Wind Energy Sector in India_minus_cover

8/8/2019 Wind Energy Sector in India_minus_cover

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Acknowledgement

We take immense pleasure to acknowledge the efforts of the following people who

helped our group to make this project a reality. We express my gratitude for their

suggestions, guidance and intellectual influence.

We express our sincere thanks toDr Rashmi Pant, Core Faculty, for making thisproject a reality.

We are thankful to all our Lecturers for their help and kind co-operation throughout

the course. Last, but not the least, I would like to thank our parents and friends who

always supported in all our endeavors.

AKSHI BHATIA -- (JIML-10-011)

ALOK SHUKLA -- (JIML-10-012)AMANJOT KAUR -- (JIML-10-013)

AMIT GUPTA -- (JIML-10-014)ANJALI SRIVASTAVA -- (JIML-10-015)

ANKIT SINGH -- (JIML-10-016)ANKITA RISHI -- (JIML-10-017)ANKITA SINGH -- (JIML-10-018)ANKITA SINGH -- (JIML-10-019)

ANKITA TRIPATHI -- (JIML-10-020)
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Contents

Acknowledgement ................................................................................................... 1

Contents .................................................................................................................. 2

............................................................................................................................... 2

WIND ENERGY ......................................................................................................... 3

THE GLOBAL STATUS OF WIND POWER ................................................................... 6

Wind power and India .............................................................................................. 7

National Wind Power Program: Vision 2020 .......................................................... 10

SWOT Analysis ....................................................................................................... 13

References................................................................................................................15


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WIND ENERGY

Abundant and economical energy is the life blood of modern civilizations. Coal,

nuclear and hydro is used primarily to make electricity. Natural gas is widely used

for heating. Biomass, which usually means wood or dried dung, is used for heating

and cooking. Oil powers almost all machines that move and that makes oil uniquely

versatile. Oil powered airplanes carry 500 people across the widest oceans at nearly

the speed of sound. Oil powered machines produce and transport food. In North

America there are many more seats in oil powered vehicles than there are people.

Oil powered machines are ubiquitous. Clearly, we live in the age of oil, but the age

of oil is drawing to a close.

If oil production remains constant until it's gone, there is enough to last 42 years.

Oil wells produce less as they become depleted which will make it impossible to

keep production constant. Similarly, there is enough natural gas to last 61 yearsand there is enough coal to last 133 years. Nearly everyone realizes oil and gas will

become scarce and expensive within the life times of living humans. Inevitably,

there will be a transition to sustainable energy sources. The transition may be willy-

nilly or planned-the choice is ours.

The bar graph shows oil, coal and natural gas together supplying 85 percent of the

world's energy supply in 2008.

The red sliver is wind and solar power, primarily. The red sliver may be small, but it

is the future because wind and solar power are sustainable. Although technology

has made oil extraction more efficient, the world has to struggle to provide oil by

using increasingly costly and less productive methods such as deep sea drilling, and

developing environmentally sensitive areas such as the Arctic National Wildlife

Refuge. The world's population continues to grow at a quarter of a million people

per day, increasing the consumption of energy. Although far less from people in

developing countries, especially USA, the per capita energy consumption of China,India and other developing nations continues to increase as the people living in

these countries adopt more energy intensive lifestyles. At present a small part of

the world's population consumes a large part of its resources, with the United States

and its population of 300 million people consuming far more oil than China with its

population of 1.3 billion people. So there is an urgent need for the human

civilization to develop alternative source of energy which is sustainable, low in cost

and also eco-friendly. Wind power can be an effective solution to the energy crisis in


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the world. It is totally safe, low cost, and totally eco-

friendly i.e. its a source of clean and green energy.

Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a

useful form of energy, such as electricity, using windturbines. Humans have been using wind power for at

least 5,500 years to propel sailboats and sailing ships,

and architects have used wind driven natural

ventilation in buildings since similarly ancient times.

Windmills have been used for irrigation pumping and

for milling grain since the 7th century AD. The first use

of a large windmill to generate electricity was a system built in Cleveland, Ohio, in

1888 by Charles F. Brush. The Brush machine (shown at left) was a post mill with a

multiple-bladed "picket-fence" rotor 17 meters in diameter, featuring a large tail

hinged to turn the rotor out of the wind. It was the first windmill to incorporate a

step-up gearbox (with a ratio of 50:1) in order to turn a direct current generator at

its required operational speed. The development of modern vertical-axis rotors was

begun in France by G.J.M. Darrieus in the 1920s. Of the several rotors Darrieus

designed, the most important one is a rotor comprising slender, curved, airfoil-

section blades attached at the top and bottom of a rotating vertical tube. Major

development work on this concept did not begin until the concept was reinvented in

the late 1960s by two Canadian researchers. Wind energy as a power source is

attractive as an alternative to fossil fuels, because it is plentiful, renewable, widely

distributed, cleans, and produces no greenhouse gas emissions. At the end of 2008,

worldwide capacity of wind powered generators was 121.2 gigawatts (GW). In 2008,

wind power produced about 1.5% of worldwide electricity usage and is growingrapidly, having doubled in the three years between 2005 and 2008. Several

countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration, such as

19% of stationary electricity production in Denmark, 11% in Spain and Portugal, and

7% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland in 2008. As of May 2009, eighty

countries around the world are using wind power on a commercial basis.

