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Opening on Walls:WINDOW


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IntroductionWall Openings

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An opening in an external wall consists of ahead, jambs or reveals & a sill or threshold.

Some of the terms associated with openings inwalls: Head:The area of wall above an opening. The function

of a head is to carry the load of brickwork over theopening & transmit this load to the jambs at the sides.

J ambs:The area of wall either side of an opening. Insolid walls these are bonded to give the required profile& strength.

Sill:The area of wall below a window opening. The

function of a sill is to shed the rain water, which has rundown the face of the window/ door & collected at thebase, away from the opening & the face of the wall.


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IntroductionWall Openings

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Threshold: the area of wall below a dooropening.

Soffit: the horizontal area within the thicknessof a wall below the head of an opening.

Reveals: the vertical areas within the thicknessof a wall at the jambs of an opening.

Lintel: a beam which spans an opening &carries the load of the wall & other structure

above the opening.


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ArchesWall Openings

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An arch is ameans ofspanning an

opening by useof small unitssuch as bricksor stones.


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LintelsWall Openings

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A lintel is a beam whichspans an opening &provides support for thewall, roof & other loadsthat might bear on it.

Most lintels today are

made of concrete or steel.


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JambsWall Openings

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The jamb isrebated, that is, theoutside face of thewall projects slightly

into the windowopenings, as wasoften the case whenwhen sliding sash

windows wereinstalled.


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Sills & Thresholds Wall Openings___________________________________________________________________

Sills &thresholds arerequired to

prevent theingress of waterat the bottom ofa window ordoor opening.


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DefinitionWindow

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An opening in thewall of a buildingfor a admitting

light & air, usuallyfitted with a framein which are setoperable sashescontaining panes

of glass.


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Functional Requirements Window___________________________________________________________________

1. Daylight

The amount & quality of daylightentering a room will depend

largely on:

The size & shape of the

windows

The size & distribution of the

members of the window

frame

The position of the window in

relation to the room

The effects of in ternal &

external light reflection

Where the effect of daylight in a room is important, calculation may

be made to ensure an adequate level of daylight in various parts of

the room.


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Functional RequirementsWindow

___________________________________________________________________2. Ventilation Ventilation may be achieved by

use of operable portions of thewindow, and in some cases bydoors.

The Building Regulationsrequire the total area ofoperable window (and in certaininstances, doors) for habitableroom, to be equivalent to atleast 1/20 of the floor area of

the room.


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3. Thermal & Sound Insulation Windows are weak link in the ability of an

external wall to provide good thermal & soundinsulation.

The used of two separate sheets of glass, withan air space between ~ will improve the thermal& sound insulation of the window.

An air gap of 150-200mm is usually necessary

for improving sound insulation, whereas an airgap of 20mm wi ll usually provide a suitableimprovement in thermal insulation.

Providing a good seal between the operableportions & the fixed portions of the windowframe will reduce the heat lost through thewindow & improve sound insulation ~ this mayachieved by fitt ing metal/plastic sealing stripsaround the rebates of the frame.


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4. Weather Resistance Window frames are designed to prevent the

passage of water to the inside of the frame.Design features which are often incorporatedin a frame include:

Weathering ~ where rain-water wouldlay on hor izontal surfaces, the topsurface of a sill is sloped or to spill

water off the surface. Anti-capillary grooves ~where rain

might be driven between the frame & thewindow opening, or between fixed &operable portions of the window frame ~anti-capillary grooves will benecessary. These grooves prevent thepassage of rain-water.

Throatings ~ grooves which are madein the underside of projecting portionsof the frame to prevent water from beingdriven beneath them.


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Features of a timber window frame designed to prevent rainpenetration


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5. Security

All operable portions of windows should be fitted withsuitable latches, catches or stays which prevent themfrom being opened from outside ~ where security isparticularly important, special security fittings may be

installed.


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Window Terminologies Window___________________________________________________________________


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Methods of Window Openings Window___________________________________________________________________

Top-hung & Side-hung casement windows Usually fixed to the frame with a pair of hinges.

Top-hung casement Side-hung casement


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Methods of WindowOpenings Window___________________________________________________________________

Pivot-hung casement windows Window is hinged at the centre of each style with a pivot

friction hinge which enables fastener fastens the window inthe closed position.

Pivot-hung casement


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Methods of WindowOpenings Window___________________________________________________________________

Louvred window Window is hinged

Louvred window


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Horizontal sliding sashes Each sash slides in a horizontal channel fitted in the head &

sill of the frame.

Security may be provided by such means as a security boltwhich fits to the stile of the sash & locks in the sill of theframe.

Horizontal sliding


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Vertical sliding sashes

Traditional & vertical sliding windows required a system ofcords, weights & pulleys which were placed in the frame fixedto the jambs of the reveal.

Vertical sliding


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Types of Window Frames Window___________________________________________________________________

TIMBER WINDOW FRAME


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STEEL WINDOW FRAME


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PLASTIC WINDOW FRAME


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ALUMINIUM WINDOW FRAME


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Detailing Window___________________________________________________________________

SINGLE GLAZING WINDOW


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DOUBLE GLAZING WINDOW


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References___________________________________________________________________

Ashcroft, Roland. (1985) Construction for Interior Designers. Longman,London

Barry, R. (1984) The Construction of Bui ldings Vol. 2. 3rd Ed. ELBS, UK

Ching, D.K. & Adams, C. (2001) Building Construct ion Illustrated 3rd

Ed.J ohn Wiley & Sons, Inc. NY

Chudley, Roy. (1999) Construction Technology 3rd

Ed. Addision WesleyLongman Ltd. UK

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