WILLIAM LILLY AND HIS METHOD OF PRIMARY DIRECTIONS · A detailed research into the primary directions of William Lilly as given in his 'Christian Astrology', ... regiomontanian system,

WILLIAM LILLYAND

HIS METHOD OF PRIMARY DIRECTIONS

by Rumen Kolev, winter of 1998

A detailed research into the primary directions of William Lilly as given in his 'Christian Astrology',1647, 'Regulus Publishing Co.', 1985. Pages 487-831.

Published in March 1998 in the journal 'The Primary Directions' and in the Feb. 99 issue of the USAjournal 'Considerations'.

The title page of Andreas Argolus''TABULAE PRIMI MOBILIS'

published in Rome in 1610.William Lilly most probably used the tables from this book for

his calculations of primaries.

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WILLIAM LILLY AND HIS METHODOF PRIMARY DIRECTIONS

by Rumen Kolev

The predictive methods of William Lilly can be found in his book,'Christian Astrology', published in 1647. For the research made here, Iused the edition of 'Regulus Publishing Co.' from 1985. Pages487-831 deal exclusively with predictive techniques.

All calculations and recalculations of primary directions andvariables in this article are made with the computer program 'Placidus'.

Lilly opens chapter 98 in his 'Christian Astrology' with an examplechart (p.500). Pointing at the importance of a rectification for the 'judgement',he describes three ways to rectify a horoscope (p.502-519): Trutina Hermetis,Animodar and Accidentia Nati. Up to page 506 Lilly explains the first twomethods. His conclusion ( p.506, bottom lines) is clear cut, '...neither the Trutineof Hermes, or this (Animodar), are of so sure foundation, as that Correctionwhich is performed by Accidents (Accidentia Nati or rectificationby past events with primary directions).'

William Lilly's ExampleChart 19 September, 1616

( Julian ), 2:24:30PM, Geo. Lat. 53z N

RAMC = 222z 10x, MC = 14z 39x I,

ASC= 6z 37x P

6z37x

R

21z55x

44x1z<

5z00x

3z

1z44x

9z02x

0z

RAMC = RightAscension of MC.

FIGURE1

<1z

35x

29 September,1616 ( Gregorian)UT = 2:14:05 PM,Geo. Lat. 53z N

Recalculated withcomputer

RAMC = 222z 10x, MC = 14z 39x I,

ASC= 6z 41x P

ASDFGHJ

06z 43xu0z 0x 186z 10x 02z 40xS01z 37xE 5z 11xN 058z 20x 25z 36xN05z 06xu1z 21xN 185z 12x 00z 47xS07z 58xu1z 16xN 187z 49x 01z 59xS00z 44xT 1z 05xN 123z 13x 21z 05xN21z 51xO 0z 05xN 261z 08x 23z 09xS09z 00xW2z 40xS 037z 29x 12z 00xN

Long. Lat. RA Dec Long. Lat. RA DecASDFGHJ

06z 37xu0z 0x 186z 04x 02z 38xS01z 44xE5z 0xN 058z 30x 25z 38xN03z 34xu1z 32xS 182z 40x 02z 49xS06z 54xu1z 0xS 186z 43x 01z 50xS00z 54xT0z 28xN 123z 14x 20z 32xN21z 55xO0z 37xS 261z 11x 23z 52xS09z 02xW2z 58xS 037z 36x 11z 42xN

I reconstructed the horoscope by adjusting the right ascension of theMC.

From the data above , it becomes clear that D and F are the planetsseriously deviating from their positions in the computer recalculation.To a lesser extent, this is the case also with G and H.The positions of J, the S and the A are fairly exact. The S in the chartson pages 500 and 742 is in 1z 14x E. However, this must be a typographicalerror since on pages 512 and 774 the correct position of the S is given as1z 44x E.

FIGURE2

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M WILLIAM LILLY M

Recalculated withcomputer

William Lilly's ExampleChart

TABLE 1

1- Some of the Placidian mundo interplanetary directions may have even higher time sensitivitythan the directions to the Asc or MC. In the Placidian system, the directions used in therectification are: 1. of planets to angles, 2. mundo parallels, 3. mundo raptparallels and 4. planets mundo to house curves.

Directions of type 1,3 and 4 change their hitdates with 1 year if we change the birthtime with 4 minutes. The mundo parallels have the highest time sensitivity. It depends onseveral factors. Every mundo parallel has its own time sensitivity. It can reach as much as 4years change in the hitdate for a 4 minutes shift in the birth time! Or 1 year for 1 minute!

From what was practiced in the regiomontanian system, however, it is true that in thissystem only the directions to the Asc and MC are fitted for rectification purposes. Thesedirections have a time sensitivity of 1 year change in the hitdate per 4 minutes shift in the birthtime. The only mundo directions that were ever practiced in the Regiomontanus system werethe mundo conjunctions and oppositions, buthaving low time sensitivity, they turn out to be useless for rectification.

Other mundo directions like mundo parallels, rapt parallels et cetera, are theoreticallypossible in the Regio system. This was shown for the first time by Jerry Makransky in hisbook ' Primary Directions ' published in 1988. However, thesedirections were never practiced. Well, they probably deserve some testing at least !

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In the beginning of page 507 (chapter 100), Lilly mentions that some astrologersuse transits or profections for rectification purposes and gently sweeps theseaside as ineffective and dubious, '...as I could never find any verity or probabilityin either of those two wayes in my practice, so do I leave them to any who aredesirous to practice them...' His kindness goes even further and he directs the'desirous' to treatises by Origanus, John Schonar and Pezelius where theseways of rectification are explained. Done with that, Lilly swiftly andindustriously turns himself to elucidate the method of rectification, which heholds for best, namely- through eminent past events and their correlation withprimary directions (Accidentia Nati). On page 508 he writes: '...by (primary)direction (of the Asc., MC, the A, S and <[Pars Fortunae]) most of theaffairs and contingencies belonging to every man or woman in a natural courseof life are found out, both in quality What, and in measure of time When.'

For rectification purposes Lilly advocates using primary directions tothe Asc. and MC only, since the directions to the other three hylegiacall placesdo not change much with a change in the birth time1. According to Lilly, weshould first procure ourselves with a list of prominent past events in the native'slife, looking specifically for such events that can be associated with thesymbolism of the Asc. or MC. For the ascendant these are: sicknesses, afflictions,injuries...of the body. For the MC: honours, marriage, promotions...

M WILLIAM LILLY M

The events where the body (health) is concerned, should correspond withprimary directions to the Asc. The events where the social position of the native isconcerned, should correspond with primary directions to MC. Next, Lilly proceedsto the explanation how to calculate quickly the primary directions. He constructs atable with the ecliptical positions of what he deems the most important points. Thesepoints are such that when they come by primary direction on the horizon (ascendant)or the meridian (midheaven), a corresponding event is expected to happen. What arethese points? According to Lilly, they are the big aspects of the planets, the Ptolemaicterms1, the housecusps (regiomontanian) and the antiscia and contra-antiscia of theplanets. This table, however, can be useful only for directing the points with latitudezero and Lilly directs also points with a latitude, like the bodies of the planets ortheir places of opposition, antiscia and contra-antiscia with a latitude.

It becomes more interesting on page 514, when Lilly practically rectifies orrather confirms that the given birth time is correct. Obviously his client, a certainmerchant, is so young, that Lilly with great pains collects only 4 events:

1. Came to a Master of quality aged 16 years 07 months2. A journey beyond sea of great concernment aged 20 years 04 months3. Sick of a burning Feaver aged 20 years 10 months4. Another Feaver and much Melancholly aged 24 years 11 months

Since the first event concerns the social status of the native, Lilly logicallylooks for a primary direction to MC2. And since the event is a good one, he searchesfor the time when a 'good' zodiacal point has hit the midheaven. This time should bearound the time of the event, maybe with a +-5 years deviation allowed, which willtranscribe to a +- 20 minutes uncertainty in the birth time3.

To check out the directions that could possibly fit in the nature of the firstevent, Lilly constructs a small table with directions of 7 points to MC.

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1- There are 3 systems of terms: Egyptian, Ptolemaic and Chaldean. The majority of the ancient,medieval and renaissance astrologers used the Egyptian system of terms. Lilly used the Ptolemaicone. However, he was in an error, pushing the beginnings of the terms with 1 degree forward.2- The date when a certain point will hit MC is calculated thus: the distance in right ascension ismeasured between MC and the point of question. This distance is converted in time of life with theformula 1 degree = 1 year which is the key of Ptolemy or 1 degree = 1 year 5 days 8 hours which isthe key of Naibod, a key preferred by Lilly.3- Or 5 years * 4 minutes = 20 minutes.

TABLE 2

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Four of them are terms of planets, one is the zodiacal contra-antiscionof Mars, another one is the 11th housecusp and the last one is a zod. ^G. Thezod. ̂ G hits MC in 16 years and 7 months of age (Ptolemy key). Lilly underlineshere the fact that G is the Lord of the 10th house and its ^ happens to be inthe terms of H(ptolemaic).

A recalculation with the computer for the reconstructed chart showsthis direction to hit in age 16 years and 5 months.

Directions to MC14z 39x I, RAMC= 222z 10x obliquity =23.4876

William Lilly's Computer recalculation page 515 of for the reconstructed 'Christian Astrology' horoscopePromissor Position RA Arc Position RA Arc

terms of F 15z 00x I 222z 31x 00z 21x 14z 00x I 221z 32x 00z 38xc1

terms of D 22z 00x I 229z 35x 07z 45x 21z 00x I 228z 33x 06z 23x (07z 25x)2

terms of J 26z 00x I 235z 44x 13z 34x 27z 00x I 234z 42x 12z 32x (11z 30x)2

zod. CA3 of G 29z 06x I 236z 53x 14z 43x 29z 16x I 237z 03x 14z 53x11 housecusp 30z 00x I 237z 48x 15z 38x 00z 12x O 238z 01x 15z 51xterms of H 00z 00x O 237z 48x 15z 38x 00z 00x O 237z 49x 15z 39xzod. ^G 00z 54x O 238z 45x 16z 35x 00z 44x O 238z 34x 16z 24x

Lilly makes a mistake in determining the beginnings of the Ptolemaic terms.He pushes each term (except the first terms of the signs) with one degree forward.See chapter 99 or page 510 of the Regulus edition. However, he is not consistent.Sometimes he uses the correct Ptolemaic terms as in the table of the directions withPars Fortunae on page 777. In other places he alternates between the correct Ptolemaicterms and those pushed forward. In other places there are gross errors- most probablytypographical ones.

Superscript explanations to the table above:1- This direction calculated with the correct beginning of the term, turns out to beconverse. Lilly computed only direct directions.2- The arcs of the directions of the terms of D and J are typo errors. In bracketsare given their correct arcs according to the data from the context. Look at page515, for example, where Lilly correctly calculates the direction with the terms of Dcoming to 07z 25x ,although in the table just above it, stands 07z 45xas itsdirectional arc.3- CA is the abbreviation for contra-antiscion.

TABLE 3

M WILLIAM LILLY M

The last direction in the list, the direction of the zodiacal ^G to theMC, is the direction which Lilly associates with the first event- the rise of thenative to the title 'Master of Quality'. And since the hitdate with the key ofPtolemy is the same as the time of the event, 16 years and 7 months, Lilly hasall reasons to keep in the back of his mind that the birth time given is mostprobably correct.

At this point I would like to mention that Lilly, like all astrologers wholived in his times or earlier, directed only direct1. Doing so, I believe, they allwere in a big error. Directions of planets mundo to the angles are very efficient,no matter whether they are direct or converse. Let's check it out ourselves. Ifwe use the converse directions of planets to the angles (Asc., MC, IC, Desc.)on the example chart of Lilly, we can see two directions that perfectly match thefirst event from his list- the zodiacal and the mundo direction of H, the symbolfor social status, converse to the ascendant. The first one means how manyminutes before the birth, the ecliptical projection of H has been exactly on thehorizon. The second one means the same, but for the body of H. Here 4minutes = 1 degree distance = 1 year according to the key of Ptolemy. Calculatedwith the computer, the zodiacal direction of H converse to the ascendant hitswhen the native has been 16 years and 3.5 months old. The mundo one- whenhe has been 16 years and 5.5 months old ( with the keyof Ptolemy ).

To confirm that the birth time is correct, however, means not onedirection only corresponding well with one event. Several directions shouldmatch important events. And important events should tie up with directions oflow frequency only. The orb, in such case, can be around 1-3 months.

To go back to Lilly, he does not fail to notice (page 517) that the zod.#A hits MC in the 23rd year of life (computer recalculation- 22 years 8 months)and the zod. #F- in the beginning of the 24th (computer recalculation- 24years 6 days). When asked by Lilly, the merchant confirms that at this timehe was 'with great esteem and successe'.

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1- In modern terminology, 'to direct direct' means to turn the celestial sphere in hernatural direction of apparent rotation (east to west) and see the time when a certain pointnamed Promissor will come to another point ( or curve or circle) which stays fixed on thesphere (the Significator). To direct converse, we do the same thing, but rotatethe celestial sphere in the opposite direction (west to east).

It must be kept in mind that the terminology of the primary directions up to theend of the 19th century was different and quite confusing. Although the notions of'direct' and 'converse' directions existed, they meant then something very differentfrom what they mean in the modern terminology.

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Having found 3 directions corresponding well with events and periods,increases the confidence of Lilly in the initially given birth time.

Now, to seal his ripening conclusions with the stamp of certainty, Lillylooks for directions to associate with the sicknesses of the native. Since theascendant is the significator of the health, Lilly addresses himself to the directionsto the ascendant (page 517). Lilly does not explain the mathematical algorithmof the computation1, but gives a ready table. The zodiacal +G (latitude = 0)comes to the eastern horizon (asc.) in 19 years 10 months and 10 days (computerrecalculation- 19 years 8 months 18 days). This direction is the same as theecliptical projection of G direct to the western horizon(desc.).

