• Wind Diesel 201

International Wind Diesel ConferenceGirdwood Alaska March 2011

Russell Cahill

Too Many Choices

Solar

Wind

Biomass

Hydro

Geothermal

Micro-turbines

Fuel Cells

New Storage Techs.

Electric

Vehicles

Demand ResponseLoad Management

Smart grids

Micro-grids

At Powercorp we have learnt that

A confused mind says: “NO!”

So I think I will just keep burning Diesel for now!

Transmission

Consumer Load 1

Consumer Load 2

Consumer Load 3

Hydro

Bio Diesel

Wind Farm

DieselPower Station

What we would like to do to the system!Probable Current Design

Transmission

Distribution

Consumer Load 1

Consumer Load 2

Consumer Load 3

DieselPower Station

Wind Diesel 201

Agenda• Find out who’s here – what are all of our backgrounds / interests• Interactive discussion into what we all think makes up a typical

Diesel Power Station– The Control System– The Diesels / their capabilities– The limitations of the plant– The additional applied limitations to the plant

• Add the Wind Turbines – what do we know about them and their behaviour?

• Add the Integration Equipment / Storage / Stability / Confusion• Dial into Ross Island Wind Diesel System in Antarctica ‘Live’ (hopefully! )• Additional System improvements for consideration

Who is here?

- My Name is Russell Cahill and I based on my accent, I am clearly and Australian!

- Electrician by trade- Electrical Engineering Associate Diploma- 18 years experience in Power Generation, 10 years at Powercorp- Active Role in Contract Negotiation, Construction and

Commissioning of Powercorp’s 60+ Diesel Automated Systems in Australia12 High Penetration Wind Diesel Systems2 High Penetration Solar Diesel Systems

- Current Role: Manager Powercorp Operations Dept

What makes up a Typical Diesel Power

Plant?

The Diesels

• What type of Diesels are installed? (or to be installed)– Normally Aspirated Engines?– Mechanically Governed Engines?– Electric over Mechanically Governed Engines?– Electronic Governed Engines?– Electronic Fuel Injected Engines?– High Speed Diesels?– Low Speed?– Medium Speed?– Heavy Fuel Machines?– Gas assisted machines?– Methane Fuelled Machines?– Etc etc etc!

The Control System

• What type of control system is installed (or to be installed)– Is the control system manually operated?

(I have seen some very very well managed manually operated Diesel PowerStation's!)

– Is the control system a semi Automatic Control system (ie operator intervention on starting an synchronising of machines?

– Is the control system an Automatic Control System? – Is the architect of the control system still in business or does the client

own the source code?– Is the Control system hardware still available or has the hardware been

made redundant by its manufacturer?

Centralised Control Structure

Master Controller

SCADAHMI

Modbus

CAN

Gen 1Controller

Gen 2Controller

Gen 3Controller

Gen 4Controller

Fed 1Controller Fed 1 Fed 3 Fed 4

Fed 2Controller

Fed 3Controller

Fed 4Controller

Decentralised Control Structure

Wind Farm

Consumer Load 2

Diesel Station

Utility Communication

Network(Ethernet)

Control Centre Data Server

Grid Stabilising System

Gas Station

Hydro Generator Time Server

PV Generator Control Centre Consumer Load 2

Comparison of SystemsCentralised Structure• Limited options for redundancy• System failures are catastrophic• Single device systems• Highly complex algorithms for entire

system control• Controllers need large memory• Master and slave methodology• Single comms network paths• Communications interruptions are

catastrophic• Upgrades are carried out globally• System maintenance can require

complete network shutdowns • Scalability is complex and expensive

Decentralised Structure• Multiple Levels of Redundancy• Failures are localised to devices• Distributed intelligence• Complexity of algorithms low due to

specific control only• Memory is spared though message

passing • All devices share responsibilities• Multiple comms network paths• Communications interruptions lead to

islanded areas not outages• Upgrades can carried out on a device

by device basis• Maintenance related shutdowns are

limited to devices only• Cost effective and easily scalable

Capabilities of the Plant?