Basic technology of wind power

Wind electric generator converts kinetic energyavailable in wind to electrical energy by using rotor,

gearbox and generator.

Main components of a wind electric generator are:

1. Tower

2. Nacelle

3. Rotor


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An area where a number of wind electric generators are installed is known as a wind

farm. The essential requirements for establishment of a wind farm for optimal

exploitation of the wind are

1) High wind resource at particular site

2) Adequate land availability3) Suitable terrain and good soil condition

4) Proper approach to site

5) Suitable power grid nearby

6) Techno-economic selection of WEGs

7) Scientifically prepared layout

THE GLOBAL STATUS OF WIND POWER

Wind turbines generate more than 1 % of the global electricity

Worldwide Capacity at 93,8 GW 19,7 GW added in 2007

Wind energy is used in more than 70 countries USA, Spain, India and China

take the worldwide lead.

Wind power is now established as an energy source in over 50 countries around the

world. Those countries with the highest total installed capacity are Germany

(18,428 MW), Spain (10,027 MW), the USA (9,149 MW), India (4,430 MW) and

Denmark (3,122 MW). A number of other countries, including Italy, the UK, the

Netherlands, China, Japan and Portugal, have reached the 1,000 MW mark (data

prior2004).


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Wind power and India

The development ofwind power in India began in the 1990 and showed a

significant increase in it in the last few years.

The worldwide installed capacity of wind power reached 12,078 GW by the end of

2008. USA (25,170 MW), Germany (23,903 MW), Spain (16,754 MW) and China

(12,210 MW) are ahead of India in fifth position.

As of November 2008 the installed capacity of wind power in India was 9587.14 MW.Suzlon, an Indian-owned company, emerged on the global scene in the past decade,

and by 2006 had captured almost 8 percent of market share in global wind turbine

sales. Suzlon is currently the leading manufacturer of wind turbines for the Indian

market, holding some 52.4 percent of market share in India.

Suzlons success has made India the developing country leader in advanced wind

turbine technology.

Capacity of the various wind turbines installed in India

1) Tamil Nadu is the state with most wind generating capacity: 4132.72 MW at

the end of 2008. The Muppandal wind farm which the largest in Asia is

located near the once impoverished village of Muppandal, supplying the

villagers with electricity for work.


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The village had been selected as the showcase for India's $2 billion clean

energy program which provides foreign companies with tax breaks for

establishing fields of wind turbines in the area.

2) Maharashtra produces around 1837-85 mw and is second only to Tamil

Nadu in terms of generating capacity. Suzlon has been heavily involved.Suzlon operates what was once Asia's largest wind farm, the Vankusawade

Wind Park (201 MW), near the Koyna reservoir in Satara district of

Maharashtra.

3) Gujarat occupies the third position in terms of generation of power through

wind power and has a capacity of 1432.71 mw. Samana in Rajkot district is

set to host energy companies like China Light Power (CLP) and Tata Power

have pledged to invest up to Rs.8.15 billion ($189.5 million) in different

projects in the area. CLP, through its India subsidiary CLP India, is investing

close to Rs.5 billion for installing 126 wind turbines in Samana that will

generate 100.8 MW power.

Tata Power has installed wind turbines in the same area for generating 50

MW power at a cost of Rs.3.15 billion. ONGC Ltd has commissioned its first

wind power project. The 51 MW project is located at Motisindholi in Kutch

district of Gujarat.

4) Karnataka produces around 1184.45 MW. There are many small wind farms

in Karnataka, making it one of the states in India which has a high number of

wind mill farms. Other states such as Madhya Pradesh (187.69 MW), Kerala

(23MW), West Bengal (1.10 MW) etc are also engaged in producing power

through wind energy.

The state wise potential and installed capacity is given in the table below:

State Gross Potential in

MW

Total Installed Capacity in MW

DemonstrationProjects (MW)

Private SectorProjects(MW)

Total Capacity(MW)

AndhraPradesh

8275 5.40 87.20 92.60

Gujarat 9675 17.30 149.60 166.90


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Karnataka 6620 2.60 93.60 96.20

Kerala 875 2.00 0.00 2.00

MadhyaPradesh

5500 0.60 22.00 22.60

Maharashtra 3650 6.40 392.80 399.20

Orissa 1700 6.40 18.70 25.10

Rajasthan 5400 19.40 875.60 895.00

Tamil Nadu 3050 1.10 0.00 1.10

West Bengal 450 1.60 0.00 1.60

Total 45195 62.80 1639.50 1702.30

Wind power potential and achievements as on 31 December 2004


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National Wind Power Program: Vision 2020


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Wind Resource Assessment Program

The Wind Resource Assessment Program is being implemented by C-WET (Centrefor Wind Energy Technology) in coordination with state nodal agencies. An annualmean wind power density greater than 200 W/m2 (watts per square meter) at 50-metre height has been recorded at 211 wind monitoring stations, covering 13 states

and union territories, namely Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh,Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa,Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttaranchal, and West Bengal. Handbooks titled WindEnergy Resource Survey in India have been published covering the wind dataalready generated.