Although with one year deviation, Lilly takes this direction to correspondwith the 'Feaver' the native has had when 20 year and 10 months old. Weshould not forget, that for rectification, Lilly used the primary directions whichare the fastest to compute, namely directions that can be computed with a tableof houses or a set of special tables. In these times, many astrologers like Maginus,Argolus, Regiomontanus and others designed tables for speedy calculations.The most simple one which Lilly used in his preliminary rectification, is a tableof all 360 degrees of the ecliptic and their corresponding oblique ascensions(OA) in different geographical latitudes. We find the OA of the point of interestand we subtract from it the OA of the ascendant. The result is the arc of thedirection. The oblique ascension of the ascendant is simplyRAMC + 90z.

Directions to the ASCWilliam Lilly's Computer recalculationpage 517 of for the reconstructed'Christian Astrology' horoscopeOAasc= 312z 10x ASC = 6z 37x P OAasc= 312z 10x ASC = 6z 41x PPromissor Position OA Arc Position ArcAntiscion of H 08z 05x P 313z 34x 01z 24x 08z 09x P 01z 26x^J 09z 02x P 314z 29x 02z 19x 09z 00x P 02z 16xterms of H 13z 00x P 318z 10x 06z 00x 12z 00x P 05z 03xterms of G 20z 00x P 324z 05x 11z 55x 19z 00x P 11z 05xterms of J 26z 00x P 328z 38x 16z 28x 25z 00x P 15z 43xCA of S 28z 16x P 330z 14x 18z 04x 28z 23x P 18z 08xterms of J 00z 00x { 331z 26x 19z 16x 00z 00x {19z 14x+G 00z 54x { 332z 02x 19z 52x 00z 44x {19z 43x

1- Look at the explanations beneath figure 3.

TABLE 4

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M WILLIAM LILLY M

All these directions are only the zodiacal. In his practice, Lilly ofcourse also directed planets mundo (the bodies of the planets) to the ascendantand MC. We may assume, he supposed that the mundo direction of G to thedescendant (in his terminology- the opposition of G to the ascendant cumlatitudine) most probably would hit around the same time when the sickness ofthe native occurred. And indeed, on page 765 he gives the arc of this directionas 20 degrees 46 minutes which means 20 years 9 months and 6 days of age(computer recalculation- 21 years 9 months 24 days).

Another important point here is the fact that the majority of theastrologers of this era and those who have lived earlier, ventured into predictionusually talking of future events taking place during a certain year of the life ofthe native and almost never specifying the season or the month.

I guess, the reason of their caution was simply their experience, whichshowed them that the events generally deviated from the corresponding directionsoften with 1 or even more years. The real reason for this were, apart from theorbs of influence of the directions, the inexact positions of the planets they wereworking with and some astrologers of this time, as Placidusfor example, have been aware of this.

Working with the most powerful Placidian mundo directions, I haveobserved in my practice the average deviation between the hitdates of thedirections and the events to be around 1-3 months. This concerns powerfuldirections and correspondingly big events. Such events occur no more than 30-50 times in life. Of course, there were many instances of hits within daysonly. Some kinds of directions prove to be more exact, others less so.

Talking about the direction of G to the descendant, William Lilly doesnot omit to write about the whole events-climate at that time- the native was notonly sick with feaver, but also 'was robbed of some things, and in danger oflosing more, and was also in danger of fire...' All of these events like a gang ofnaughty kids talk only of one thing- that their common father is nobody but apowerful direction of G! Here we notice that Lilly, like most other old mastersof primary directions, knew that a strong primary direction triggers not only anisolated event, but also a period in which many events, small or big, may happen;all of them falling under the symbolism of the direction. I name this the 'multi-event effect' of a direction. When we water a garden with a hose, there is amain current hitting the ground- like the kernel of a direction, materializing inthe 'big event', but there are also many bigger and smaller sprinkles of wateraround- the multitude of smaller events spread out in time around the main

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event. If, when rectifying a chart, we are not sure whether a particular directionis associated with a certain event, it pays off to ask for more events, no matterhow small, which happened around the same time. Their symbolic integral willshow us beyond doubt the common father of them all, just like in the casediscussed by Lilly.

On the figure above is shown the example chart of Lilly drawn in 3dimensions, observed from point East. The observer is in the planes of the equatorand the horizon. Because of the apparent rotation of the celestial sphere,the point +Gwhich is in 0z54x{ (acc. to Lilly) will eventually reach the horizon.

The arc of the direction Zod. +Gdirect = Z = OA+G

- OAZ

.

OAZ

= RAMC + 90z. OA+G

= RA+G

- AD+G

.

AD+G

= arcsin [ tan ( δ+G

) * tan ( Φ ) ].

Here, δ is declination and Φ is the geographical latitude of the birthplace.The AD (ascensional difference) shows with how many degrees the day semi-arc ofthe point is greater or lesser than 90z. OA is for Oblique Ascension that shows theposition of a certain point in relation to the horizon.

+G

0z54x{

MC14z39xI

ASC06z37xP

DA

Horizo

n

Equator

IC14z39xW

Ecliptic

N. Pole

OA of +G

OA of Asc.

Zenith=

Birthplace

S. Pole FIGURE3

M WILLIAM LILLY M

Equator

Horizon

Ecliptic

Regiomontanianhowse-circles

2nd

3rd

Meridian

SouthPole

Diurnal Pathof +G(0z54x{ )

+G(0z54x{ )

ASC6z37xP

Horizon

Equator

DiurnalPath

of +G(0z54x{ )

Horizon

+G(0z54x{ )

ASC 6z37xP

Diurnal Pathof +G(0z54x{ )

Directional Arc

746 5

3

98

10 11 121

2

Houses

Houses

Horizon

Ecliptic

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A 3-Dimensional representation of the example horoscope of Lilly and the directionZod. +Gd.= ASC. We can clearly see the Diurnal Path of the point +G (0z54x{ ). This isthe circle around the Poles-axis along which the point moves due to the 24-hours apparentrotation of the celestial sphere. Wherever the diurnal path of the point crosses the horizon iswhere the point will rise. The arc measured in time (equatorial degrees) between the pointand its point of rise (along its diurnal path) is the arc of the direction of the point to theascendant ( the eastern horizon).

The print-out is from the Program 'Placidus', version 2.0.The explanatory labels and arrows are superimposed.

FIGURE4

FIGURE5

Now, we can make a table with the directions and the events used by Lilly forthe rectification. The key of transformation will be the key of Naibod,which Lilly employed in his practice.

GREGORIAN GREGORIANDATE ASSOCIATED HITDATE

EVENT and AGE of event DIRECTION (Naibod)1. Came to a Master Lilly Computerof quality 16 y. 07 m. Apr. 29 1633 Zod. ^G= MC Jul 27 1633 May 23 1633

2. A journey beyond sea of greatconcernment 20 y. 04 m. Jan 1637 none

3. Sick of a burningFeaver 20 y. 10 m. Jul 1637 Zod. +G= Asc Nov 26 1636 Oct 03 1636

4. Esteem and Success 22.0 - 23.0 y Sep 1638 -Sep 1639 Zod. #A= MC Aug 21 1638 Oct 08 1639

Zod. #F= MC Nov 29 1639 Feb 07 16414. Another Feaver and muchMelancholly 24 y. 11 m. Aug 1641 none

If we take in account that any 4 minutes shift in the birth time would push thehitdates of these directions with 1 year backward or forward, it is clear that the birthtime must be correct at least within +- 2 minutes exactness. This, however, willbe true only in case we believe in the high efficiency of thedirections used by Lilly1. I think that the zod. directions to the Asc. and MC havelow to moderate efficiency and that there are more efficient directions:

RE-RECTIFICATION OF LILLY'S EXAMPLE CHARTWITH PLACIDIAN MUNDO DIRECTIONS

Attempting to rectify the chart with the mundo Placidian directions can be aninteresting and rewarding experience. We will compute with the key of Naibod.Obviously, the direction Mundo Hconv.= Asc should correspond with the obtaining ofthe master of quality 'degree'. The hitdate is June 16, 1633. In case we want it to hitexactly in the time of the event (April 29 1633),

1- In contrast, Placidus on page 211 (example 14) of his 'Primum Mobile' (Cooper'stranslation) declares the directions of zodiacal aspects to the ascendant and themidheaven 'altogether as nothing' ! Nowhere in this book of Placidus is there anyevidence that he calculated and used zodiacal points to the angles ! Placidus preferredto work with the mundo directions which he amply computed in all his examples.

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13

M WILLIAM LILLY M

we should push the birth time back since the direction is converse. Workingonly with this direction, we will come to a rectified birth time of 2:13:34 PMor with 29 seconds earlier than the initial time. To check out the other events,I calculated only the four strongest types of directions in the Placidian system:mundo and zodiacal of planets to angles, mundo of planets to house curvesand mundo parallels and rapt parallels with the S and the A. In each yearof the life of the native, there are, on the average, only 2 directions of thesekinds1.

WITH RECTIFIED BIRTH TIME: 02:13:34 PMPLACIDIAN MUNDO DIRECTIONS

Gregorian GregorianEVENT and AGE DATE DIRECTION HITDATE (Naibod)1. Came to a Master of quality16 y. 07 m. Apr. 29 1633 Mundo Hconv.= ASC May 01 1633

2. A journey beyond sea of great concernment20 y. 04 m. Jan 1637 Mundo Jdir.= #ASC Jan 02 1637

( Mundo Jdir.= 3rd House Curve )3. Sick of a burning Feaver20 y. 10 m. Jul 1637 Zod. +G= Asc Nov 20 1636

4. Esteem and Success22.0 - 23.0 y Sep 1638 -Sep 1639 Mundo Ddir.= #MC Jul 22 1639

( Mundo Ddir.= 8th House Curve )4. Another Feaver and much Melancholly and Scurvy24 y. 11 m. Aug 1641 Mundo KAdir.= n (Desc) Sep 05 1641

n (Desc) = rapt parallel around the western horizon

1- The number of directions that Lilly used for the rectification is roughly the same asthe number of the placidian mundo directions that I used.

The frequency of a certain kind of direction is an important parameter in itsevaluation as in respect to its possible strength i.e. its suitability to correlate with bigevents. The lower the frequency of a kind of direction (i.e. it happens more seldom) thebigger the possibility that it could correspond with big events.

A common mistake of many astrologers is to take techniques with very highfrequency as transits, for example, and try to correlate them with big events.

On the other hand, it is true, that not any technique with low frequency correspondsto big events! Big events, however, necessarily should correspond to atechnique with a low frequency.

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Done with the rectification, Lilly proceeds with explanations how toerect a chart in the Regiomontanian house systems and other topics. On page651 he starts the section 'The Effects of Directions' which is the last section ofthe book. Lilly writes about the authorities in the field he drew from-Regiomontanus, Maginus, Leovitius, Manginus, Zobulus and Argolus. Lillyexplicitly states, 'At this day we use no method in Directions but Argolus...'From this alone, we can safely conclude that most probably he directedregiomontanian as far as the fact that all these authors directed as perRegiomontan though at least one of them, Maginus, knew how to direct also asper Ptolemy1. Unlike Morin or Naibod, Lilly is honest and a real scholar enoughto admit that his method of directing (Argol) is different from what Ptolemyleft i.e. directing by 'Diurnall and Nocturnall Horary times'2.

On pages 652-654, Lilly gives rules for interpreting a direction:1. We should consider whether the direction is 'good or evil'. Good aspectsmean good directions and evil aspects- evil directions.2. The significator or the point that stays still3 signifies what area of life will beaffected or the persons who will be affected. How? The significator does thisfirst by his symbolic meaning (Lilly uses the phrase 'of himself'). If, for example,the significator is the S, then what will be affected is the family life, the journeys,the wife, the older sister or the mother of the native. On the second place Lillyputs what the significator means 'by Accident' i.e. the house it is in or the houseit rules. If in the 8th, it may mean inheritance or somebody lately deceasedet cetera.

1- In his book 'Tabulae Primi Mobilis' published in Venice in 1604, Ioannes AntoniusMaginus explains in canons 46-48 the Ptolemaic method of directing. It is the same as thatwhich was later developed by Placidus and became known as the semi-arc method. Maginusalso explains and exemplifies the Ptolemaic house system (page 25) whichnow is known as the Placidian house system. Placidus was born in 1603.2- 'Diurnal (Nocturnal) Horary Times' is a term from 'Tetrabiblos' chapters 14 and 15 (Modesof Prorogation) where Ptolemy de facto describes what is today known as Placidian primarydirections (semi-arc method). The 'Diurnal ( Nocturnal ) Horary Times' as a term was replacedsomewhere in the 19th century by the term 'day ( night )semi-arc'. Both have the same meaning.3- Most of the old authors from the 15-17th centuries accepted as significators only 5 points:the ASC, MC, the A , the S and < [ Pars Fortunae]. William Lilly, however,employed as significators all planets.

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M WILLIAM LILLY M

The point that is being moved or the promissor1 signifies, symbolicallyand through a house position or rulership, the cause of the event: things andpersons. If it is F, the cause of the event may be a young and charmingwoman. If G- a young and energy driven man.

In this respect, Lilly seems to subscribe more to the Cardanian teaching,that the planetary symbolism has to have priority in the interpretation ratherthan the Morin's accidental determinations. An example to illustrate thedifference: According to Morin, for instance, a direction of H or its aspects tothe ascendant may mean decease or even death, if H happens to be in the 12th,8th or 6th house or has rulership over them. In contrast to this, Cardan teachesthat this is but impossible, because of the essential nature of H as abenefic. It seems as if Lilly sides more with Cardan.

