 Kb/s • MP3 streaming audio, 128 Kb/s
IEEE 802.15.3 MAC and PHY Layer Details
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
IEEE 802.15.4 Some applications that require high data rates such as shared Internet access, distributed home entertainment, and networked gaming However, there is an even bigger market for home automation, security, and energy conservation applications IEEE 802.15.4 defines specification for low-rate, low- power WPANs Application areas include industrial control; agricultural, vehicular, and medical sensors; and actuators
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Upper layers
Network layer
Data link layer
IEEE 802.15.4 868/915
MHz PHY
IEEE 802.15.4
2400 MHz PHY
IEEE 802.2 LLC, type 1
SSCS
Other LLC
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
IEEE 802.15.4 Data Link Layer (DLL) Details
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Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Bytes:
PHY Layer
General MAC frame format
PHY protocol data unit (PPDU)
MAC protocol data unit (MPDU)
Synchronization header
Physical header PHY service data unit (PSDU)
Payload Frame check sequence
Address Info
Sequence number
Frame control
MAC header (MHR) MAC service data unit (MSDU)
MAC footer (MFR)
2 2 Variable 0-20 1
MAC Layer
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Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Preamble
Start of packet
delimiter
PHY header
PHY service data unit (PSDU)
6 bytes ≤ 127 bytes
PHY protocol data unit (PPDU)
PHY packet fields: • Preamble (32 bits) – synchronization • Start of packet delimiter (8 bits) – signify end of preamble • PHY header (8 bits) – specify length of PSDU • PSDU (≤ 127 bytes) – PHY layer payload
802.15.4 PHY layer Packet Structure
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Comparison of WPAN Systems Technology Bluetooth (802.15.1) 802.15.3 802.15.4
Bluetooth 3.0 HS
Operational spectrum
2.4GHz ISM band 2.402–2.480GHz ISM band
2.4GHz and 868/915MHz
2.4–2.4835GHz or 6–9GHz
Physical layer details
FHSS, 1600 hops per second
Uncoded QPSK trellis coded QPSK or 16/32/64-QAM scheme
DSSS with BPSK or MSK (O–QPSK)
UWB
Channel access
Master slave polling, time division duplex (TDD)
CSMA–CA, and guaranteed time slots (GTS) in a superframe structure
CSMA–CA, and guaranteed time slots (GTS) in a superframe structure
802.11 radio protocol
Maximum data rate
Up to 1Mbps 11–55Mbps 868MHz–20, 915MHz–40, 2.4GHz–250 kbps
480 Mbps
Coverage <10m <10m <20m ?
Power level issues
1mA–60mA
<80mA Very low current drain (20–50 mA)
ultra-low power
Interference Present Present Present Minimum
Price Low (<$10) Medium Very low ?
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Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
ZigBee ZigBee is pertinent in various sensor applications ZigBee is designed to respond quickly, while Bluetooth takes much longer ZigBee is a control technology on wireless standard Data rate of 250 Kbps in 2.4 GHz ISM band, 20 kbps in the 868 MHz band in Europe, and 40 kbps in 915MHz band used in North America and Australia ZigBee can choose up to 16 different 5 MHz channels within 2.4 GHz band, several do not overlap with 802.11 and WiFi ZigBee has active and sleep modes All devices must have a short 16-bit IEEE addressing Application layer maintains table of binding for matching two or more devices
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