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Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary – [email protected]
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Jon Leary
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Wind power for sustainable rural electrification.
• 10.00-10.50: Wind power theory and application
• 10.50-11.00: Break
• 11.00-12.00: Building model turbines
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Key questions.
• How does a wind turbine work? • How can a wind turbine provide electricity
access to a remote community? • How can you build a wind turbine suitable
for rural electrification? • How can we make sure this is a
sustainable solution?
Introduction
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Why electrify rural areas?
• No. without electricity access: – 1.4 billion – 85% in rural areas
• Electric light – Kerosene lamps?
• Electricity generation – Grid extension? – Diesel generators?
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000H
uman
Dev
elop
men
t Ind
ex (H
DI)
Per capita annual electricity consumption (kWh/person/yr)
Niger
Pakistan
South Africa
Poland
Brazil Russia
Japan, UK, Israel, Korea
USA
Zambia
Norway
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Renewable power generation
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Renewable power generation
$0.00
$0.20
$0.40
$0.60
$0.80
10 100 1000 10000 100000 100000010000000100000000 1E+09
Leve
lised
Cos
t of E
nerg
y (U
S$/k
Wh)
Capacity (W)
PV
Wind
PV-Wind Hybrid
Hydro
Diesel
Grid (500MW Coal)
How can a wind turbine provide electricity access to a remote community?
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Typical off-grid wind power system
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Import or manufacture locally?
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Import or manufacture locally?
• DISCUSSION: What factors influence the decision of where to acquire equipment? – Supply chain - resilience – Cost – Impact on local economy – Reliability – Knowledge transfer to end users – Flexibility – Impact on local capacity
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Case studies of local manufacture
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Case studies of local manufacture
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Case studies of local manufacture
Technology
demonstration
Demonstration models
in Bluefields
CEDECAP for demonstration
& training
Multiple centres for
demonstration & training
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Case studies of local manufacture
Capital
provided by International donors International donors End users
External
environment
Tropical, coastal, frequent
lightning strikes &
hurricanes
Mountainous, inland Desert, inland
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Case studies of local manufacture
Knowledge
transfer to
end users
Printed instructions,
formal training, demo.
centre, participation in
installation ( and
construction in Cuajinicuil)
Printed instructions,
formal training, demo.
centre, participation in
installation
Printed instructions,
formal training, demo.
centres, installation
performed by end-users
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Case studies of local manufacture
Resilience Operators perform simple
repairs only
Operators perform most
repairs, regional office for
serious problems
End-users perform most
repairs, network of service
centres for serious
problems
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Case studies of local manufacture
• How successful have each of these case studies been?
How can we make sure this is a sustainable solution?
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
The real picture.
CRASH!!! Wow! Aren’t
wind turbines so great?!
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Critical success factors
• Create a resilient energy system – Involve the community as much as possible – Set up a service network – Establish/strengthen supply chains
• Target windy areas with favourable environmental conditions
• Empower the end-users
How does a wind turbine work?
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Wind turbine design
• Main components – Blades – Generator – Tail – Tower – Electrical system
• Batteries, controller, etc.
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Blade design
• Horizontal Axis (HAWT) • Vertical Axis (VAWT)
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Blade design
• DISCUSSION: What factors influence the design of a set of wind turbine blades? – Cost – Ease of installation – Ease of maintenance – Weight – Ease of transportation – Safety – Wind resource (low and steady vs. high but
variable)
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Lift and Drag
• Lift = perpendicular to flow • Drag = parallel to flow
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Lift and Drag
LIFT
DRAG
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Aerofoil Section
• Device that provides reactive force when in motion relative to the surrounding air
• Blade aerofoil design is critical and minor changes can significantly alter the power curve
• Some HAWTs used NACA 44 and NACA 63 series – 44 series: more resistant to surface
dirt – 63 series: better power curves for
low/medium wind but more sensitive to surface dirt
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Aerofoil terminology.