On page 654 starts chapter 157 where Lilly discusses the duration andthe strength of the directions. He writes, ' when both of them (significator andpromissor) are in their Essentiall Dignities (in signs of rulership, exaltation...)and in angles, the effects of their direction shall be evident and manifest...'. Inchapters 158-165 Lilly interprets zodiacal aspects, terms, house cusps andfixed stars directed to all 5 classical significators.

In chapter 166, Lilly discusses three different keys for transformingthe directional arc into time of life. The Ptolemy key equates 1 degree to 1 year.The key of Naibod equates 1 degree to 1 year 5 days and 8 hours. The key ofTycho Brahe measures the travel of the A in RA for the birthday andequates this to 1 year.

William Lilly, turns out, used Naibod as the most exact key and Ptolemyfor initial orientation.

From here on, up to page 741 (chapter 175), Lilly writes about theprofections, the solar return chart and the transits.

From chapter 175 to chapter 185 Lilly gives a short interpretation ofthe example chart. Then on page 765 he gives tables with primary directionsto the five hylegiacal places- the Ascendant, the MC, the A, the S and <.

1- The notation of the other old authors, which they inherited, by the way, fromPtolemy, is misleading and confusing. They directed only direct or with the rotationof the celestial sphere. The significator of a direction was called not the point thatstayed still, but only one of the five classical significators: the ASC, MC, the A, theS or <, no matter whether it was fixed or moved. Happily, W.Lilly has simpler andeasier to understand notation.

16

DIRECTIONS TO THE ASCENDANTPages 765-768 of the tables are a table with the directions to the

ascendant. Altogether they are 104. The meaning of these directions is tocompute the time after birth when a certain point, the Promissor, due to theapparent rotation of the celestial sphere, will rise i.e. will hit the eastern horizon.This time can be measured in hours and minutes as well as degrees and arc-minutes. The simple conversion formula is 24 hours = 360 degrees. The time-arc is accepted in Astrology to be measured in degrees. The algorithm is, firstto calculate the AD (Ascensional Difference) of the promissor from its declinationand the geographical latitude of the birth, then its OA (Oblique Ascension) andthen to find out the directional arc by subtracting the OA of the Promissor fromthe OA of the Ascendant. The logic and the algorithm1

were already given in the explanations under Figure 2.Now we will proceed with a full analysis. First, what are the points

which Lilly directs to the eastern horizon (the ascendant) ?? They are:Modern terminology Terminology of Lilly # of such directions1. planets MUNDO to... Ad corpus... cum latitudine 1 ( of J ) (or The bodies of the planets to... )2. planets Zodiacal to... Ad corpus... 1 ( of J ) + 1 of / (The zodiacal projections of the planets to...)3. The zodiacal oppositions Ad +...cum latitudine 3 ( of G, D and F ) of the planets with latitude to...Directions #3 are the same as the directions of the bodies of the planets to thewestern horizon (descendant) i.e. planets MUNDO to the descendant. Here,Lilly takes the zodiacal opposition of a planet by longitude andassigns to it the latitude of the planet with the reverse sign.4. The zodiacal oppositions Ad +... 4 ( of G, D, A and F )of the planets ( latitude = 0 )5. The major aspects of Ad ^... 15the planets ( #, % and ^ )6. The minor aspects of Ad !... 43the planets ( !, @, $, &, *, _, 36z and 108z )

In Lilly's notation: 72z ($) is a heart, 36z is a heart with a line at thebottom, 108z is a heart with a triangle at the bottom, 150z (_) is designatedwith $ , 144z (* ) is two hearts, 45z (@ ) is a square with a 'T'over it , 135z (&) is a square with a 'C' over it.

1- The directions of points to the ascendant and MC are explained in detail in mybook ' Primary Directions ', volume 1.

M WILLIAM LILLY M

Modern terminology Terminology of Lilly # of such directions7. The Ptolemaic terms Ad ter. ... 218. The zodiacal antiscia Ad Ant. (CA) ... 6and contra-antiscia of the planets9. The antiscia and Ad Ant. (CA) ... cum latitudine5contra-anrtiscia of the planets with latitude10. The zodiacal projections of stars Lucid. Lyrae aust. (Vega) 111. The housecusps (regiomontanian) Ad Domum... 3 (of 2,3 & 4)

Antiscion of S28z16xR, b=0z

Zod. projectionof the Moon1z44xE, b=0z

Contra-Antiscion of S 28z16xP, b=0z

Contra-Antiscion of Scum latitudine

28z16xP, b= 5z00xS

Antiscion of S cumlatitudine 28z16xR, b=5z00xN

S Moon1z44xE,

b=5z00xN

FIGURE6

I was able to recalculate with the computer all 104 directions to theascendant present in the table of Lilly. They were recomputed on the reconstructedchart. Now we will proceed by presenting a table with all 104 directions calculatedby Lilly, showing the points, their coordinates and the directional arcs- accordingto Lilly and according to the computer recalculation on the reconstructed chart.

1- Argolus, whom Lilly claims to follow, computed the coordinates of the antiscia andthe contra-antiscia in the same way as explained here. However, he directed only ant. andcontra-ant. with latitude. 'Pandosion Sphaericum', Andreae Argoli, Patavii, 1653.

In directions, the effects of the antiscia of a planet were considered as ifthey were the planet itself. The contra-antiscia were treated as if they were + ofthe planet.

17

ANTISCIA & CONTRA-ANTISCIA ACC. TO LILLY1

What did Lilly understand by the terms ' antiscia and contra-antiscia ' and 'antiscia and contra-antiscia cum latitudine' ? The antiscion (Ant.) of a point is itsmirror image around 00 R when the point is in the northern signs (or around 00 P ifit is in the southern signs). The latitude of the antiscion is the same as that of theoriginal point. The contra-antiscion (CA) is the mirror image around 00 U and hasthe same latitude, but with the opposite sign. So, 'antiscion and contra-antiscion' of aplanet apply to the ecliptical projection of the planet, while 'antiscion and contra-antiscioncum latitudine' apply to the body of the planet i.e. here also thelatitude is observed.

Q W E R T Y U I O P { }

Table with the Directions to the ASCWilliam Lilly's Computer recalculationpages 765-768 of on the reconstructed'Christian Astrology' horoscope

OAasc= 312z 10x ASC = 6z 37x P OAasc= 312z 10x ASC = 6z 41x P Arc of Arc of

# Promissor Position Direction Position Direction1* %F S. 06z 54x P 0z 00xN 00z 14x 07z 58x P 0z 00xN 01z 15x

2 Ant.H 08z 05x P 0z 00xN 01z 24x 08z 09x P 0z 00xN 01z 26x3 ^J D. 09z 02x P 0z 00xN 02z 19x 09z 00x P 0z 00xN 02z 16x

4* Ant.Hcum lat08z 05x P 0z 37xS 02z 39x 08z 09x P 0z 05xN 01z 16x

5*Zod. Lucid. Lirae 10z 00x P 0z 00xN 03z 14x 09z 58x P 0z 00xN 03z 10x

6 ter.H 13z 00x P 0z 00xN 06z 00x 12z 00x P 0z 00xN 05z 03x7 &S D. 16z 44x P 0z 00xN 09z 14x 16z 37x P 0z 00xN 09z 06x8 ter.G 20z 00x P 0z 00xN 11z 55x 19z 00x P 0z 00xN 11z 05x

9* 108zJ D. 21z 02x P 0z 00xN 12z 44x 21z 00x P 0z 00xN 12z 41x

10 108zD S. 21z 34x P 0z 00xN 13z 08x 23z 06x P 0z 00xN 14z 18x11 !H S. 21z 55x P 0z 00xN 13z 24x 21z 51x P 0z 00xN 13z 20x12 108zA S. 24z 37x P 0z 00xN 15z 26x 24z 43x P 0z 00xN 15z 30x13 108zF S. 24z 54x P 0z 00xN 15z 39x 25z 58x P 0z 00xN 16z 25x14 ter.J 26z 00x P 0z 00xN 16z 28x 25z 00x P 0z 00xN 15z 43x

1- S. and D. are abbreviations from the Latin 'Sinister' and 'Dexter', accordingly- Left (eastof the planet) and Right (west of the planet) aspects. East of the planet means also that theaspect is measured in the direction of succession of the zodiacal signs. This notationcomes from the fact that when we observe the sky facing South, the Eastwill be on our Left. And if you want to see the ecliptic without breaking your neck, youbetter watch the sky facing South ( in the northern geo. latitudes ).4- Lilly did not give the coordinates of some points in his tables with directions. Insuch cases I give in italic the coordinates which, most probably, Lilly used. Thecomparatively large difference between the arc of Lilly and the recalculated one, comesfrom the inexact latitude of Jupiter Lilly worked with. I recalculated the direction withthe data of Lilly ( 08z 05x P 0z 37xS ) and came to a directional arc of 02z 36x 14c.5- This is the star VEGA. Lilly directed the zodiacal projections of the stars and not thestars proper (which would be mundo directions). Why did he do this ? Most probablybecause it was much easier.

Anyway, a mundo direction of Vega to the ascendant is but impossible sincein this case Vega happens to be circumpolar (always above the horizon).9- A sesquiquintile ( quintile and a half ) of Saturn.

18

19

M WILLIAM LILLY M

Table with the Directions to the ASCWilliam Lilly's Computer recalculation

Arc of Arc of# Promissor Position Direction Position Direction15 36zHS. 27z 55x P 0z 00xN 17z 49x 27z 51x P 0z 00xN 17z 45x16 CA S 28z 16x P 0z 00xN 18z 04x 28z 23x P 0z 00xN 18z 08x17 ter.J 00z 00x {0z 00xN 19z 16x 00z 00x {0z 00xN 19z 14x

18* +G 00z 54x {0z 00xN 19z 02x 00z 44x {0z 00xN 19z 43x

19 ^S D. 01z 44x {0z 00xN 20z 24x 01z 37x {0z 00xN 20z 18x

20* +G cum lat.00z 54x {0z 28xS 20z 46x 00z 44x {1z 05xS 21z 49x

21 ^D S. 03z 34x {0z 00xS 21z 36x 05z 06x {0z 00xN 22z 32x22 ^A S. 06z 37x{0z 00xN 23z 29x 06z 43x {0z 00xN 23z 31x23 ^F S. 06z 54x {0z 00xN 23z 39x 07z 58x {0z 00xN 24z 16x24 @H S. 06z 55x{0z 00xN 23z 40x 06z 51x {0z 00xN 23z 36x25 ter.D 07z 00x {0z 00xN 23z 43x 06z 00x {0z 00xN 23z 05x26 %J D. 09z 02x {0z 00xN 24z 55x 09z 00x {0z 00xN 24z 53x

27*CAJ cum lat.20z 58x {2z 58xN 26z 09x 21z 00x {2z 40xN 26z 44x

28 ter.F 13z 00x{0z 00xN 27z 10x 12z 00x {0z 00xN 26z 36x29 108zS D. 13z 44x {0z 00xN 27z 34x 13z 37x {0z 00xN 27z 30x

30* CAS cum lat.28z 16xP 5z 00xS 28z 31x 28z 23xP 5z 11xS 28z 59x

31 &D S. 18z 34x{0z 00xN 30z 08x 20z 06x {0z 00xN 30z 53x32 CAJ 20z 58x {0z 00xN 31z 19x 21z 00x {0z 00xN 31z 20x33 ter.H 21z 00x {0z 00xN 31z 21x 20z 00x {0z 00xN 30z 50x34 &A S. 21z 37x {0z 00xN 31z 39x 21z 43x {0z 00xN 31z 41x35 &F S. 21z 54x {0z 00xN 31z 48x 22z 58x {0z 00xN 32z 18x

18- The directional arc here is again a typo error. The true arc should be 19z 52x. Lillygives the OA of the point as 332z 02x. Since the OA of the ascendant is 312z 10,theirdifference has to be 19z 52x. Within the data of Lilly, the recalculation of the directionalarc comes to 19z 49x 52c.20-Within the data of Lilly, the recalculated directional arc is 20z 43x 35c.27- The directions of points with latitude, in the tables of Lilly, do not have a longitudenor a latitude given, but only their OA. I assign to these points the coordinates which Isuppose, most probably, Lilly used. For example, a recalculation using the supposed dataLilly used, shows for this direction an arc of 26z 12x 35c. This result is very close to thearc of Lilly and ergo, confirms our theory about how Lilly computedthe positions of the antiscia and contra-antiscia with latitude.30- With the data of Lilly the recalculation of the directional arc results in 28z 28x 27c.

