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Wind energy in Morocco: Which strategy for which development
D. ZEJLI, R. BENCHRIFA, A. BENNOUNA
Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique
et Technique
CNRSTCNRSTCNRSTCNRST
National Centre for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST)
Morocco
TEERTEERTEERTEER
Unité des Technologies et Économie des Énergies
Renouvelables
Scarcity of fresh water
Scarcity of fossil energy
resources
Climaticchange
Major threats
Future mankind prosperity and Future mankind prosperity and Future mankind prosperity and Future mankind prosperity and securitysecuritysecuritysecurity
Coal 31,40%
Imported electricity
3,50%Hydropower
3,60%
Natural Gas 0,50%
Wind energy 0,40%
Oil 60,60%Oil 78,40%
Coal 16,20%
Natural gas 0,20%
Hydr. + Imported
elec. 5,20%
1994 2004
Energy problematic
Commercial primary energy consumption
Moroccan energy economy is based on fossilfuels
12 MTOE12 MTOE12 MTOE12 MTOE8.95 MTOE8.95 MTOE8.95 MTOE8.95 MTOE0.5 EJ0.37 EJ
Energy problematic
BiomassBiomassBiomassBiomass
25252525----30%30%30%30%ShareShareShareShare of the of the of the of the biomassbiomassbiomassbiomass in the in the in the in the primaryprimaryprimaryprimary energyenergyenergyenergy consumptionconsumptionconsumptionconsumption
30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 –––– 50,000 ha50,000 ha50,000 ha50,000 haDeforestationDeforestationDeforestationDeforestation
Growing needs of agriculture
Urbanization, industrialisation
Water problematic
Population growth
recurringdroughts
Sea water desalination
Incompatibility with the concept of sustainable
development
Desalination technologies using fossil fuels
Sea water desalination
Desalination technologies using fossil fuels
Incompatibility with the concept of sustainable
development High cost
Water Energy Binomy
Water Energy
Energy
UrgentUrgentUrgentUrgent necessity for Morocco to necessity for Morocco to necessity for Morocco to necessity for Morocco to develop the renewable energy develop the renewable energy develop the renewable energy develop the renewable energy
sourcessourcessourcessources
(Source : Laboratoire En. Solaire - Fac. Sc. Rabat)
Renewable energies potentiel in Morocco
(Source : CDER)
Distribution of the Distribution of the Distribution of the Distribution of the meanmeanmeanmean annualannualannualannualwindwindwindwind speed speed speed speed atatatat 9 m 9 m 9 m 9 m aboveaboveaboveabove the the the the
groundgroundgroundground (m/s)(m/s)(m/s)(m/s)
MeanMeanMeanMean dailydailydailydaily global horizontal global horizontal global horizontal global horizontal radiation distribution in radiation distribution in radiation distribution in radiation distribution in Morocco in kWh/(mMorocco in kWh/(mMorocco in kWh/(mMorocco in kWh/(m2222.day).day).day).day)
Renewable energies potentiel in Morocco
The wind resources in particular are especially The wind resources in particular are especially The wind resources in particular are especially The wind resources in particular are especially high, both in terms of intensity andhigh, both in terms of intensity andhigh, both in terms of intensity andhigh, both in terms of intensity and
constancyconstancyconstancyconstancy
Development of Renewable energies in Morocco
563.52Total
1.3150 kWMCH
0.263,000 m3Biomass
460124 MWWind energy
85.66150,000 m2Thermosolar lowtemperature
16.39 MWPhotovoltaic
Electricityproduction or equivalent (GWh)
Installed capacityRenewable energytechnologies
(Source: CDER/MENAREC, Damas, June 2007)
Current Situation of Renewable Current Situation of Renewable Current Situation of Renewable Current Situation of Renewable Energy Technologies in Morocco Energy Technologies in Morocco Energy Technologies in Morocco Energy Technologies in Morocco
First Integrated Solar Combined Cycle System (ISCCS) in Morocco
Development of Renewable energies in Morocco
(Source : ONE)
In addition to all the projects already implemented, the government recognises that the ‘development of
renewable energy sources in Morocco is a key part of the Government’s strategy for managing long term
energy security of the country and to contribute to the global reduction of climate change’
It has set ambitious targets for RES for the next five years. The objective is to ensure that 10% of the commercial primary energy and 20% of the electricity consumed in Morocco will be supplied via RES by the year 2012
Development of Renewable energies in Morocco
10Tan-Tan
60Tarfaya
60Essaouira
60Taza
7565
Tanger
5410
Tetouan
Installedpower (MW)
Cities
(Total : 394 MW)
Wind energy – Main projects
Development of Renewable energies in Morocco
(Source : www.compagnieduvent.com)
Development of Renewable energies in Morocco
The installation of 1000 MW of wind turbines by th e end of year 2012 seems to be realistic
However it will approach its installation limits and cannot be expected to grow significantly
There will remain a largegap between the potential and the cumulative
achievements that will be made so far
Development of Renewable energies in Morocco
Are there any benefits of a such strategy on Are there any benefits of a such strategy on Are there any benefits of a such strategy on Are there any benefits of a such strategy on the sociothe sociothe sociothe socio----economy of the Country? economy of the Country? economy of the Country? economy of the Country?