Master plans

Master plans are available for 97 potential sites for wind power in Andhra Pradesh,

Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, TamilNadu, and West Bengal. The master plans provide information on the availability ofwind, land, grid availability, and accessibility to the site, which enables projectpromoters and state nodal agencies to undertake proper planning andimplementation of the projects. The master plans have been provided to the statenodal agencies and are made available to project promoters, developers, andconsultants through C-WET at a nominal cost.


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MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy)are implementing the world'slargest wind resource assessment program, which forms the backbone of their windexploitation efforts. Preliminary estimates indicate a potential of about 45,000 MW.Scientific surveys are being intensified to identify specific viable and potential sites.A recent study undertaken to reassess the potential, places it at about 60,000 MW.Assuming a grid penetration of 20%, a technical potential of about 15192 MW isalready available for exploitation in the potential States. 160 sites have so far beenidentified in 13 States. Survey work is in progress in 24 States / UTs. The States ofRajasthan and West Bengal have also shown wind potential. Today, we have a windpower installed capacity of 7320 MW in the country, out of which about 7250 MW isaccounted for by commercial installations. About 33.5 billion units of electricityhave been fed to the grid so far. A good local production base for wind turbines nowexists in the country, with 8 manufacturing companies active in this sector. Today,the capital cost of wind power projects range between Rs. 4 to 5 crores per MW.

This gives a level cost of energy generation in the range ofRs. 2.00 to Rs. 2.50 KWh, taking into consideration the fiscal benefits extended bythe Government.

The government has introduced a package of incentives which includes taxconcessions such as 80% accelerated depreciation, tax holidays for powergeneration projects, soft loans, customs and excise duty reliefs, liberalized foreigninvestment procedures, etc.


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Rising land costs and developmental issues.

c) Opportunities

Substantial untapped market- off- shore and on- shore.

Enhancing productivity of existing installations by re- powering existing ones.

CDM credits for clean technologies.

Tried and tested technologies for such small applications is under developed

due to mismatch, poor project design, dearth of trouble shooting skills and

barriers in commercial operations. The small wind industry implementation

Strategy (SWIIS) project, co-coordinated by Societe d Etudes Et de

Development (SEED) to increase the sectors impacts through provision of

tools such as sectoral market analyses, a catalogue of manufacturers,

comprehensive listing of available turbines, their applications and detailed

information on hybrid technologies such as wind-diesel and wind-PV. Similar

initiatives are needed in the Indian context.

d) Threats

Technical progress and financial outlays may not keep pace with the

prospective markets in the future years.

Wind power subsidies may be rationalized or pegged down discouraging

prospective buyers.

Cost cutting may not work out favorably- land costs may shoot up & cost-

cutting ideas by equipment suppliers may dry up.


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References

1) www.greenpeace.org2) www.gwec.net

3) www.greenbusinesscentre.com4) www.geni.org5) http://mnes.nic.in/6) Centre for Wind Energy Technology (www.cwet.tn.nic.in)7) Maps of India http://www.mapsofindia.com8) The Energy & Resources Institute (TERI) http://www.teriin.org/9) www.ewea.org10) http://www.ieawind.org/11) (American Wind Energy Association (http://www.awea.org)12) www.wwindea.org13) www.world-wind-energy.info
http://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch15955/www.greenpeace.orghttp://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch15955/www.gwec.nethttp://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch15955/www.greenbusinesscentre.comhttp://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch15955/www.geni.orghttp://mnes.nic.in/http://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch15955/www.cwet.tn.nic.inhttp://www.mapsofindia.com/http://www.teriin.org/http://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch15955/www.ewea.orghttp://www.ieawind.org/http://www.awea.org/http://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch15955/www.wwindea.orghttp://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch15955/www.world-wind-energy.infohttp://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch15955/www.greenpeace.orghttp://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch15955/www.gwec.nethttp://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch15955/www.greenbusinesscentre.comhttp://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch15955/www.geni.orghttp://mnes.nic.in/http://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch15955/www.cwet.tn.nic.inhttp://www.mapsofindia.com/http://www.teriin.org/http://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch15955/www.ewea.orghttp://www.ieawind.org/http://www.awea.org/http://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch15955/www.wwindea.orghttp://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch15955/www.world-wind-energy.info

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Wind Energy Sector in India_minus_cover