36 #H S. 21z 55x {0z 00xN 31z 49x 21z 51x {0z 00xN 31z 46x37 Domum 2 23z 30x{0z 00xN 32z 35x 23z 35x {0z 00xN 32z 36x38 ter.G 26z 00x {0z 00xN 33z 46x 25z 00x {0z 00xN 33z 16x39 $J D. 27z 02x {0z 00xN 34z 15x 27z 00x {0z 00xN 34z 13x40 *D S. 27z 34x {0z 00xN 34z 30x 29z 06x {0z 00xN 35z 11x41 ter.F 00z 00x } 0z 00xN 35z 36x 00z 00x } 0z 00xN 35z 35x42 *A S. 00z 37x } 0z 00xN 35z 52x 00z 43x } 0z 00xN 35z 54x43 *F S. 00z 54x } 0z 00xN 36z 00x 01z 58x } 0z 00xN 36z 27x44 _G D. 00z 54x} 0z 00xN 36z 00x 00z 44x } 0z 00xN 35z 55x45 %S D. 01z 44x } 0z 00xN 36z 23x 01z 37x } 0z 00xN 36z 18x46 _D S. 03z 34x } 0z 00xN 37z 16x 05z 06x } 0z 00xN 37z 49x47 $H S. 03z 55x } 0z 00xN 37z 20x 03z 51x } 0z 00xN 37z 17x48 / 05z 50x} 0z 00xN 37z 52x 07z 36x } 0z 00xN 38z 53x49 _A S. 06z 37x } 0z 00xN 38z 30x 06z 43x } 0z 00xN 38z 31x50 _F S. 06z 54x} 0z 00xN 38z 37x 07z 58x } 0z 00xN 39z 02x51 *G D. 06z 54x} 0z 00xN 38z 37x 06z 44x } 0z 00xN 38z 31x52 ter.H 09z 00x } 0z 00xN 39z 30x 08z 00x } 0z 00xN 39z 03x53 #J D. 09z 02x } 0z 00xN 39z 31x 09z 00x } 0z 00xN 39z 28x54 ter.D 15z 00x } 0z 00xN 41z 57x 14z 00x } 0z 00xN 41z 32x55 & G 15z 54x } 0z 00xN 42z 19x 15z 44x } 0z 00xN 42z 14x56 $S D. 18z 44x } 0z 00xN 43z 26x 18z 37x } 0z 00xN 43z 46x

57*Ant F cum lat. 23z 06x } 1z 00xN 43z 32x 22z 02x } 1z 16xN 42z 40x

58 ter.G 21z 00x } 0z 00xN 44z 20x 20z 00x } 0z 00xN 43z 55x59 %H S. 21z 55x } 0z 00xN 44z 42x 21z 51x } 0z 00xN 44z 39x

60 Ant F 23z 06x } 0z 00xN 45z 09x 22z 02x } 0z 00xN 44z 43x

61 Ant.A 23z 23x } 0z 00xN 45z 16x 23z 17x } 0z 00xN 45z 13x62 @J D. 24z 02x } 0z 00xN 45z 32x 24z 00x } 0z 00xN 45z 29x

63 Ant D 26z 26x } 0z 00xN 46z 28x 24z 54x } 0z 00xN 45z 50x


Arc of Arc of# Promissor Position Direction Position Direction

20

57- The antiscion of F with a latitude, acc. to the data Lilly used, should be in 23z 06x } 1z00xS. However, if we direct this point we'll come to an arc of 46z 45x 47c. If we try with thepoint 23z 06x } 1z 00xN., the directional arc will be 43z 31x 19c. Obviously, Lilly made amistake assigning to the point the latitude of F with the opposite sign( 1z 00xN. ). Having done so, he came closer to the correct arc !

M WILLIAM LILLY M


Arc of Arc of# Promissor Position Direction Position Direction64 ter.J 27z 00x } 0z 00xN 46z 41x 26z 00x } 0z 00xN 46z 16x65 ter.H 00z 00x } 0z 00xN 47z 50x 00z 00x } 0z 00xN 47z 50x66 ^G D. 00z 54x Q 0z 00xN 48z 10x 00z 44x Q 0z 00xN 48z 07x

67* +F cum lat. 06z 54x Q 1z 00xN 48z 27x 07z 58x Q 1z 16xS 52z 59x

68 #S D. 01z 44x Q 0z 00xN 48z 30x 01z 37x Q 0z 00xN 48z 27x

69*Ant D cum lat.26z 26x } 1z 32xS 48z 55x 24z 54x } 1z 21xN 43z 40x

70 36zJ D. 03z 02x Q 0z 00xN 49z 00x 03z 00x Q 0z 00xN 49z 00x71 +D 03z 34x Q 0z 00xN 49z 12x 05z 06x Q 0z 00xN 49z 49x72 +A 06z 37x Q 0z 00xN 50z 24x 06z 43x Q 0z 00xN 50z 26x73 +F 06z 54x Q 0z 00xN 50z 30x 07z 58x Q 0z 00xN 50z 56x74 ter.F 07z 00x Q 0z 00xN 50z 33x 06z 00x Q 0z 00xN 50z 10x75 !J D. 09z 02x Q 0z 00xN 51z 21x 09z 00x Q 0z 00xN 51z 21x76 108zH S. 09z 55x Q 0z 00xN 51z 42x 09z 51x Q 0z 00xN 51z 40x

77* +F cum lat. 06z 54x Q 1z 00xS 52z 07x 07z 58x Q 1z 16xS 52z 59x

78 108zG D. 12z 54x Q 0z 00xN 52z 52x 12z 44x Q 0z 00xN 52z 49x79 ter.D 15z 00x Q 0z 00xN 53z 43x 14z 00x Q 0z 00xN 53z 19x80 @S D. 16z 44x Q 0z 00xN 54z 25x 16z 37x Q 0z 00xN 54z 22x81 Domum 3 18z 34x Q 0z 00xN 55z 09x 18z 27x Q 0z 00xN 55z 08x82 ^H S. 21z 55x Q 0z 00xN 56z 33x 21z 51x Q 0z 00xN 56z 33x83 ter.G 22z 00x Q 0z 00xN 56z 35x 21z 00x Q 0z 00xN 56z 11x84 36zS D. 25z 44x Q 0z 00xN 58z 11x 25z 37x Q 0z 00xN 58z 08x85 ter.J 27z 00x Q 0z 00xN 58z 35x 26z 00x Q 0z 00xN 58z 19x86 ter.F 00z 00x W 0z 00xN 60z 04x 00z 00x W 0z 00xN 60z 04x87 %G D. 00z 54x W 0z 00xN 60z 28x 00z 44x W 0z 00xN 60z 25x88 !S D. 01z 44x W 0z 00xN 60z 51x 01z 37x W 0z 00xN 60z 48x

67- Recalculating with what should be logically the Lilly's data, namely 06z 54x Q1z 00xN, the directional arc results in 48z 53x 23c.69- Computer recalculated with coordinates 26z 26x } 1z 32xS , the arc is 48z 55x23c.77- '+F cum lat.' shows up as directions number 67 and 77. Directing the point 06z54x Q 1z 00xS with the computer gives an arc of 52z 07x. However, the point +Fcum lat. should has 1z 00xN as a latitude and not 1z 00xS. Without doubt, this is anerror. Lilly has omitted the direction of +D cum lat.

21


Arc of Arc of# Promissor Position Direction Position Direction89 _D D. 03z 34x W 0z 00xN 61z 46x 05z 06x W 0z 00xN 62z 26x90 _A D. 06z 3?x W 0z 00xN 63z 09x 06z 43x W 0z 00xN 63z 12x91 _F D. 06z 54x W 0z 00xN 63z 17x 07z 58x W 0z 00xN 63z 48x92 &H S. 06z 55x W 0z 00xN 63z 18x 06z 51x W 0z 00xN 63z 16x93 ter.D 09z 00x W 0z 00xN 64z 19x 08z 00x W 0z 00xN 63z 49x94 Zod. ~J 09z 02x W 0z 00xN 64z 20x 09z 00x W 0z 00xN 64z 19x95 *D D. 09z 34x W 0z 00xN 64z 36x 11z 06x W 0z 00xN 65z 23x96 *A D. 12z 37x W 0z 00xN 66z 09x 12z 43x W 0z 00xN 66z 13x97 *F D. 12z 54x W 0z 00xN 66z 18x 13z 58x W 0z 00xN 66z 52x98 Domum 4 14z 39x W 0z 00xN 67z 13x 14z 39x W 0z 00xN 67z 13x99 *H S. 15z 55x W 0z 00xN 67z 53x 15z 51x W 0z 00xN 67z 52x100 ter.H 16z 00x W 0z 00xN 67z 57x 15z 00x W 0z 00xN 67z 24x101 &D D. 18z 34x W 0z 00xN 69z 22x 20z 06x W 0z 00xN 70z 15x

102* Mundo J 09z 02x W 2z 58xS 69z 30x 09z 00x W 2z 40xS 68z 55x

103 72zG D. 18z 54x W 0z 00xN 69z 34x 18z 44x W 0z 00xN 69z 28x104 &A D. 21z 37x W 0z 00xN 71z 07x 21z 43x W 0z 00xN 71z 12x

THE DIRECTIONS TO THE ASCENDANT- CONCLUSIONSWorking with the data he had, Lilly calculated the arcs fairly exactly.The mistakes: direction # 18.The errors: # 57 and the controversy around the double show-up of the

direction +F cum lat. to the ascendant in directions # 67 and # 77. One ofthem, most probably, has come in place of the omitted direction +D cum lat. tothe ascendant. To the technical errors, I would include also the fact that Lillyhas pushed the beginnings of the Ptolemaic terms with one degree forward.

Further, I would question the assertion of Lilly that ' At this day weuse no method in Directions but Argolus...'. Argolus directed the zodiacal

aspects with a latitude. Lilly directed them with a latitude zero. Argolus1

directed the Egyptian terms. Lilly directed Ptolemaic terms.

102- Computer recalculated with the coordinates of Lilly, 09z 02x W 2z 58xS , thearc comes to 69z 26x 36c.1- 'Tabulae Primi Mobilis', Andreae Argoli, Romae 1610. 'Pandosion Sphaericum', Andreae Argoli, Patavii, 1653.

22

M WILLIAM LILLY M

DIRECTIONS TO MCWe will turn our atention now to Lilly's directions to the MC. He

tabulated 54 such directions: # of directions1. Planets mundo to MC: 1 ( of H )2. Planets zodiacal to MC: 1 ( of H )3. Planets mundo to IC: 1 ( of S )

( or The zod. +of planets with a latitude to MC )4. Planets zodiacal to IC : 1 (of S )

( or The zod. +of planets with latitude = 0 to MC )5. Major aspects of planets (lat. = 0 ): 86. Minor aspects of planets (lat. = 0 ): 22

7. Ptolemaic terms1: 118. Zod. antiscia and contra-antiscia of planets: 2 ( of H and G )9. Zod. antiscia and contra-antiscia with latitude: 2 ( of H and G )10. Zod. projections of stars: 2 ( Antares & Vega )11. Housecusps ( regiomontanian ): 3 ( of 11, 12 and the asc. )

Table with the Directions to the MCWilliam Lilly's Computer recalculationpages 769-771 of on the reconstructed'Christian Astrology' horoscope

RAMC= 222z 10x MC = 14z 39x I Arc of Arc of

# Promissor Position Direction Position Direction1 36zH D. 15z 55x I 0z 00xN 01z 16x 15z 51x I 0z 00xN 01z 12x2 @D S. 18z 34x I 0z 00xN 03z 55x 20z 06x I 0z 00xN 05z 29x3 108zG S. 18z 54x I 0z 00xN 04z 15x 18z 44x I 0z 00xN 04z 06x4 ter.D 21z 00x I 0z 00xN 06z 23x 21z 00x I 0z 00xN 06z 23x5 @A S. 21z 37x I 0z 00xN 07z 00x 21z 43x I 0z 00xN 07z 06x6 @F S. 21z 54x I 0z 00xN 07z 17x 22z 58x I 0z 00xN 08z 23x7 !H D. 21z 55x I 0z 00xN 07z 18x 21z 51x I 0z 00xN 07z 15x8 ter.J 27z 00x I 0z 00xN 12z 32x 27z 00x I 0z 00xN 12z 32x9 CAG 29z 06x I 0z 00xN 14z 43x 29z 16x I 0z 00xN 14z 42x

10* CAGcum lat.29z 06x I 0z 28xN 14z 50x 29z 16x I 1z 05xS 14z 37x

23

1- Surprisingly, the terms Lilly directed to MC are the correct Ptolemaic terms andnot those pushed with 1 degree forward, which he employed to the ascendant.10- Lilly should have directed the point 29z 06x I 0z 28xS. The arc calculatedwith this point is 14z 35x 29c. Calculated with 29z 06x I 0z 28xN, the arc is 14z48x 28c.