Not significantlyNot significantlyNot significantlyNot significantly
Because of the very low wind energy penetration regarding the tremendous wind potential
The purpose of the proposed strategyThe purpose of the proposed strategyThe purpose of the proposed strategyThe purpose of the proposed strategy
By By By By aaaa large penetration of windlarge penetration of windlarge penetration of windlarge penetration of wind----electricity to induce electricity to induce electricity to induce electricity to induce the emergence of a local wind turbine industry in the emergence of a local wind turbine industry in the emergence of a local wind turbine industry in the emergence of a local wind turbine industry in
MoroccoMoroccoMoroccoMorocco
Electricity storageElectricity storageElectricity storageElectricity storage is considered as a potential solution that could make possible the large penetration of wind power plants in an
electric power system without affecting the stability and safety of the electrical grid
Wind power generation is
intermittent and up to now difficult to predict
Good wind energy resources are often found in areas withlimited grid capacity
Large & long term storage (chemical)
+non-energetic utilisation of the energy
carrier
Key factor of the strategy:electricity storage
Short and mid term storage
There is There is There is There is aaaa necessity to improve necessity to improve necessity to improve necessity to improve wind power reliability by wind power reliability by wind power reliability by wind power reliability by
integrating power storage devicesintegrating power storage devicesintegrating power storage devicesintegrating power storage devices
Hybrid windHybrid windHybrid windHybrid wind----sea water sea water sea water sea water pumped storage power pumped storage power pumped storage power pumped storage power
plantplantplantplant
integrated hydrogen integrated hydrogen integrated hydrogen integrated hydrogen wind systemwind systemwind systemwind system
To put targets of Morocco in the orbit of the international objectives
To develop accompanying local wind energy technology manufacturing industries to serve
the wind energy penetration
-Tremendous wind energy potential, mainly in sparsely populated areas
-Well developed education and capacity building systems
-Small and medium business in development-Proximity from a big electricity market
The The The The
challengechallengechallengechallenge
Our assetsOur assetsOur assetsOur assets
Our Our Our Our
ambitionambitionambitionambition
First strategy element
Non chemical storageNon chemical storageNon chemical storageNon chemical storage
Strategy elements
(From Buenoa and Carta. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 10 (2006) 312–340)
Principle of a hydro pumped storage power Plant
Pumped hydro is available at almost any scale with discharge timPumped hydro is available at almost any scale with discharge timPumped hydro is available at almost any scale with discharge timPumped hydro is available at almost any scale with discharge times es es es ranging from several hours to a few days. ranging from several hours to a few days. ranging from several hours to a few days. ranging from several hours to a few days. TheirTheirTheirTheir efficiencyefficiencyefficiencyefficiency isisisis in in in in thethethethe
70% to 85% range.70% to 85% range.70% to 85% range.70% to 85% range.
Strategy elements
First hydro pumped storage power Plant in Morocco
(Source: ONE - Morocco)
An other hydro pumped storage power plant is in project (~400 MW)
Energy storage capacity ~ 3.2 GWh
Strategy elements
Distance from ocean : 11.3 kmArea: 360 km2
SEBKHA-TAH project: Hybrid Wind-Sea water pumped storage power Plant
Strategy elements
Such pumped storage installation uses the sea as the upper reservoir and a specially shallow basin (Sebkha)
below sea level as the lower reservoir
SEBKHA-TAH project: Hybrid Wind-Sea water pumped storage power Plant
Strategy elements
SEBKHA-TAH project: Hybrid Wind-Sea water pumped storage power Plant
Head
Energy storage capacity
~ 35 m
~80 GW
This production is the equivalent of the Moroccan
electricitydemand for one week
Optimal storage capacity ~ 4.5x109 m3
Theoretical Maximum hydraulic Power
~ 420 GWh
5h
The small portion of the biomass which escaped decay and got buried for millions of years is now our major source of energy, the fossil fuels
(Erik H. Lysen, 1996)
The nature can can what the mankind can not can….
