Wind, Hydro, and Geothermal in North Carolina · ASU – 100 kW Xe (Blackwater) – 50 kW. Wind Turbines GE UTILITY-SCALE TURBINES 1.5 MW 2.5 MW 3.6 MW Application Onshore Onshore

Wind, Hydro, and Geothermal in North Carolina

Paul QuinlanNorth Carolina Sustainable Energy Association

Energy Policy CouncilLow Carbon Energy Supply Subcommitteegy pp y

January 25, 2010Raleigh, NC

Wind Turbines

Turbine height is important.Higher wind speeds, steadier winds, & less obstructions

Wind Turbines

COMMUNITY WIND SMALL WIND Beech Mtn.1.8 kW

O t B k B iOuter Banks BrewingStation - 10 kw

ASU – 100 kW Xe (Blackwater) – 50 kW

Wind Turbines

GE UTILITY-SCALE TURBINES1.5 MW 2.5 MW 3.6 MW

Application Onshore Onshore Offshore

Tower 65 or 80 m 75, 85, or 100 m Site Dependent

Rotor Diameter 77 m 100 m 111 m

Max Turbine Height118 m (388 ft)

150 m (492 ft)

Site Dependent

Swept Area 4 657 m2 7 854 m2 9 677 m2Swept Area 4,657 m2 7,854 m2 9,677 m2

Cut-In Wind Speed 3.5 m/s 3.0 m/s 3.5 m/s

C t O t Wi d S d 25 / 25 / 27 /Cut-Out Wind Speed 25 m/s 25 m/s 27 m/s

Source: General Electric. January 2010. Data available at http://www.gepower.com/prod_serv/products/wind_turbines/en/index.htm

Market & Economics

Installed Wind Project Costs Over Time

NOTE: In general, project costs reflect turbine purchase and installation, balance of plant, and any substation and/or Interconnection expenes. Source: Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, 2008 Wind Technologies Market Report. July 2009. Available at http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/pdfs/46026.pdf

Market & EconomicsU.S. Total Installed Wind Energy Nameplate Capacity

and Wind Power Sales Price

NOTE: Prices reflect cumulative capacity-weighted average wind power prices and include state and federal incentives in the price. Source: US DOE, 2008 Renewable Energy Data Book

Market & Economics

Installed Wind Capacity: 1999-2009

North Carolina - Onshore

Eastern NC Potential Onshore Development:500 MW (La Capra 2006)500 MW (La Capra, 2006)

North Carolina - OnshoreWestern NC Potential Development:

1 000 MW (La Capra 2006)1,000 MW (La Capra, 2006)


Western NC Potential Development: 34 sites; 73 miles of ridge; projects 11 to 47 MW in size (ASU)


The Regulatory Spectrum

FEDERAL REGULATIONS

State LocalState/Local

STATE & LOCAL REGULATIONS

State Involvement

Local Involvement

State/LocalInvolvement

Minnesota North Carolina Texas

North Carolina - OnshoreLocal Wind Energy Permitting

NC Wi d W ki GNC Wind Working Group:2008 – Model Wind Ordinance

Local Ordinances:Local Ordinances:2006 – Watauga County2007 – Ashe County2007 Camden County2007 – Camden County2007 – Kill Devil Hills2008 – Currituck County2008 – Carteret Countyy2008 – Hyde County2009 – Tyrrell County2009 – Town of Nags Head

Model & local ordinances can be found in the Database for StateIncentives for Renewables and Efficiency at www.dsireusa.org

North Carolina - OnshoreBackground on Senate Bill 1068:

• Environmental Management Commission (EMC) identified potential regulatory gaps in environmental permitting of wind energy

• Solicited input from Wind Technical Advisory Group (TAG) and drafted bill language

• Wind permitting bill introduced in March 2009• Senate amended and passed S1068 in

August 2009

North Carolina - OnshoreS1068 – Two Major Components

1. Requires DENR to establish a permitting process for utility-scale wind power

– Applies to facilities ≥ 3 MW in capacity• Original bill language considered facilities ≥ 2 MW

Evaluate ‘significant adverse impacts’ on– Evaluate significant adverse impacts on ecological systems, natural resources, cultural sites, recreation areas, etc.