Table with the Directions to the MCWilliam Lilly's Computer recalculation

Arc of Arc of# Promissor Position Direction Position Direction11 Domum 11 30z 00x I 0z 00xN 15z 38x 00z 12x O 0z 00xN 15z 50x12 ter.H 00z 00x O 0z 00xN 15z 38x 00z 00x O 0z 00xN 15z 38x

13* +S cum lat.01z 44x O 5z 00xS 16z 20x 01z 37x O 5z 11xS 16z 09x

14 ^G S. 00z 54x O 0z 00xN 16z 35x 00z 44x O 0z 00xN 16z 25x15 +S 01z 44x O 0z 00xS 17z 27x 01z 37x O 0z 00xS 17z 19x16 #D 03z 34x O 0z 00xN 19z 22x 05z 06x O 0z 00xN 20z 59x

17* Zod. Antares 04z 30x O 0z 00xN 20z 21x 04z 24x O 0z 00xN 20z 15x

18 #A S. 06z 37x O 0z 00xN 22z 34x 06z 43x O 0z 00xN 22z 41x19 #F S. 06z 54x O 0z 00xN 22z 53x 07z 58x O 0z 00xN 24z 01x20 ter.H 08z 00x O 0z 00xN 24z 03x 08z 00x O 0z 00xN 24z 03x21 _J D. 09z 02x O 0z 00xN 25z 09x 09z 00x O 0z 00xN 25z 07x22 ter.D 14z 00x O 0z 00xN 30z 28x 14z 00x O 0z 00xN 30z 28x23 Domum 12 14z 46x O 0z 00xN 31z 19x 14z 51x O 0z 00xN 31z 23x24 *J D. 15z 02x O 0z 00xN 31z 25x 15z 00x O 0z 00xN 31z 32x25 $D S. 15z 34x O 0z 00xN 32z 09x 17z 06x O 0z 00xN 33z 48x26 &G S. 15z 54x O 0z 00xN 32z 31x 15z 44x O 0z 00xN 32z 20x27 $A S. 18z 37x O 0z 00xN 35z 28x 18z 43x O 0z 00xN 35z 34x28 $F S. 18z 54x O 0z 00xN 35z 47x 19z 58x O 0z 00xN 36z 54x29 ter.J 19z 00x O 0z 00xN 35z 52x 19z 00x O 0z 00xN 35z 52x

30* Mundo H 21z 55x O 0z 37xS 38z 01x 21z 51x O 0z 05xN 38z 58x

31* Zodiacal H 21z 55x O 0z 00xS 39z 03x 21z 51x O 0z 00xN 38z 57x

32 &J D. 24z 02x O 0z 00xN 41z 19x 24z 00x O 0z 00xN 41z 17x33 *G S. 24z 54x O 0z 00xN 42z 17x 24z 44x O 0z 00xN 42z 05x34 ter.G 25z 00x O 0z 00xN 42z 23x 25z 00x O 0z 00xN 42z 23x35 ter.F 00z 00x P 0z 00xN 47z 50x 00z 00x P 0z 00xN 47z 50x

36 _G S. 00z 54x P 0z 00xN 48z 50x 00z 44x P 0z 00xN 48z 38x

37 _S D. 01z 44x P 0z 00xN 49z 45x 01z 37x P 0z 00xN 49z 35x

13- Recomputing with Lilly's data i.e. 01z 44x O 5z 00xS, the arc comes to 16z 19x48c.17- The arc of the mundo direction of Antares to the Meridian (MC) is 19z 20x.30- Recomputing with 21z 55x O 0z 37xS, the arc comes to 38z 58x 58c. I was notable to figure out the genesis of this error.31- Recomputing with 21z 55x O 0z 00x , the arc comes to 39z 01x 26c.

24

25

M WILLIAM LILLY M

Table with the Directions to the MCWilliam Lilly's Computer recalculation


38 %D S. 03z 34x P 0z 00xN 51z 45x 05z 06x P 0z 00xN 53z 23x

39 ter.D 06z 00x P 0z 00xN 54z 23x 06z 00x P 0z 00xN 54z 22x

40 ascendant 06z 37x P 0z 00xN 55z 04x 06z 41x P 0z 00xN 55z 06x

41 %A S. 06z 37x P 0z 00xN 55z 04x 06z 43x P 0z 00xN 55z 09x

42 %F S. 06z 54x P 0z 00xN 55z 23x 07z 58x P 0z 00xN 56z 30x

43 *S D. 07z 44x P 0z 00xN 56z 18x 07z 37x P 0z 00xN 56z 07x

44* Ant.H 08z 05x P 0z 00xN 56z 38x 08z 09x P 0z 00xN 56z 42x

45*Ant.Hcum lat.08z 05x P 0z 37xS 56z 40x 08z 09x P 0z 05xN 56z 42x

46 ^J D. 09z 02x P 0z 00xN 57z 40x 09z 00x P 0z 00xN 57z 38x

47* Zod. Vega 10z 00x P 0z 00xN 58z 43x 09z 58x P 0z 00xN 58z 40x

48 ter.H 12z 00x P 0z 00xN 60z 53x 12z 00x P 0z 00xN 60z 52x

49 &S D. 16z 44x P 0z 00xN 66z 00x 16z 37x P 0z 00xN 65z 50x

50 ter.G 19z 00x P 0z 00xN 68z 25x 19z 00x P 0z 00xN 68z 24x

51 108zJ D. 21z 02x P 0z 00xN 70z 35x 21z 00x P 0z 00xN 70z 32x

52 108zD S. 21z 34x P 0z 00xN 71z 08x 23z 06x P 0z 00xN 72z 46x

53 !H S. 21z 55x P 0z 00xN 71z 30x 21z 51x P 0z 00xN 71z 27x

54 108zA S. 24z 37x P 0z 00xN 74z 22x 24z 43x P 0z 00xN 74z 29x

44- Recomputing with Lilly's coordinates, 08z 05x P 0z 00x, the arc is 56z 37x 45c.

45- Recomputing with Lilly's coordinates, 08z 05x P 0z 37xS, the arc is 56z 40x 15.47- Lilly directed the zodiacal projection of the star and not the star proper (whichwould be a mundo direction). The arc of the star mundo to MC is 53z 43x.

THE DIRECTIONS TO MC- CONCLUSIONSThe directions to MC seem to be computed OK, excepting directions

# 10 and 30. A question, however, arises, why did Lilly use here the correctPtolemaic terms after arguing in chapter 100 (Page 510) that they should bepushed with one degree forward and after using these revised terms in hisdirections to the ascendant. The astrologers who worked with the correctPtolemaic terms Lilly accused in a 'vulgar Errour' ! Yet, he himself takes nowa seat among them !... This inconsistency is so simple and easy to notice that, Iguess, Lilly was not in his best shape writing the final and most complicatedchapters. The nature of the mistake points at a tired man in a big hurry...

26

THE INTERPLANETARY DIRECTIONS

Finished with the directions to the ascendant and MC, Lilly goes onwith a list of directions to the A. He tabulated only results, without explainingthe algorithm. I was almost sure that he directed regiomontanian. However, toplay it safe, I decided to check out the Poles of the planets computed by Lillyand given in the final page of the chapter (p.831).

Basically, there were only two possibilities: Lilly directed either regioor Lilly directed placidian under the pole. No other systems of primaries wereknown and practiced in these times. I know of one exception though- the systemof primaries developed by Cardan. However, Cardan first, apparently did nothave any followers and second, there were neither 'Poles' nor 'Circles of Position'in his system. The term 'Circle of Position', which Lilly used, ismuch more reminiscent of the regio way of directing.

Expecting to confirm the regio credo of Lilly, but open-minded, Icalculated with the program the regio and the placidian Poles of the Planets inthe example horoscope:

COMPUTER CALCULATED Lilly's Placidian Regio

Planets 'Circle of Position' Pole PoleA

S

D

F

G

H

J

<

40z 00x

40z 00x

41z 00x

39z 00x

51z 00x

52z 00x

08z 00x48z 00x

28z 56x

24z 31x

28z 52x

27z 34x

47z 51x

43z 54x

04z 54x41z 08x

39z 23x

40z 49x

38z 59x

37z 54x

51z 18x

51z 32x

08z 36x47z 49x

The results confirmed my suspicion- Lilly directed regio.The regio algorithm of computation of interplanetary directions is too

lengthy to be given here in full detail. That's why I'll restrict myself only toexplaining the meaning of the regio directions. The presentation of the fullregio algorithm is a topic for a separate article.

We already know that, according to the modern terminology, theSignificator in a primary direction is the point which stays fixed on the celestialsphere. The significators in the interplanetary directions, used by the old

M WILLIAM LILLY M

astrologers, were the A, the S and <. Only few authors used as significatorsalso the rest of the planets.

Now, assuming that the significator stays still and the whole sphere, withall its points, turns around the axis of the cel. poles, the question is: When will acertain point (the Promissor) arrive to a conjunction with the significator ?

Regiomontanus' answer was- When the point, carried with the

apparent rotation of the celestial sphere, reaches the house circle1 that goesthrough the significator. This house circle should go through 3 points: thesignificator and the two crosspoints of the Horizon with the Meridian.

1- A house circle is a great circle passing through the two crosspoints of the Horizon withthe Meridian ( the North and South Points of the horizon ). A great circle is a circleon the celestial sphere whose plane goes through the center of the sphere.

A 3-Dimensional representation of the example horoscope of Lilly and the house circle through the A. See how the Meridian, the Horizon, the house circlethrough the A and all house boundaries join at the North and South points of thehorizon. The print-out is from the Program 'Placidus', version 2.0.

Horizon

NorthPole

Regio house-circle truthe Sun

Regio 9th househouse-circle

Meridian

Equator

SUN

Meridian

Horizon

Horizon

North Pointof theHorizon

SouthPoint of theHorizon


Meridian

FIGURE7

27

1234

6

5

98 1011

12

Houses

Houses

SouthPole

DiurnalPathof H

Equator

Horizon

SUN


7 H

Equator

Meridian

Horizon

Diurnal Pathof H

Meridian

Directional Arcof Mundo H=A ( REGIO)


FIGURE8

DIRECTIONS TO THE SUN AThe directions of points to the house circle through the Sun are 70:Points # of directions

1. Planets mundo: 1 ( of H )2. Planets zodiacal: 1 ( of H )3. Planets mundo (to the night arc of the house circle): 2 ( of S and J )( or The zod. +of planets with a latitude to the day arc of the circle )

A 3-Dimensional representation of the interplanetary Regiomontanian directionMundo. Hd.= A in the example horoscope of Lilly . We can see the Diurnal Path of H.This is the circle around the Poles-axis along which H moves due to the 24-hours apparentrotation of the celestial sphere. Wherever the diurnal path of Hcrosses the house circlethrough the A is where H will come into conjunction (acc. to Regio-montanus ) with theA . The directional arc is the arc between H and this point. It ismeasured in time (equatorial degrees)

The print-out is from the Program 'Placidus', version 2.0. The explanatorylabels and arrows are superimposed.

28

M WILLIAM LILLY M

41. Planets zodiacal (to the night arc of the house circle): 2 ( of S and J )( or The zod. +of planets with latitude = 0 to the day arc of the circle )5. Major aspects of planets (lat. = 0 ): 96. Minor aspects of planets (lat. = 0 ): 307. Ptolemaic terms: 158. Zod. antiscia and contra-antiscia with latitude: 1 ( of G )9. Zod. antiscia and contra-antiscia of planets: 1 ( of G )10. Zod. projections of stars: 3 ( Antares, Spica & North Scale)11. Housecusps ( regiomontanian ): 5 ( of 9, 10, 11, 12 and the asc. )

I was able to recalculate with the program 62 of the 70 directions. The8 directions left out are the 3 directions with stars and 5 with half-quintilesand sesqui-quintiles.

Table with the Directions to the SUN AWilliam Lilly's Computer recalculationpages 771-774

Circle of Position= 40z 00x, Pole= 39z 23x, OD (Oblique Descension)= 183z 51x OD = 183z 59x

OD is under its own Pole OD is under its own PoleArc of Arc of

# Promissor Position Direction Position Direction1 _J S. 09z 02x U 0z 00xN 01z 25x 09z 00x U 0z 00xN 01z 22x2 $H D. 09z 55x U 0z 00xN 01z 57x 09z 51x U 0z 00xN 01z 52x3 ter.H 11z 00x U 0z 00xN 02z 35x 11z 00x U 0z 00xN 02z 33x4 $G S. 12z 54x U 0z 00xN 03z 42x 12z 44x U 0z 00xN 03z 36x5 &S S. 16z 44x U 0z 00xN 05z 59x 16z 37x U 0z 00xN 05z 56x6 Zod. Spica 18z 33x U 0z 00xN 07z 05x not recomputed7 Domum 9 18z 34x U 0z 00xN 07z 06x 18z 27x U 0z 00xN 07z 03x

8* ter.F 19z 00x U 0z 00xN 07z 21x 19z 00x U 0z 00xN 07z 23x

9 #H D. 21z 55x U 0z 00xN 09z 08x 21z 51x U 0z 00xN 09z 09x

29

1- The house circle through the A has two arcs: one is above the radical horizon( day-arc); the other is below the radical horizon (night-arc). The radical A is above thehorizon and that's why Lilly directs the points to the day-arc of the Solar housecircle.

To direct a point to the night-arc of the regio house circle through the A is the sameas to direct its + (with the opposite latitude) to the day arc. Thedirectional arcs are always equal.8- This should be the terms of D and not of F. A typo error.

Table with the Directions to the SUN AWilliam Lilly's Computer recalculation

Arc of Arc of# Promissor Position Direction Position Direction10 ter.G 24z 00x U 0z 00xN 10z 25x 24z 00x U 0z 00xN 10z 29x11 *S S. 25z 44x U 0z 00xN 11z 30x 25z 37x U 0z 00xN 11z 30x12 ter.G 00z 00x I 0z 00xN 14z 12x 00z 00x I 0z 00xN 14z 19x13 %G S. 00z 54x I 0z 00xN 14z 47x 00z 44x I 0z 00xN 14z 48x14 _S D. 01z 44x I 0z 00xN 15z 19x 01z 37x I 0z 00xN 15z 23x

15* +J cum lat. 09z 02x I 2z 58xS 16z 31x 09z 00x I 2z 40xN 23z 46x

16 !D S. 03z 34x I 0z 00xN 16z 31x 05z 06x I 0z 00xN 17z 42x17 ter.G 06z 00x I 0z 00xN 18z 08x 06z 00x I 0z 00xN 18z 18x18 !AS. 06z 37x I 0z 00xN 18z 33x 06z 43x I 0z 00xN 18z 47x19 !F S. 06z 54x I 0z 00xN 18z 45x 07z 58x I 0z 00xN 19z 38x20 @H D. 06z 55x I 0z 00xN 18z 46x 06z 51x I 0z 00xN 18z 53x21 +J 09z 02x I 0z 00xN 20z 12x 09z 00x I 0z 00xN 20z 22x22 36zD S. 09z 34x I 0z 00xN 20z 35x not recomputed23 North Scale .09z 48x I 0z 00xN 20z 45x not recomputed24 36zA S. 12z 37x I 0z 00xN 22z 41x not recomputed25 36zF S. 12z 54x I 0z 00xN 22z 53x not recomputed26 ter.F 14z 00x I 0z 00xN 23z 39x 14z 00x I 0z 00xN 23z 53x27 MC 14z 39x I 0z 00xN 24z 08x 14z 39x I 0z 00xN 24z 21x28 36zH D. 15z 55x I 0z 00xN 25z 00x not recomputed29 !D S. 18z 34x I 0z 00xN 26z 58x 20z 06x I 0z 00xN 28z 24x30 108zG S. 18z 54x I 0z 00xN 27z 13x not recomputed31 ter.D 21z 00x I 0z 00xN 28z 48x 21z 00x I 0z 00xN 29z 05x32 @A S. 21z 37x I 0z 00xN 29z 16x 21z 43x I 0z 00xN 29z 38x33 @F S. 21z 54x I 0z 00xN 29z 29x 22z 58x I 0z 00xN 30z 36x34 !H D. 21z 55x I 0z 00xN 29z 30x 21z 51x I 0z 00xN 29z 44x35 ter.J 27z 00x I 0z 00xN 33z 29x 27z 00x I 0z 00xN 33z 48x36 CAG 29z 06x I 0z 00xN 35z 11x 29z 16x I 0z 00xN 35z 40x

15- Here Lilly again makes an error. He did not write the coordinates of the point he directed,but a little detective work will show that he has directed 09z 02 x I2z 58xSouth. If we recompute the direction with this point, the arc will result in 16z 49x, whichis very close to Lilly's result. In his speculum, however, the latitude of J is2z 58xSouth and the lat. of +J with a latitude should be 2z 58xNORTH.