The fossil fuels are the solar energy canned
Second strategy element
Chemical storageChemical storageChemical storageChemical storage
integrated hydrogen integrated hydrogen integrated hydrogen integrated hydrogen wind systemwind systemwind systemwind system
NATO ‘Science for Peace’SfP 982620
Sahara Trade Winds to Hydrogen: AppliedResearch for Sustainable Energy Systems
Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CNRST) – Morocco
University of Nouakchott Faculté des Sciences et Technologies – Mauritania
Sahara-Wind In. -Morocco
Mr. Driss Zejli - (Morocco)Dr. Sidi Mohamed Ould Mustapha – (Mauritania)
Mr. Khalid Benhamou - PPD (Morocco)
Project Objectives
Characterisation of electrolyser performances under
variable input power conditions
Expand knowledge-sharing opportunities where
partnerships in Research-Development and Learning
Demonstration can be established
Overcoming Limits of Wind Energy Utilization in Weak
Grids (Stabilization through Wind Electrolysis,
Hydrogen & by-products integration)
Providing policy makers with information about long
term effects of advanced energy technologies for
electricity production
R&D Project themes
Monitoring System
Buck DC/DCconverter
End User
StorageBattery
Reverse Osmosis
DC/AC converter
DC Bus
Electrolyzer Fuel CellH2
PurificationH2
Storage
AC/DC converter
Cl2 - NaOH
Boost DC/DCconverter
O2
NH3 Synthesis
H3PO4Production
R&D Project themes
Monitoring System
Buck DC/DCconverter
End User
StorageBattery
Reverse Osmosis
DC/AC converter
DC Bus
Electrolyzer Fuel CellH2
PurificationH2
Storage
AC/DC converter
Cl2 - NaOH
Boost DC/DCconverter
O2
NH3 Synthesis
H3PO4Production
H2 is an important input for the petro-chemical industries. Fertiliser production is normally the largest hydrogen consumer, followed by oil refineries.
322 NH2NH3 →+0.176 kg H2 for 1 kg NH3
~70,588 Tons H2 for 400,000 Tons NH3(Morocco (2007))
~ 4TWh4TWh4TWh4TWh
5 kWh/Nm3 H2
~~~~ 1140 MW1140 MW1140 MW1140 MW
−− +→+ OH4H2e4OH4 22
−+ ++→ e4H4OOH2 22
)g(O)g(H2)l(OH2 222 +→
444 3444 21)l(0H4
222
2
)aq(OH4)aq(H4)g(O)g(H2)l(OH6 −+ +++→
Oxidation:
Reduction:
Overall:
Nett:
EEEE°°°°====----1.231.231.231.23
EEEE°°°°====----0.830.830.830.83
EEEE°°°°====----2.062.062.062.06
Electrolysis of Water
R&D Project themes
Wind Resource Assessment Data Analysis
Real Time Simulation: Case Studies
Capacity Building: Design and Building of Small Wind Turbine Prototype
Short Term Storage (Battery types…)
Electrolyzer Technologies, Fuel Cells
Chlorine-Uses/H2-Ammonia ProductionDesalination: Test of Reverse
Osmosis Unit Prototype
Hydrogen/Oxygen Purification & Storage
Electronic Power Regulation - Systems Integration – A pplications & Economic Analysis
Wind Electricity Direct Use
Monitoring System
Buck DC/DCconverter
End User
StorageBattery
Reverse Osmosis
DC/AC converter
DC Bus
Electrolyzer Fuel CellH2
PurificationH2
Storage
AC/DC converter
Cl2 - NaOH
Boost DC/DCconverter
O2
Wind Electricity Storage
NH3 Synthesis
H3PO4Production
Faculté des Sciences de
Kénitra
EMI
ONEP CERPHOS
Faculté des Sc. et Tech. Mohammadia
Faculté des Sciences de
Rabat
Faculté des Sciences de
Tétouan
CNRST
R&D Project Network in Morocco
Sahara Wind Inc.ENSAM
ENSET
M. K. BENHAMOU
Pr. M. MLIHA TOUATI
Pr. M. ETTAOUIL
Dr. R. DAOUDI
Pr. A. ELMIDAOUIPr. A. MIMETPr. O. BOUATTANEPr. F. CHERKAOUI
M. E. ZIDOURI
Dr. A. ARBAOUI
Pr. A. YEZNASNIPr.A. KHALIDI
There is an urgent need for Morocco to analyze these There is an urgent need for Morocco to analyze these There is an urgent need for Morocco to analyze these There is an urgent need for Morocco to analyze these
strategies and/or to look for others for a much better strategies and/or to look for others for a much better strategies and/or to look for others for a much better strategies and/or to look for others for a much better
development of the RET in the country and to examine the development of the RET in the country and to examine the development of the RET in the country and to examine the development of the RET in the country and to examine the
issues of these strategies in order to develop new and more issues of these strategies in order to develop new and more issues of these strategies in order to develop new and more issues of these strategies in order to develop new and more
effective strategies for speeding up the sitting up of their effective strategies for speeding up the sitting up of their effective strategies for speeding up the sitting up of their effective strategies for speeding up the sitting up of their
technologies in Morocco technologies in Morocco technologies in Morocco technologies in Morocco
Introduction to the strategy analysis
One of the roles of One of the roles of One of the roles of One of the roles of researchersresearchersresearchersresearchers
Lessons from both leading and unsuccessful experiences around the world
Introduction to the strategy analysis
These lessons would be useful in helping to throw light on key These lessons would be useful in helping to throw light on key These lessons would be useful in helping to throw light on key These lessons would be useful in helping to throw light on key issues that should be considered issues that should be considered issues that should be considered issues that should be considered
But why do some countries succeed and others fail i n developing wind industry?