• What are the known and measured capabilities/limitations of the plant?– Step Load response of each individual Machine– Step load responses of machine groups– Load Rejection response of each individual Machine– Load Rejection response of machine groups– Does the system carry out automatic active Load Sharing (Kw)– Does the system carry out automatic active Var Sharing (Kvar)– Are the Protection systems in the plant co-ordinated correctly – have

they been tested lately!

Additional Limitations

• What are the additional limitations are applied by the Plant Owner or Regulator? Such as– Spinning Reserve requirements– Minimum Generator Configuration requirements– Grid requirements– Voltage regulations– Frequency regulations– Fault ride through requirements– Other?

Time to Model all this!

• At this point we probably have a fair grasp on the Diesel PowerStation

• Computer modelling is now an important step in the process going forward.

• Why?• Because when we add the wind we will need to know what sort of

impact it is going to have!• Verfication• Proof of concept• Buisness Case• Net Present Value Calculations ($$$)• Dynamic Stability • Bankability

System Modelling

Power System ModelInput Output

Simulation tool

HSS

LS Netz

Leitung Gen1

LS Gen1

G~

Gen 1

Ltg

LS

G~

Gen 2

3 ~ 415V / 50 Hz

P-Q MessungGen 1

PLLGrid

P-Q MessungNetz

LS

G~

Gen 3

Ltg

LS

G~

Gen 4

Ltg

LS

G~

Gen 5

Ltg

LS

G~

Gen 6

Ltg

LS

G~

Gen 7

Ltg

f-U measurement

Leitung Ps1

LS Ps1

Ps 1

P-Q MessungPs1

Diesel generator

PowerStoreIsolated gird

Kompensation WKA 1

LtgLS

G~

WKA 3

WKA 2LS

P-Q MessungWKA 1

G~

G~

Ltg

Leitung WKA1

WKA 1

LS WKA1

Wind turbine

Recorded Data from

real System

Output of Simulation(Voltage, Frequency, etc.)

System Modelling

MDB

CB Grid

Wire Gen1

CB Gen1

G~

Gen 1

CB

G~

Gen 2

3 ~ 415V / 50 Hz

P-Q Measurement

Gen 1

PLLGrid

P-Q Measurement Grid

CB

G~

Gen 3

CB

G~

Gen 4

CB

G~

Gen 5

CB

G~

Gen 6

CB

G~

Gen 7

f-U Measurement Grid

Wire Ps1

CB Ps1

Ps 1

P-QPs1

Diesel generator

PowerStoreIsolated grid

Compensation WTG 1

CB

G~

WTG 3

WTG 2CB

P-Q MeasurementWTG 1

G~

G~

WireWTG 1

CB WTG1

Wind turbine

Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire

GenControl

WTGControl

LoadControl

StorageControl

FeederControl

Proven Algorithms

Verified Models

Power System Simulation Tool

C2-4: Hardware-in-the-Loop

• Integration of Controller

• Simulations include Calculations from Controller

EthernetOPC

Modelling Results

Which system is best under what conditions?

Introducing the Wind

What do we know about Wind?

What do we know about Wind?

• What do we know about Wind?– Its unstable– Its unreliable– Its unpredictable– Machines can trip out on faults or out of limit events– They can introduce Voltage instability– They can introduce Frequency instability– Wind Turbine outputs can change from 100% to 0% in less than 2

seconds and vice versa (in Powercorp’s experience)– Some Wind turbines will output even greater than their rated output in

times of high wind – ie 150%!!!– Other?

How much Wind?

• Is it possible to introduce some Wind into Diesel Grids without any integration equipment ?

• At this conference this week I am sure we will hear that is possible to an extent.

• At previous conferences we have had healthy debates about how to define just how much Wind can be integrated and exactly how to describe this, at Powercorp we describe it as Instantaneous Wind Penetration – but we are happy to hear other terms!

Low Penetration %

• From Powercorp’s experience, we have found that integration of Wind into Diesel Grids without any integration equipment can be successfully achieved from 0% Wind to about 30% Instantaneous Wind Penetration of the instantaneous load.