Directing 09z 02x I 2z 58xNorth gives arc of 23z 50x.

30

M WILLIAM LILLY M


Arc of Arc of# Promissor Position Direction Position Direction37 ter.G 00z 00x I 0z 00xN 14z 12x 00z 00x I 0z 00xN 14z 19x38 %G S. 00z 54x I 0z 00xN 14z 47x 00z 44x I 0z 00xN 14z 48x39 ter.H 00z 00x O 0z 00xN 35z 58x 00z 00x O 0z 00xN 36z 16x40 ^G S. 00z 54x O 0z 00xN 36z 41x 00z 44x O 0z 00xN 36z 54x41 +S 01z 44x O 0z 00xN 37z 23x 01z 37x O 0z 00xN 37z 37x42 #D S. 03z 34x O 0z 00xN 38z 56x 05z 06x O 0z 00xN 40z 38x43 Antares 04z 30x O 0z 00xN 39z 45x not recomputed44 #A S. 06z 37x O 0z 00xN 41z 35x 06z 43x O 0z 00xN 42z 04x45 #F S. 06z 54x O 0z 00xN 41z 51x 07z 58x O 0z 00xN 43z 10x46 ter.F 08z 00x O 0z 00xN 42z 50x 08z 00x O 0z 00xN 43z 13x

47* +S cum lat.01z 44x O 5z 00xN 43z 13x 01z 37x O 5z 00xS 31z 12x

48 _J D. 09z 02x O 0z 00xN 43z 46x 09z 00x O 0z 00xN 44z 07x49 ter.D 14z 00x O 0z 00xN 48z 23x 14z 00x O 0z 00xN 48z 46x50 Domum 12 14z 46x O 0z 00xN 49z 01x 14z 51x O 0z 00xN 49z 35x51 *J D. 15z 02x O 0z 00xN 49z 22x 15z 00x O 0z 00xN 49z 44x52 $D S. 15z 34x O 0z 00xN 49z 53x 17z 06x O 0z 00xN 51z 46x53 &G S. 15z 54x O 0z 00xN 50z 12x 15z 44x O 0z 00xN 50z 26x54 $A S. 18z 37x O 0z 00xN 52z 51x 18z 43x O 0z 00xN 53z 22x55 $F S. 18z 54x O 0z 00xN 53z 08x 19z 58x O 0z 00xN 54z 36x56 ter.J 19z 00x O 0z 00xN 53z 14x 19z 00x O 0z 00xN 53z 38x57 Zod. H 21z 55x O 0z 00xN 56z 09x 21z 51x O 0z 00xN 56z 31x58 Mundo H 21z 55x O 0z 37xS 56z 54x 21z 51x O 0z 05xN 56z 37x59 &J D. 24z 02x O 0z 00xN 58z 21x 24z 00x O 0z 00xN 58z 44x60 *G S. 24z 54x O 0z 00xN 59z 16x 24z 44x O 0z 00xN 59z 30x61 ter.G 25z 00x O 0z 00xN 59z 22x 25z 00x O 0z 00xN 59z 47x62 ter.F 00z 00x P 0z 00xN 64z 43x 00z 00x P 0z 00xN 65z 08x63 _G S. 00z 54x P 0z 00xN 65z 43x 00z 44x P 0z 00xN 65z 56x64 _S D. 01z 44x P 0z 00xN 66z 36x 01z 37x P 0z 00xN 66z 54x

47- Lilly makes an error. He should have used 01z 44x O 5z 00xSouth for the point +Switha latitude. Instead, he used a lat. of 5z 00x North. How do we know this, if Lilly did notgive the coordinates he used ? Regio-Directing 01z 44x O 5z 00 xNorth tothe A( with all other data as in the chart Lilly used ) gives arc of 43z 24x.

If we direct the point 01z 44x O 5z 00xSouth, we'll get 31z 33x.

31

32


Arc of Arc of# Promissor Position Direction Position Direction65 %D S. 03z 34x P 0z 00xN 68z 39x 05z 06x P 0z 00xN 70z 42x66 ter D 06z 00x P 0z 00xN 71z 24x 06z 00x P 0z 00xN 71z 43x67 Ascendens 06z 37x P 0z 00xN 72z 06x 06z 41x P 0z 00xN 72z 35x68 %A S. 06z 37x P 0z 00xN 72z 06x 06z 43x P 0z 00xN 72z 38x69 %F S. 06z 54x P 0z 00xN 72z 25x 07z 58x P 0z 00xN 74z 03x70 *S D. 07z 44x P 0z 00xN 73z 22x 07z 37x P 0z 00xN 73z 39x

THE DIRECTIONS TO THE SUN A- CONCLUSIONSIn the directions to the A, Lilly used the correct Ptolemaic terms.The errors are in directions # 15 and 47. These are directions with

+J with a lat. and +S with a lat. Lilly took the wrong signs for thelatitudes. That this may has been his own method of directing, cannot be aviable argument, since at other places he took the correct sign. The +of aplanet with a latitude has to have the same latitude as the planet, but with theopposite sign. If the point + is opposite the planet in longitude, why not also inlatitude?! This practice and the practice of assigning a latitude to the aspects,is something I could trace through Argolus, Maginus and Gauricus back to

Regiomontanus1 (1436-1476).

DIRECTIONS TO THE MOON SThe directions of points to the house circle through the Moon are 54

and all of them are erroneous. The reason is a mistake in Lilly's calculation ofthe Oblique Descension (OD) of the Moon under its own Pole (40z) which hegives as 74z 16x. The OD of the Moon under its own Pole, which we'll note asODS

S , is calculated as follows: ODS

S= RA

S + ADS

S(Ascensional

Difference of the Moon under its own Pole). The ADSS

computed with Lilly's

data gives 23z 33x or ADSS

= arcsin[ tan(δS

) * tan(PoleS

) ]=

=arcsin[ tan(25z 28x) * tan(40z) ]= 23z 33x. Ergo, the ODSS

of Lilly should

be = RAS

+ ADSS

= 58z 30x + 23z 33x = 82z 03x.No matter how much I strained my brains, I was not able to figure out

the genesis of this most serious error of Lilly. Maybe he just took the wrongentry from the tables of Argolus. The correct ODS

Sis with 7z 47x greater

than that of Lilly. We can expect the correct arcs to be so much shorter.

1- 'Tabulae Directionum et Profectionum Clarissimi Viri..', I. Regiomontani,1551

33

M WILLIAM LILLY M

The 54 points Lilly directs to the Moon are as follows:Points # of directions1. Planets mundo: 1 ( of G )2. Planets zodiacal: 1 ( of G )3. Planets mundo (to the day arc of the house circle): 1 ( of H)( or The zod. +of planets with a latitude to the night arc of the circle )4. Planets zodiacal (to the day arc of the house circle): 1 ( of H)( or The zod. +of planets with latitude = 0 to the night arc of the circle )5. Major aspects of planets (lat. = 0 ): 126. Minor aspects of planets (lat. = 0 ): 197. Ptolemaic terms: 118. Zod. antiscia and contra-antiscia with latitude: 2 ( of H and S)9. Zod. antiscia and contra-antiscia of planets: 2 ( of H and S)10. Zod. projections of stars: 2 ( Aldebaran and Praesepe )11. Housecusps ( regiomontanian ): 2 ( of 6 and 7 )

Table with the Directions to the MOON SWilliam Lilly's Computer recalculationpages 774-776

Circle of Position= 40z 00x, Pole= 40z 49x,ODS

S= 74z 16x ODS

S= 82z 47x


1* ^D D. 03z 34x E 0z 00xN 05z 59x 05z 06x E 0z 00xN 00z 03xc.

2 Aldebaran 04z 30x E 0z 00xN 07z 09x not recomputed3 ^A D. 06z 37x E 0z 00xN 09z 47x 06z 43x E 0z 00xN 01z 57x4 ^F D. 06z 54x E 0z 00xN 10z 08x 07z 58x E 0z 00xN 03z 29x

5* ter.H 07z 00x E 0z 00xN 10z 15x 07z 00x E 0z 00xN 02z 18x

6 !J S. 09z 02x E 0z 00xN 12z 44x 09z 00x E 0z 00xN 04z 46x

7* ter.F 14z 00x E 0z 00xN 18z 47x 13z 00x E 0z 00xN 09z 38x

8 Domum 6 14z 45x E 0z 00xN 19z 39x 14z 51x E 0z 00xN 11z 52x9 36zJ S. 15z 02x E 0z 00xN 20z 01x not recomputed10 108zD D. 15z 34x E 0z 00xN 20z 40x not recomputed

1-The recalculated direction is converse.5-The terms in direction #5 are the correct Ptolemaic.7- The correct Ptolemaic terms of F start in 13z 00x E.

11 @G D. 15z 54x E 0z 00xN 21z 04x 15z 44x E 0z 00xN 12z 56x12 108zA D. 18z 37x E 0z 00xN 24z 16x not recomputed13 108zF D. 18z 54x E 0z 00xN 24z 36x not recomputed

14* ter.J 21z 00x E 0z 00xN 27z 03x 26z 00x E 0z 00xN 24z 50x

15* +H cum lat. 21z 55x E 0z 37xS 27z 27x 21z 51x E 0z 05xS 20z 01x

16* +H 21z 55x E 0z 00xN 28z 06x 21z 51x E 0z 00xN 20z 07x

17 @J S. 24z 02x E 0z 00xN 30z 31x 24z 00x E 0z 00xN 22z 35x18 36zG D. 24z 54x E 0z 00xN 31z 30x not recomputed

19* ter.G 25z 00x E 0z 00xN 31z 37x 20z 00x E 0z 00xN 17z 58x

20 ter.G 00z 00x R 0z 00xN 37z 10x 00z 00x R 0z 00xN 29z 16x21 !G D. 00z 54x R 0z 00xN 38z 10x 00z 44x R 0z 00xN 30z 04x22 !S S. 01z 44x R 0z 00xN 39z 03x 01z 37x R 0z 00xN 31z 01x23 %D D. 03z 34x R 0z 00xN 41z 00x 05z 06x R 0z 00xN 34z 43x24 Domum 7 06z 37x R 0z 00xN 44z 10x 06z 41x R 0z 00xN 36z 22x25 %A D. 06z 37x R 0z 00xN 44z 10x 06z 43x R 0z 00xN 36z 24x26 %F D. 06z 54x R 0z 00xN 44z 30x 07z 58x R 0z 00xN 37z 40x

27* ter.F 07z 00x R 0z 00xN 44z 36x 20z 00x R 0z 00xN 49z 17x

Table with the Directions to the MOON SWilliam Lilly's Computer recalculation


14-From 20z 00x E begin the Ptolemaic terms of G and not of J . The terms ofJ start in 26z 00x E. A typographical error ?

15- Let us assume that Lilly is correct and ODSS

= 74z 16x . If we direct 21z 55x E0z 37xN. to this 'assumed' Moon, we'll get an arc of 28z 40x. If we direct 21z 55x E 0z 37xS. we'llget 27z 26x . The result of Lilly is 27z 27x . Ergo, Lilly directed the point 21z 55x E0z 37xS. This is an error. The correct latitude of the point +Hwith a latitude is 0z 37xNsince radical H , acc. to Lilly, has a latitude of 0z 37x South. Here, Lilly directs anerroneously calculated '+Hwith a latitude' to an erroneous S. Remarkably, the +H-error

diminishes the error in the arc due to the ODSS

-error with 01z 13 x ! Still, thedifference from the correct arc is more than 07z.16- Working with Lilly's data for everything and recomputing with 21z 55x E 0z 00xN,the arc results in 28z 03x.19- See the explanations under the line on this page for the direction # 14.27-From 06z 00x R begin the Ptolemaic terms of H and not of F . The termsof F start in 20z 00x R.