AIR
FLO
W
LEADING EDGE AVERAGE CAMBER
LINE
CHORD
TRAILING EDGE
THICKNESS
ANGLE OF ATTACK (AoA)
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Lift & drag on an aerofoil.
LIFT
DRAG
RESULTANT FORCE
AIR
FLO
W
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Aerofoil terminology
LIFT
DRAG
RESULTANT FORCE
REL
ATIV
E AI
RFL
OW
THRUST
TORQUE
THRUST
TORQUE
THRUST
TORQUE
TORQUE THRUST
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Stall.
ANGLE OF ATTACK, α X
X
X
X
LIFT
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Stall.
• String flow visualisation – http://youtu.be/WFcW5-1NP60?t=50s
• Why are wind turbine blades twisted?
http://youtu.be/WFcW5-1NP60?t=50s
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Lift & drag on an aerofoil.
LIFT
DRAG
RESULTANT FORCE
AIR
FLO
W
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
CHORD
α (LIFT/DRAG MAX ≈ 12-16º)
Airflow at tip (normal operation).
WIN
D
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Airflow at root (normal operation).
WIN
D
AIRFLOW FROM BLADE
MOTION
RELATIVE AIRFLOW
α (LIFT/DRAG MAX ≈ 12-16º)
β
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Twist
• Match operating conditions along blade span β small
β large
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Airflow at tip (starting).
WIN
D
α = 90°
β ≈ 0°
RELATIVE AIRFLOW
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
WIN
D
RELATIVE AIRFLOW
β ≠ 0
Airflow at root (starting).
α = large TORQUE
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Taper
• Structural requirement
• Starting performance – Lift
proportional to chord length
Small chord
Large chord
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Blade number
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Blade number
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Blade number
• Cost • Balance • Power = torque x rpm
– High rpm better for electricity generation – High torque better for mechanical applications
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Tower design
• DISCUSSION: What factors influence the design of a wind turbine tower? – Cost – Ease of installation – Ease of maintenance – Footprint – Ease of transportation – Safety – Wind resource (height) – Weight
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Guyed tower
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Lattice tower
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Monopole tower
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Questions?
• 10 min break, start back at 11am
Model Wind Turbine Workshop
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
The Challenge
• To generate electricity from the wind using only newspaper, kitchen roll tubes, a motor, a cork, some drawing pins and some sellotape.
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Rules of the game
• The “wind” will be provided by a desktop fan from table height, whilst the wind turbine’s supporting structure may only rest on the ground (sellotaping to the ground is allowed).
• The wind turbines will be judged by the voltage they produce.
Innovative Learning Week 2012 Edinburgh University
Wind Power – A Sustainable Solution for Rural Electrification?
Jon Leary The University of Sheffield
Time limit
• 30 minutes building time • 20 minutes testing time
Slide Number 1Jon LearyWind power for sustainable rural electrification.Key questions.IntroductionWhy electrify rural areas?Renewable power generationRenewable power generationHow can a wind turbine provide electricity access to a remote community?Typical off-grid wind power systemImport or manufacture locally?Import or manufacture locally?Case studies of local manufactureCase studies of local manufactureCase studies of local manufactureCase studies of local manufactureCase studies of local manufactureCase studies of local manufactureCase studies of local manufactureHow can we make sure this is a sustainable solution?The real picture.Critical success factorsHow does a wind turbine work?Wind turbine designBlade designBlade designLift and DragLift and DragAerofoil SectionAerofoil terminology.Lift & drag on an aerofoil.Aerofoil terminologyStall.Stall.Lift & drag on an aerofoil.Airflow at tip (normal operation).Airflow at root (normal operation).TwistAirflow at tip (starting).Airflow at root (starting).TaperBlade numberBlade numberBlade numberTower designGuyed towerLattice towerMonopole towerQuestions?Model Wind Turbine WorkshopThe ChallengeRules of the gameTime limit