• These percentages are based sites where the Diesel engines are electronically governed and therefore without integration equipment the full rating of the wind farm would need to be carried in the step load configuration as spinning reserve to ensure there where no blackouts each time the wind stopped blowing.

• The fuel savings therefore achieved by such a system are not as substantial as a system where fossil fuel generators are able to be switched off due to the introduction of integration equipment.

Lets consider adding storage and / or

stability

27

Super Capacitors

Battery

Flywheel

Grid Stabilization

Grid Stabilization & Short Term Energy

Storage

Long & Short Term Energy Storage

Resistive Dump Load

Grid StabilizationSTATCOM

Grid Stabilization

Storage / Stability

Car vs Wind Diesel

Fitted with Cruise Control

Types of Storage / Stability

Large -scale stationary applications of electric energy storage / Stability could be separated into 3 areas:

• Power Quality. Stored energy, in these applications, is only applied for seconds or less, as needed, to assure continuity of quality power.

• Bridging Power. Stored energy, in these applications, is used for seconds to minutes to assure continuity of service when switching from one source of energy generation to another.

• Energy Management. Storage media, in these applications, is used to decouple the timing of generation and consumption of electric energy. A typical application is load leveling, which involves the charging of storage when energy cost is low and utilization as needed. This would also enable consumers to be grid-independent for many hours.

• Although some storage technologies can function in all application ranges, most options would not be economical to be applied in all three functional categories.

http://www.electricitystorage.org/ESA/technologies/

How long vs How much?

http://www.electricitystorage.org/ESA/technologies/

High Penetration %

• The percentage Instantaneous wind Penetration levels that can be achieved with the introduction of Energy Storage / Stability range from 0% to 100%.

• I have heard at conferences in the past that penetration greater than 100% can also be achieved but that statistic always confuses me so I will leave that description to others maybe this week!

• Annual Average Fuel Savings have been seen in the order of 50% - 80% by Powercorp with the introduction of Energy Stability

• Powercorp has not yet installed a system with longer term storage however we are keenly watching the market and testing the business cases regularly.

High Penetration %

Additional System improvements

• Demand side management or active load monitoring and control is an area where additional smart things can be done to control the load and try to make to match the renewable generation as best as possible.

• Integration of wireless load monitoring and control devices into all types of loads including houses is an area where Powercorp believes an additional annual fuel saving can be realised.

• We also think that we should begin to challenge the need to carry our industry’s safety factor – Spinning reserve – there is a real possibility of not carrying spinning reserve calculations any longer using such technologies along with the fast communications networks we have available.

• Other areas for consideration are definitely the use of Electric Cars for Grid support – Spinning reserve – demand side managed charging loads etc

• We are nearing the end of the Power Point Section of the Presentation

• Whats Next?

• Short Video of a Wind Diesel Site we did a few years ago just to break up all of this talking

• Dial into Ross Island Wind Diesel Power System in Anatarctica

• Questions or Discussion

Lets remind ourselves why we did this today and why are we here?

Source: US Energy Information Administration – Independent Statistics and Analysiswww.tonto.eia.gov

Solar Energy

Wind Energy

Why Renewables?

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26/11

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3/03/0

6

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25/01

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27/06

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1/05/0

9

17/07

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22/10

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7/01/1

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Average Increase in Oil Price Per Barrel USD$8.50/Year

August 2008 - USD$137.11/ Barrel

January 2011 - USD$93.48/ Barrel

Yesterday oil was $106 per barrel!

Choosing a Path Forward

X Tomorrow

Today X

High Oil Price

HighRenewable

Energy

Low

Low

Dial into Antarctica

Head OfficeDarwin Business Park

Export DriveBerrimah 0828, N.T.

Australiamail@pcorp.com.au

+61889470933www.pcorp.com.au

Europe OfficeWissenschaftspark Trier

Am Wissenschaftspark 2954296 TrierGermany

mail@powercorp.eu+4917683234822

www.powercorp.eu