34

35

M WILLIAM LILLY M

28* CAH cum lat. 08z 05x R 0z 37xS 44z 59x 08z 09x R 0z 05xS 37z 46x

29 36zS S. 07z 44x R 0z 00xN 45z 21x not recomputed30 CAH 08z 05x R 0z 00xN 45z 43x 08z 09x R 0z 00xN 37z 52x31 #J S. 09z 02x R 0z 00xN 46z 11x 09z 00x R 0z 00xN 38z 44x

32* ter.D 13z 00x R 0z 00xN 50z 37x 13z 00x R 0z 00xN 42z 42x

33 @S S. 16z 44x R 0z 00xN 54z 10x 16z 37x R 0z 00xN 46z 09x

34* ter.H 20z 00x R 0z 00xN 57z 14x 06z 00x R 0z 00xN 35z 39x

35 $J S. 21z 02x R 0z 00xN 58z 11x 21z 00x R 0z 00xN 50z 11x

36*AntS cum lat.28z 16x R 5z 00xS 58z 39x 28z 23x R 5z 11xN 63z 21x

37 $D D. 21z 34x R 0z 00xN 58z 40x 23z 06x R 0z 00xN 52z 04x38 _H D. 21z 55x R 0z 00xN 58z 59x 21z 51x R 0z 00xN 50z 57x39 $A D. 24z 37x R 0z 00xN 60z 22x 24z 43x R 0z 00xN 53z 29x40 $F D. 24z 54x R 0z 00xN 61z 37x 25z 58x R 0z 00xN 54z 33x41 ter.J 27z 00x R 0z 00xN 63z 25x 27z 00x R 0z 00xN 55z 26x42 *H D. 27z 55x R 0z 00xN 64z 12x 27z 51x R 0z 00xN 56z 09x43 Ant.S 28z 16x R 0z 00xN 64z 27x 28z 23x R 0z 00xN 56z 36x44 ter.J 00z 00x T 0z 00xN 65z 57x 00z 00x T 0z 00xN 57z 56x

45* Mundo G 00z 54x T 0z 28xS 66z 06x 00z 44x T 1z 05xN 59z 53x



28-Lilly should have directed this point with latitude 0z 37xN. Working with Lilly's ODSS

, thearc of the CA with lat. 0z 37xN is 46z 28x . With lat. 0z 37xS , the arc is 44z 58x .32- This is the correct beginning of the Ptolemaic terms of D in R.34- See the explanations under the line for the direction # 27 on page 34.36- It is unfathomable why Lilly takes here 5z 00xS for the latitude of the point when it is obviousthat it should be 5z 00xN, equal to the latitude of the radical S (accordingto Lilly's data). At least, this is what the logic and Argolus cry in one voice.

Working with Lilly's ODSS

, the arc of the antiscion with lat. 5z 00xN is 70z 45x.With lat. 5z 00xS, the arc is 58z 40x.45- Taking all parameters as given by Lilly and recomputing with 00z 54x T 0z 28xN, the arcresults in 67z 12x. Working, however, with 00z 54x T 0z 28xSouth, the arc is 66z 05x. Lilly againhas taken the wrong sign for the latitude, since G in his chart has latitudeof 0z 28x North !

36



46* Zod.G 00z 54x T 0z 00xN 66z 42x 00z 44x T 0z 00xN 58z 32x

47 #S S. 01z 44x T 0z 00xN 67z 23x 01z 37x T 0z 00xN 59z 15x48 Praesepe 02z 03x T 0z 00xN 67z 38x not recomputed49 #D D. 03z 34x T 0z 00xN 68z 51x 05z 06x T 0z 00xN 62z 01x50 ter.D 06z 00x T 0z 00xN 70z 46x 06z 00x T 0z 00xN 62z 43x51 #A D. 06z 37x T 0z 00xN 71z 15x 06z 43x T 0z 00xN 63z 16x52 #F D. 06z 54x T 0z 00xN 71z 28x 07z 58x T 0z 00xN 64z 13x53 &H D. 06z 55x T 0z 00xN 71z 29x 06z 51x T 0z 00xN 63z 22x54 %J S. 09z 02x T 0z 00xN 73z 06x 09z 00x T 0z 00xN 65z 01x

THE DIRECTIONS TO THE MOON S- CONCLUSIONSBasically, since Lilly made a gross error computing the Oblique Descension

of the S under its own Pole, all directions to the S are wrong.At closer scrutiny, it turns out, the directions numbered 15, 28, 36 and 45

contain other errors. All these directions are directions of points with alatitude and Lilly took the wrong signs for them.

Another thing is the directions with terms, numbered 14, 19, 27 and 34.Here Lilly made mistakes in the rulers. This, of course, may be errors of theprinter.

Still another thing is that some of the terms are the correct Ptolemaic terms(#5) and some (#7) are those of Lilly ( Ptolemaic terms pushedwith 1 degree forward ).

DIRECTIONS TO PARS FORTUNAE <On page 777, Lilly puts in a table directions to <. For the longitude of <

Lilly gives 00z 36x Y ! It is again a difficult task to understand why Lilly took 00z36x Y for the longitude of < when, in the chart, it is correctly placed in 01z 44x Y.The latitude of the point is clearly zero, since Lilly gives its declination as 11z 19xNorth and the point 00z 36x Y can have such a declination only with latitude zero.In this way, I will sweep aside the bold suggestion of Dimitar Kojouharov that Lillymaybe used the Placidian < which is situated on the diurnal path of the S. If <that Lilly used, was the Placidian < then it shouldhave had the declination of the S, namely 25z 38x North.

37

M WILLIAM LILLY M

For the Oblique Descension of < under its own pole, Lilly gives 165z30x. Working with the data Lilly used, the correct < is in 01z 44x Y and its ODunder its own pole of 48z would be 166z 04x 30c.

The < of the recalculated chart is in 01z 35x Y and its OD under itsown pole is 165z 55x , not far away from Lilly's 165z 30x.

In the end of the table ( page 780 ), Lilly writes ' Some direct the <converse, or against the succession of Signs, you do no more but subduct thePromittor from the Significator, and so go backwards.'...

Here, the suggestion of Lilly is that we just compute the OD of thepoints which are situated in direction of decrease of the longitude (as to the <)and subtract their OD's from the OD of the <. So, all OD's are to be computedunder the pole of the <. Doing so, we actually direct the points against thecelestial rotation until they come to the house circle passing through <.

Well, to direct < converse, in the manner of Regiomontanus, is actuallynot so easy as Lilly wants it. Regiomontanus did it by directing < , with thecelestial rotation, until < reached the house circle passing through theother point.

If, for example, we want do direct < 'conversely' to ^G, in the wayRegiomontanus practiced it, we first have to compute the Pole of ^G with acomplicated algorithm, then its AD (Ascensional Difference) under its ownpole and then its OD under its own pole. Then we have to compute the OD of< under the pole of ^G. And finally we will find the directional arc bysubtracting the OD of ̂ G from the OD of <. Both OD's are computed underthe pole of ̂ G. The whole exasperating procedure has to be repeated for eachother point that we want to direct < to. This is how Regiomontanus

directed <1.The 93 points Lilly directs to Pars Fortunae are as follows:Points # of directions

1. Planets mundo: 4 ( of F, D , A and H )2. Planets zodiacal: 4 ( of F, D , H and ? )3. Planets mundo (to the night arc of the house circle): 2 ( of Jand S)( or The zod. +of planets with a latitude to the day arc of the circle )4. Planets zodiacal (to the night arc of the house circle): 2 ( of Jand S)( or The zod. +of planets with latitude = 0 to the day arc of the circle )5. Major aspects of planets (lat. = 0 ): 106. Minor aspects of planets (lat. = 0 ): 39

1- 'Tabulae Directionum et Profectionum Clarissimi Viri..', I. Regiomontani,1551

7. Ptolemaic terms: 188. Zod. antiscia and contra-antiscia with latitude: 3 ( of F, D and G)9. Zod. antiscia and contra-antiscia of planets: 3 ( of F, D and G)10. Zod. projections of stars: 3 ( Spica, North Scale and Antares )11. Housecusps ( regiomontanian ): 4 ( of 9, 10, 11 amd 12)

Table with the Directions to Pars Fortunae <William Lilly's Computer recalculationpages 777-780

'Circle of Position'= 48z 00x, Pole= 47z 49x,OD<

<= 165z 30x OD<

<= 165z 55x

Arc of Arc of# Promissor Position Direction Position Direction1 36zA D. 00z 37x Y 0z 00xN 00z 01x not recomputed2 36zF D. 00z 54x Y 0z 00xN 00z 10x not recomputed

3* !G S. 00z 54x Y 0z 00xN 00z 10x 00z 44x Y 0z 00xN 00z 27xc.4 %S S. 01z 44x Y 0z 00xN 00z 35x 01z 37x Y 0z 00xN 00z 01x5 !D D. 03z 34x Y 0z 00xN 01z 34x 05z 06x Y 0z 00xN 01z 52x6 108zH D. 03z 55x Y 0z 00xN 01z 45x not recomputed7 ? 05z 50x Y 0z 00xN 2z 45x 07z 36x Y 0z 00xN 03z 08x8 !A D. 06z 37x Y 0z 00xN 03z 09x 06z 43x Y 0z 00xN 02z 42x9 !F D. 06z 54x Y 0z 00xN 03z 18x 07z 58x Y 0z 00xN 03z 20x10 36zG S. 06z 54x Y 0z 00xN 03z 18x not recomputed

11* ter.F 07z 00x Y 0z 00xN 03z 21x 07z 00x Y 0z 00xN 02z 50x

12 ^J S. 09z 02x Y 0z 00xN 04z 23x 09z 00x Y 0z 00xN 03z 52x13 @G S. 15z 54x Y 0z 00xN 07z 46x 15z 44x Y 0z 00xN 07z 13x14 ter.J 18z 00x Y 0z 00xN 07z 49x 18z 00x Y 0z 00xN 08z 19x15 108zS S. 19z 44x Y 0z 00xN 09z 37x not recomputed16 %H D. 21z 55x Y 0z 00xN 10z 40x 21z 51x Y 0z 00xN 10z 12x17 CAF 23z 06x Y 0z 00xN 11z 14x 22z 02x Y 0z 00xN 10z 17x18 CAA 23z 23x Y 0z 00xN 11z 22x 23z 17x Y 0z 00xN 10z 52x19 ter.G 24z 00x Y 0z 00xN 11z 40x 24z 00x Y 0z 00xN 11z 13x20 &J S. 24z 02x Y 0z 00xN 11z 41x 24z 00x Y 0z 00xN 11z 13x

38

3-The recalculated direction is converse.11-All terms directed to the < are the correct Ptolemaic. Only the terms of G in dir. # 42are pushed forward with a degree. Lilly forgot to direct the terms of Hin Y.

39

M WILLIAM LILLY M

Table with the Directions to Pars Fortunae <William Lilly's Computer recalculation


21* CADcum lat. 26z 26x Y 1z 32xN?? 12z 10x 24z 54x Y 1z 21xS 09z 44x

22* CAFcum lat. 23z 06x Y 1z 00xN 12z 38x 22z 02x Y 1z 16xS 08z 29x

23 CAD 26z 26x Y 0z 00xN 12z 49x 24z 54x Y 0z 00xN 11z 39x24 ter.J 00z 00x U 0z 00xN 13z 30x 00z 00x U 0z 00xN 14z 05x25 #G S. 00z 54x U 0z 00xN 14z 55x 00z 44x U 0z 00xN 14z 26x26 *J S. 03z 02x U 0z 00xN 15z 56x 03z 00x U 0z 00xN 15z 31x27 Zod.D 03z 34x U 0z 00xN 16z 11x 05z 06x U 0z 00xN 16z 32x

28* Mundo F 06z 54x U 1z 00xS 16z 23x 07z 58x U 1z 16xN 19z 42x

29 ter.F 06z 00x U 0z 00xN 17z 20x 06z 00x U 0z 00xN 16z 58x30 Zod.A 06z 37x U 0z 00xN 17z 38x 06z 43x U 0z 00xN 17z 18x31 Zod.F 06z 54x U 0z 00xN 17z 46x 07z 58x U 0z 00xN 17z 54x

32* Mundo D 03z 34x U 1z 32xN 18z 21x 05z 06x U 1z 21xN 18z 26x

33 _J S. 09z 02x U 0z 00xN 18z 47x 09z 00x U 0z 00xN 18z 24x34 $H D. 09z 55x U 0z 00xN 19z 13x 09z 51x U 0z 00xN 18z 49x35 ter.H 11z 00x U 0z 00xN 19z 44x 11z 00x U 0z 00xN 19z 22x36 $G S. 12z 54x U 0z 00xN 20z 39x 12z 44x U 0z 00xN 20z 13x37 &S S. 16z 44x U 0z 00xN 22z 31x 16z 37x U 0z 00xN 22z 07x38 Spica 18z 33x U 0z 00xN 23z 24x not recomputed39 Domum 9 18z 34x U 0z 00xN 23z 26x 18z 27x U 0z 00xN 23z 02x40 ter.D 19z 00x U 0z 00xN 23z 38x 19z 00x U 0z 00xN 23z 19x

21-What was the point Lilly directed for 'CA Dcum lat.' is unfathomable. I tried with 6 pairs ofcoordinates which Lilly may have used, but could not come close to his result.22-Computing with the data Lilly used and with the point 23z 06x Y 1z 00xN gives arcof 12z 38x. This time, Lilly used the correct latitude for the point.28-Computing with the data Lilly used and with the point 06z 54x U 1z 00xS gives arcof 16z 21x.32- If we compute with the coordinates for D Lilly had for the chart, namely 03z 34x U 1z 32xSouth, we will come to an arc of 14z 01x. If we compute with 03z 34x U 1z 32x North, we'll get18z 22x. So, after erring first in the position of D and then in < , taking the wrong sign for thelatitude of D , brings Lilly almost on top of the correct result !! Small errors tend to cancel out. Sometimes, thanks God, even big ones do !!

40

45-Lilly directs here +J with the wrong latitude, 2z 58x South, instead of2z 58x North. Directing +J with lat. 2z 58xS gives arc of 29z 50x. With 2z 58xN: 38z 46x.56-Lilly writes this star as ' Luc. Lanc. aust.', South Scale. However, by its coordinates,it is clear that it should be 'Luc. Lanc. borealis', North Scale.