– ‘Cumulative impact’ with existing facilities or proposed facilities and ‘financial qualifications’ of applicant also taken into considerationapplicant also taken into consideration

Source: Senate Bill 1068. www.ncleg.net

North Carolina - OnshoreS1068 – Two Major Components

2. Addresses ambiguity in Mountain Ridge Protection Act of 1983 (“Ridge Law”)Ridge Law:Ridge Law:

• Prohibits development over 40 feet in height on protected ridges; provides exemption for undefined ‘windmills’windmills

S1068:• Allows ‘windmills’ if (1) turbine is associated with a

residence (2) the primary use of the electricity is withinresidence, (2) the primary use of the electricity is within residence; and (3) the hub height is no more than 100 ft

• Original bill language allowed small turbines on protected ridges (<100 kw) and larger developments to p g ( ) g pthe extent allowed by local ordinances

Source: Senate Bill 1068. www.ncleg.net


Current Challenges:

• Statewide permitting regime• Political support• Political support • Transparency in the NC REPS• Transmission

North Carolina:Inshore & OffshoreInshore & Offshore

• UNC-CH Coastal Wind Feasibility Study – Explored potential to install inshore (sound)

and offshore (ocean) wind turbines– Released June 2009

• Key Findings:– Most state waters excluded with exception p

of eastern Pamlico Sound– Large offshore areas potentially well-suitedg p y

Source: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Coastal Wind: Energy for North Carolina’s Future. Prepared for the NorthCarolina General Assembly. June 2009. Available at http://www.climate.unc.edu/coastal-wind/







North Carolina: Inshore & OffshoreInshore & Offshore

Inshore PotentialInshore Potential• 125 square miles identified• Levelized Cost of Generation =Levelized Cost of Generation

$106/MWh• 25 square miles with capacity

f t 35 40%factor 35–40%– 128 x 3.6MW = 497 MW

Average output 186 MW– Average output 186 MW• October 2009 - Duke/UNC sign

contract for pilot project in sound


North Carolina: Inshore & OffshoreInshore & Offshore

Offshore PotentialOffshore Potential• 2,860 square miles identified• Levelized Cost of Generation =

$101/MWh$101/MWh• 909 square miles with capacity

factor >40%– 4,949 x 3.6MW = 17.8 GW– Average output 7,572 MW

• Development of wind farms inDevelopment of wind farms in 15% of identified offshore region could supply 20% of state’s power needspower needs



Current Challenges:Current Challenges:

• Cost & infrastructure• Cost & infrastructure • Transmission & integration

– New report: Eastern Wind Integration andNew report: Eastern Wind Integration and Transmission Study at www.nrel.gov/ewits

• Transparency in the NC REPS• State leasing policy & MMS Task Force

– In progress: Coastal Resource Commission sending energy policy revisions to public hearingsending energy policy revisions to public hearing

Onshore & OffshoreDOE: 20% Wind by 2030

Wind CapacityTotal Installed (2030)

(GW)0.0 - 0.1

0.1 - 1Includes offshore wind.

The black open square in the center of a state representsthe land area needed for a single wind farm to produce theprojected installed capacity in that state. The brown squarerepresents the actual land area that would be dedicatedto the wind turbines (2% of the black open square).

0.1 1

1 - 5

5 - 10

> 10

Source: US Department of Energy, 20% Wind Power by 2030 Report. July 2008. Available at http://www.20percentwind.org/

Hydro

C ti l H d Micro Hydro:Conventional Hydro:• 1,650 MW of capacity

Micro-Hydro:

Micro-Hydro:• 40-45 MW of existing capacity

• 35-40 MW potential new capacity35 40 MW potential new capacity in 12-15 existing impoundments

• NC Hydro Group works through an

Source: NC Solar Center

aggregate broker to contract RECswith Progress and Duke

• Utilities may add incremental units up• Utilities may add incremental units up to 10 MW and qualify under the REPS

Sources: Cardinal Energy, 2010 & La Capra Associates, 2006

Geothermal

• NC lacks geothermal resources for utility-scale generation • Heat pumps viable in residential and commercial settings

- Cost $2,500 per ton of capacity- Typical annual energy savings range from 30% to 60%

Vertical WellHorizontal Trench

Sources: Cost Figure – US Department of Energy, Diagrams - NC Solar Center

Questions?

Documents

Wind, Hydro, and Geothermal in North Carolina · ASU – 100 kW Xe (Blackwater) – 50 kW. Wind Turbines GE UTILITY-SCALE TURBINES 1.5 MW 2.5 MW 3.6 MW Application Onshore Onshore