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8/7/2019 Winter Food Production In High Tunnels
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Winter Production inHigh Tunnels
Steve Moore, NCSUThe Center for Environmental Farming Systems
Goldsboro NC
[email protected] 919 218 4642
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Winter Vegetables
Lettuce (head and mixes)
Asian and other greens
Spinach
Parsley
Spring onions
Kale
Collards
Poc choi
Radish
Turnips
Chard
Celery
Herbs
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Heat Sources
• Solar energy (light and heat)
– Insolation, regional and site
– Greenhouse orientation• Ambient heat of the earth
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Effects of Structure Design on
Thermal Performance
Gothic arch shape
Relationship of perimeter to surface area
Perimeter ground insulation
Use of interior covers
Types of films and coverings
Interior layouts
Gable end layout and ventilation
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Passive Solar Greenhouse (March, Zone 6)
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Ken Dawson’s high tunnel late winter
(zone 7A)
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Inner Covers Closed for
the Night
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Jan. 1997 (weekly min. -7 degrees F. zone 6 PA)
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Two Different Demonstration High
Tunnels at CEFS SFU
Warm high tunnel
Two layers of poly film roof covering
Perimeter insulation
Insulated (polycarbonate) gable ends
Cool high tunnels
Single layer of roof covering
No perimeter insulation
Single layer poly film gable ends
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Effects of various inner covers on Poc
Choi
planted in a winter
production high tunnel
With 6 mil plastic innercover
With Typar inner cover (upper)
With no cover (lower)
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Effects of various inner row covers on greens planted on the same day and grown in a
winter production high tunnel (top to bottom; 6 mil plastic, Typar, no cover)
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0
510
15
20
25
30
35
40
N u m b
e r o f D a y s t o h a
r v e s t
Warm,
plastic
Warm,
typar
Warm,
no
cover
Cool,
plastic
Cool,
typar
Cool,
no
cover
Various Types of High
Tunnels and inner Covers
Number of Days to First Harvest of Cut
Greens (Jan-Feb.2007)
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Warm,plastic
Warm,typar
Warm,no
cover
Cool,plastic
Cool,typar
Cool,no
cover
Type of High Tunnel and Inner Cover
Days to Second Harvest of Lettuce Mix Under
Various Types of High Tunnels and Inner
Covers
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Cost Difference for the Warm and Cool
High Tunnels (Dec 2006)
High tunnels were 20’ x 36’ with 6’ extendedheight sides, roll up sides,engineered forhurricane force winds.
Approximate Cost for the cool tunnel was$3000 ($4.10/sq ft)
Warm high tunnel cost an additional $980 or~32% more.
30’ x 96’ costs ~$8,500 ($2.95/sq ft)
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Basic gross revenue from lettuce mix
The Demonstration tunnel configuration canproduce 508 oz/week of lettuce mix
Price of Earth bound Mixed Baby Greens $3.59/5
oz bag (10/10/07) $364 gross/week/tunnel
Price of store brand lettuce mix $3.39/6 oz bag(10/10/07) $287 gross/week/tunnel
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Observations from 2007 Winter Greens Production
“Heavyness” makes an economic difference (Tatsoi
is slightly heaver than Misuna and both are twice as heavy as Lettuce
Mix)
Days to harvest make an economic difference(Lettuce is much slower to grow in cooler environments)
Mixed greens may provide a marketing option tocombine taste (sale ability) and lbs per squarefoot.
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Materials and Methods
Planted September 19, 2006; Salisbury, NC.
Plant spacing; double rows on raised beds; 18” betweenplants in rows; rows 12” apart.
Followed standard strawberry plasticulture managementrecommendations except for fertigation schedule.
Weekly fertigation at 5# actual N/ acre rate began weekof planting and later upped to 7# based on leaf analysis.
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Materials and Methods
Plastic cover removed from the tunnel after
Jan. 25, and plants “rested” for about fiveweeks.
Plastic cover replaced on March 1, 2007, andweekly fertigation resumed.
Spring (extended season) harvests began
April 7 and continued through June 4 (8weeks).
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Materials and Methods
Medium weight row covers (1.5 oz.) were
placed over the rows in the tunnel during coldperiods and were very effective in preventingloss of flowers and fruit.
Relied on wind and air movement forpollination.
First off-season harvest took place Nov. 22,
2006, and weekly harvests continued throughJan. 25, 2007 (10 weeks).