Denmark and Germany provide an illustrative and inspiring examples
0Netherlands
0United KingdomDewind
13.9%2.3%
4.7%
54%GermanyEnerconREpower
Nordex
34.6%7.6%
99%DenmarkVestasSiemens (Ex-Bonus)
Global market share through
2004 (%)*
Percentage of installed
turbines made by a domestic
company (2004)*
Countries with local companies
(*Source : Joana and al. Energy policy. 35 (2007) 1844-1857)
Introduction to the strategy analysis
But why do some countries succeed and others fail i n developing wind industry?
1,963
1,560
20,622
3,136
Wind Capacity in 2006 (MW)**
(**Source: EWEC (2007))
Introduction to the strategy analysis
Which policies did lead to a large impact in new wi ndtechnology leader countries?
1.5%51%India
Suzlon
12.7%1.5%
73%SpainGamesaEcotecnica
Global market sharethrough 2004 (%)
Percentage ofinstalled turbines
made by a domesticcompany (2004)
Countries with local companies
6,270
11,615
Wind capacity in 2006 (MW)
Introduction to the strategy analysis
Total installed wind capacity in the world
1690 1950 2290 2770 35004928 6056
76939653
13813
18069
24927
32039
39294
47616
59322
72628
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Years
Tot
al I
nsta
lled
Cap
acity
(M
W)
1111----Germany: 20Germany: 20Germany: 20Germany: 20,,,,622622622622
2222----Spain: 11,615Spain: 11,615Spain: 11,615Spain: 11,615
3333----USA: 11,603USA: 11,603USA: 11,603USA: 11,603
4444----India: 6,270India: 6,270India: 6,270India: 6,270
5555----Denmark: 3,136Denmark: 3,136Denmark: 3,136Denmark: 3,136
6666----China: China: China: China: 2,6042,6042,6042,604
7777----Italy: 2,123Italy: 2,123Italy: 2,123Italy: 2,123
8888----United Kingdom: 1,963United Kingdom: 1,963United Kingdom: 1,963United Kingdom: 1,963
9999----Portugal: 1,716Portugal: 1,716Portugal: 1,716Portugal: 1,716
10101010----France: 1,567France: 1,567France: 1,567France: 1,567
11111111----Netherlands: 1,219Netherlands: 1,219Netherlands: 1,219Netherlands: 1,219
End 2006 (MW)
Business Secretary of UK John Hutton said he wanted to Business Secretary of UK John Hutton said he wanted to Business Secretary of UK John Hutton said he wanted to Business Secretary of UK John Hutton said he wanted to open up British seas to allow enough new turbines open up British seas to allow enough new turbines open up British seas to allow enough new turbines open up British seas to allow enough new turbines ---- up up up up to 7,000 to 7,000 to 7,000 to 7,000 ---- to power all UK homes by the year 2020to power all UK homes by the year 2020to power all UK homes by the year 2020to power all UK homes by the year 2020
Introduction to the strategy analysis
Per capita levels of wind energy capacity installed
2.7India
15United Kingdom
68.2Netherlands
202.8Germany
209.8Spain
588.1Denmark
Total capacity installed at end 2004
(Watt/capita)Countries
(Source: http://windpower-monthly.com)
1.9Morocco
Supporting policies framework for the proposed strategy
Enhancing R&D institutions infrastructure
Participating to international cooperation by exploring knowledge sharing
Encouraging local industries to procure and use renewable energy technologies
Encouraging local industries to produce and use hydrogen based process input
High degree of interaction between the government, agencies, Industries and the universities for more synergies
Political will is essential to establish a legal and financial framework to govern actions and activities of such a huge project
Introduction to the strategy analysis
Developing capacities to mobilise support
Encouraging long-term thinking
Building up local capacity and investment in knowledge formation
Potential benefits of local wind turbine manufactur ing integration capabilities
Introduction to the strategy analysis
Creation of new jobs (The largest impact in terms of employment comes from the investment into new systems)
Increased local tax base
Enhancing the prospects for other local economic development
Cost saving resulting in lower cost of wind-generated electricity
New business development
Wind industry acting as a template for other renewable
Additional source of capital
Additional income for the country by exporting higher value added
products (Electricity instead of agricultural products)
Reduction of the Immigration current