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RESULTS
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Table 2. First Full Season Marketable Yields of Strawberry Varieties in a High
Tunnel, Salisbury, NC. 2006/20071
Variety Plastic
Mulch
Marketable Yield (g/plant)
Fall/Ewinter2 Spring3 Combined
Albion White
Black
220.5
197.0
597.7
692.0
800.2
889.0
Araza White
Black
224.0
266.5
510.7
653.4
734.7
919.9
Carmine White
Black
129.0
71.7
332.1
296.3
461.1
368.0
Chandler White
Black
191.2
160.0
1068.4
920.9
1259.6
1080.9
Seascape White
Black
219.7
191.9
683.3
647.5
903.0
839.4
Straw. Festival WhiteBlack
428.5338.9
551.6602.6
980.1941.5
Sweet Charlie White
Black
303.2
271.9
322.8
483.9
626.0
755.8
Winterdawn White
Black
94.6
107.2
538.2
370.3
632.8
477.51Conditioned plug plants except Albion and Seascape; planted 09/19/2006.2Harvest period 11/22/2006 – 01/25/2007 (10 weeks).3Harvest period 04/10/2007 – 06/04/2007 (8 weeks).
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Summary
Fall/early winter production:
No differences between white/black and black plasticmulch for any variety.
Percent marketable fruit was very high.
‘Strawberry Festival” on white/black mulch had thehighest total and marketable yield per plant.
‘Albion’ produced the largest fruit, but fruit size was goodfor all but ‘Winterdawn’, and ‘Carmine’ on black plastic.
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Summary
Fruit characteristics:
‘Strawberry Festival’ was equal to or better than all othervarieties.
‘Seascape’ had the best flavor, though not statistically
better than ‘Strawberry Festival’ or ‘Chandler’.
‘Sweet Charlie’ had pale skin color and unacceptably
white flesh color.
‘Araza’ and ‘Winterdawn’ were only acceptable for flavor.
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Strawberries, Nov. 13
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Soxx
filled with organic compost
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Total Yield - CEFS 2007
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Non Beaufort Maxifort Non Beaufort Maxifort
Tunnel Field
Y i e l d
( l b s / r e p )
21.2lbs/plant
27.8lbs/plant
32.3lbs/plant
16.4
lbs/plant
27.2lbs/plant 25.6
lbs/plant
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Tomato Cumulative Total Yield - CEFS 2007
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
5 / 3 0 / 2 0 0
7
6 / 6 / 2 0 0
7
6 / 1 3 / 2 0 0
7
6 / 2 0 / 2 0 0
7
6 / 2 7 / 2 0 0
7
7 / 4 / 2 0 0
7
7 / 1 1 / 2 0 0
7
7 / 1 8 / 2 0 0
7
7 / 2 5 / 2 0 0
7
8 / 1 / 2 0 0
7
8 / 8 / 2 0 0
7
Y i e l d
( l b s / r e p )
Tunnel
Field
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Grafting provides a site-specific management tool forsoilborne disease.
Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum )
Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici )
Root-knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.)
Verticillium Wilt (Vertcillium dahliae (race 2))
Southern Stem Blight (Sclerotium rolfsii )
Grafting may affect nutrient uptake efficiency.
~25 days early season extension with high tunnels.
Total productivity was higher in the tunnel system.
Beaufort and Maxifort show higher yields under no soilbornedisease pressure.
Optimal planting date is March 20th for Eastern NC.
Conclusions
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Importance of Variety Selection Cold growth difference between Outredgious
(L) and Oscarde
(R) lettuce
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Effects of Salinity in Greenhouse Pepper Production (2003)
High: 3.89 dS/m, Medium: 2.51 dS/m, Low: 0.85 dS/m
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Insectary
Crops
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Biological control of Aphids
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Homemade high tunnels
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4 square intensive planting
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4-square intensive planting
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Maximizing Production
Use well started transplants in open flats
Close Plant spacings
6” spacings give 621 plants/100 sq. ft., 8”-320plants, 10”-201 plants, 12”-159 plants
Interplanting
4 Square plantings
Utilize pathways for transplant production andcut and come again greens production.
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2003-2004 Thermal Performance of inner and outer covers in unheated
Greenhouses standardized to outside for average temperatures mid
December-mid February and for the average of five cold nights (zone 6)
0
510
15
20
25
30
used Agribond Low-e Agribond used Mid Agribond
Outside GH1* S1 GH1* S1 GH1* S1 GH1* S2 GH1* N5 GH1* S1 GH 2**
N4
TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FARENHEIT)
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Growth height and harvest weights after 28 days(Jan 18-Feb 15)
Type of
high tunnel
Inner
Cover
Height
(inches)
Weight
(oz)
Height
(inches)
Weight
(oz)
Height
(inches)
Weight
(oz)
Hot Plastic 7 5.9 5.5 6.9 4 2.8Typar 4.75 3.7 4 0 2.5 0
No cover 2.75 0 4 0 1.75 0
Cool Plastic 6.5 5.3 4.75 5 2.75 0
Typar 4.75 3.5 3.5 0 1.75 0No cover 2 0 2 0 1.5 0
Mizuna Tatsoi Salad Mix