Arc of Arc of# Promissor Position Direction Position Direction41 #H D. 21z 55x U 0z 00xN 25z 07x 21z 55x U 0z 00xN 24z 45x42 ter.G 25z 00x U 0z 00xN 26z 41x 24z 00x U 0z 00xN 25z 52x43 *S S. 25z 44x U 0z 00xN 27z 03x 25z 37x U 0z 00xN 26z 41x44 ter.G 00z 00x I 0z 00xN 29z 19x 00z 00x I 0z 00xN 29z 01x

45* +J cum lat. 09z 02x I 2z 58xS 29z 47x 09z 00x I 2z 40xN 38z 00x

46 %G S. 00z 54x I 0z 00xN 29z 48x 00z 44x I 0z 00xN 29z 25x47 _S S. 01z 44x I 0z 00xN 30z 15x 01z 37x I 0z 00xN 29z 54x48 !D S. 03z 34x I 0z 00xN 31z 15x 05z 06x I 0z 00xN 31z 50x49 ter.H 06z 00x I 0z 00xN 32z 27x 06z 00x I 0z 00xN 32z 20x50 !A S. 06z 37x I 0z 00xN 32z 58x 06z 43x I 0z 00xN 32z 45x51 !F S. 06z 54x I 0z 00xN 33z 08x 07z 58x I 0z 00xN 33z 28x52 @H D. 06z 55x I 0z 00xN 33z 09x 06z 51x I 0z 00xN 32z 50x53 +J 09z 02x I 0z 00xN 34z 21x 09z 00x I 0z 00xN 34z 05x54 36zD S. 09z 34x I 0z 00xN 34z 39x not recomputed

55* Zod. N. Scale 09z 48x I 0z 00xN 34z 47x not recomputed

56 36zA S. 12z 37x I 0z 00xN 36z 28x not recomputed57 36zF S. 12z 54x I 0z 00xN 36z 40x not recomputed58 ter.F 14z 00x I 0z 00xN 37z 18x 14z 00x I 0z 00xN 37z 05x59 MC 14z 39x I 0z 00xN 37z 45x 14z 39x I 0z 00xN 37z 29x60 36zH D. 15z 55x I 0z 00xN 38z 30x not recomputed61 @D S. 18z 34x I 0z 00xN 40z 12x 20z 06x I 0z 00xN 40z 59x62 108zG S. 18z 54x I 0z 00xN 40z 25x not recomputed63 ter.D 21z 00x I 0z 00xN 41z 38x 21z 00x I 0z 00xN 41z 35x64 @A S. 21z 37x I 0z 00xN 42z 13x 21z 43x I 0z 00xN 42z 04x65 @F S. 21z 54x I 0z 00xN 42z 24x 22z 58x I 0z 00xN 42z 55x66 !H D. 21z 55x I 0z 00xN 42z 25x 21z 51x I 0z 00xN 42z 09x67 ter.J 27z 00x I 0z 00xN 45z 56x 27z 00x I 0z 00xN 45z 45x68 CA G 29z 06x I 0z 00xN 47z 27x 29z 16x I 0z 00xN 47z 24x69 Domum 11 30z 00x I 0z 00xN 48z 11x 00z 12x O 0z 00xN 48z 06x

41

M WILLIAM LILLY M


Arc of Arc of# Promissor Position Direction Position Direction70 ter.H 00z 00x O 0z 00xN 48z 11x 00z 00x O 0z 00xN 47z 57x

71*CA Gcum lat. 29z 06x I 0z 28xN 48z 15x 29z 16x I 1z 05xS 45z 41x

72 ^G S. 00z 54x O 0z 00xN 48z 48x 00z 44x O 0z 00xN 48z 31x73 +S 01z 44x O 0z 00xN 49z 27x 01z 37x O 0z 00xN 49z 11x74 #D S. 03z 34x O 0z 00xN 50z 53x 05z 06x O 0z 00xN 51z 55x75 Zod. Antares 04z 30x O 0z 00xN 51z 36x not recomputed76 #A S. 06z 37x O 0z 00xN 53z 19x 06z 43x O 0z 00xN 53z 13x77 #F S. 06z 54x O 0z 00xN 53z 33x 07z 58x O 0z 00xN 54z 15x78 ter.F 08z 00x O 0z 00xN 54z 28x 08z 00x O 0z 00xN 54z 17x79 _J D. 09z 02x O 0z 00xN 55z 20x 09z 00x O 0z 00xN 55z 08x

80* –S cum lat.01z 44x O 5z 00xN 57z 02x 21z 55x O 0z 00xN 25z 07x

81 ter.D 14z 00x O 0z 00xN 59z 38x 14z 00x O 0z 00xN 59z 29x82 Domum 12 14z 46x O 0z 00xN 60z 23x 14z 51x O 0z 00xN 60z 16x83 *J D. 15z 02x O 0z 00xN 60z 35x 15z 00x O 0z 00xN 60z 24x84 $D S. 15z 34x O 0z 00xN 61z 04x 17z 06x O 0z 00xN 62z 21x85 &G S. 15z 54x O 0z 00xN 61z 22x 15z 44x O 0z 00xN 61z 04x86 $A S. 18z 37x O 0z 00xN 63z 55x 18z 43x O 0z 00xN 63z 53x87 $F S. 18z 54x O 0z 00xN 64z 11x 19z 58x O 0z 00xN 65z 04x88 ter.J 19z 00x O 0z 00xN 64z 14x 19z 00x O 0z 00xN 64z 08x89 Mundo H 21z 55x O 0z 37xS 66z 13x 21z 51x O 0z 05xN 67z 04x90 Zod. H 21z 55x O 0z 00xN 67z 07x 21z 55x O 0z 00xN 66z 56x91 &J D. 24z 02x O 0z 00xN 69z 15x 24z 00x O 0z 00xN 69z 06x92 *G S. 24z 54x O 0z 00xN 70z 09x 24z 44x O 0z 00xN 69z 52x93 ter.G 25z 00x O 0z 00xN 70z 15x 25z 00x O 0z 00xN 70z 07x

71-Lilly directs the CA of Gwith the wrong latitude i.e. 0z 28x North, instead of0z 28x South which is the opposite of the latitude of the radical G. Directing the CA ofG (within Lilly's data) with South lat. gives arc of 46z 48x; with North lat.: 48z 16x80- Lilly directs the +S with latitude 5z 00x North which is the lat. of the radical S.He should have directed +S with latitude 5z 00x South. Within Lilly's data, the arc of+S with lat. 5z 00x South, directed to <, is 41z 06x; with lat. 5z 00x North: 57z 02x.

42

THE DIRECTIONS TO PARS FORTUNAE <- CONCLUSIONSThe errors are, as usual with Lilly, in the directions of points with

latitude: # 21, 32, 45, 71 & 80. Lilly directed to < the correct Ptolemaic terms.

THE FINAL PAGESThe final pages of the book ( 781-829) are a detailed predictive analysis

for 22 'future' years ( 29th to 50th of native's life). In the analysis Lilly employsprimary directions, solar return and profections in this order. The primariesseem to be the most important tool for Lilly. In many instances Lilly states thatif the solar return and the profections are of the same character as the currentprimary directions- they strengthen them; if of the opposite- they may cancelthe weak primaries or soften the strong primary directions.

In these analyses Lilly used directions to all planets and not only to thefive classical significators ( Asc, MC, A, S and < ).

On the last page (831) Lilly tabulates the Poles and the ObliqueDescensions or Ascensions of J, H, G, F and D. Let us compare their valueswith those of the computer:

LILLY's COMPUTER CALCULATEDPlanets PoleOD or OA Pole OD or OAA

S

D

F

G

H

J

<Asc.MC

40z 00x

40z 00x

41z 00x

39z 00x

51z 00x

52z 00x

08z 00x

48z 00x

53z 00x53z 00x

39z 23x

40z 49x

38z 59x

37z 54x

51z 18x

51z 32x

08z 36x

47z 49x

53z 00x53z 00x

183z 59x

82z 47x

184z 35x

186z 15x

151z 59x

293z 41x

35z 38x

165z 55x

312z 10x222z 10x

183z 51x

74z 16x

183z 05x

182z 57x

149z 02x

295z 03x

35z 57x

165z 30x

312z 10x222z 10x

It seems, only the OD/OA of the Asc., MC , A, J and < have valuesclose enough to the computer recalculations. Consequently, only the directionsto these significators have a chance to be approximately of the same arc-values in Lilly as well as according to the computer.

I will analyze only Lilly's calculations for two years, before my finalconclusions and wrap up.

43

M WILLIAM LILLY M

Table with the Directions to various Significatorsfor the period 18 Sept. 1644 to 18 Sept 1645 ( Julian calendar )

with the key of NaibodWilliam Lilly's page 781 Computer recalculation

Hitdate of Hitdate of# Promissor Significator Direction (Julian ) Direction (Julian )1 108z J D. = H 28 Jan 1645 not recomputed2 Zod. Ant S = < 21 Feb 1645 10 Jan 16383 Zod. CA F = G 05 Mar 1645 23 Sep 16414 !J S. = J 05 Mar 1645 27 Apr 16455 +H = S 24 Mar 1645 14 Feb 16376 Zod. CA A = G 18 Apr 1645 10 Apr 16427 Terms D = D 12 May 1645 24 Oct 16458 108z D S. = H 01 Jul 1645 not recomputed9 Terms G = G 25 Jul 1645 27 Jul 164210 &J S. = G 01 Aug 1645 28 Jul 164211 CAScum lat. = ASC 29 Aug 1645 17 Feb 1646

As expected, most of the directions computed by Lilly deviate a lotfrom the computer calculated hitdates.

The most important directions for Lilly are #2 and #5 which are directionsto the hylegiacal points < and S. His interpretation of Zod. Ant. S = < is:'..much converse and dealing with vulgar people of Lunar condition, and someprofit by Saylors, Widdowes, Gentlewomen....profit by dealing in forraigneparts...' All of the above is under the symbolism of the S.

The interpretation of +H = S is: '..slight joviall disease by drinking( +Hfalls in the 6th house and H is in the 12th )...unkindness of acquaintance ( Hrules 11th )...not safe to visit any imprisoned friends ( H in the12th )...Men represented by H..to be much prejudiciall to the Native thisyear..Gentlemen, Clergy, Lawyers..( H as a symbol )'

Zod. CAA = G: '..prejudice in matter of Inheritance or Patrimony ( ALord of the 8th ) by means of Kindred or Soldiers ( G Lord of 3rd )'

108z D S. = H, '..delight in Books..to be grave, austere and religiouslyinclined..'

In all interpretations, Lilly skillfully combines the meanings of the planetsas symbols and the meaning of the houses they are connected with ( through aposition or a rulership ).

for the period 18 Sept. 1646 to 18 Sept 1647 ( Julian calendar )William Lilly's page 787 Computer recalculation

# Promissor Significator Hitdate (Julian ) Hitdate (Julian )1 Zod. CA F = G ?? 23 Sep 16412 +J cum lat. = < Dec 1646 10 Apr 16553 % G = < Dec 1646 26 Jul 16464 Terms D = F ?? 22 Sep 16445 @S conv. = < ?? 05 Dec 16476 & D = ASC Apr 1647 20 Jan 16487 _ S S. = < May 1647 19 Jan 16478 @ A = F July 1647 20 Apr 16459 Terms D = MC Aug 1647 17 Aug 1647

Directions #2 and #3 are the most important for Lilly.Discussing +Jcum lat. = <, Lilly writes, '..the Native shall suffer in

his Wealth and Estate ( < ) by ancient Saturnine men or in things as Land,Rents, annuities ( J )...impoverish..by means of the Dead ( radical < in 8th)...+J is in Signes fixed which argue..the continuance of the matter...all crumb-shouldered or splea-footed signified by J prove enemies...'. For &D= ASCLilly says, '...vexed by Mercuriall men...Atturneys, Merchants, Factors, agentsforreigne...' In the beginning of his analysis for the next 1647-1648 year Lillywrites, ' It's not probable that the malice of the last yeers aspects...will be quiteextinguished...' This brings home that a strong direction was for Lilly not onlyan event, but also a period.

THE INTERPRETATIONThe interpretation of Lilly follows some simple rules. The Significator

shows 'the matter' or what will be affected by the direction. It is the ' what 'of the direction. On pages 653-654 Lilly explains:ASC - Life and Body, Affections and Manners of Body and Mind.S - Journeys, Matrimony, Wife, Women, relatives.A - Health, Honour, Father, favour of great persons.MC- Honour, Offices, friendship of Nobility, Kings.Trade, Profession, Mother< - Riches.J - Ancestors, Inheritances, Buildings, Possessions, Fears, Jealousies.H - Glory, Children, Renowne, Riches, Religion, Sobriety.G - Animosity, Victory, War, Lawsuits, Brethren.F - Matrimony, Love, Pleasure, rich Ornaments, Maids, WomenD - Wit, Understanding, Trade, Industry, Negotions, Journeys, lesser Brethren.

To the pure symbolism of the significator Lilly adds also its accidental

44

45

M WILLIAM LILLY M

meaning through the houses it is connected with.The promissor shows ' the manner and the quality ' or the nature of the

event as well as the person it will come through. It is the ' how '.If, for example, you have %D = < then watch out for lawyers ( D )

reaching for your pockets ( < ). If, on the contrary, you have ^F = S thenyou may relax in you home ( S ) and expect a visit from a nice creature ( F ).

If Nirvana is what you want, then do not miss your L = ASC.Lilly inspected the promissor closely. What is it ? In which house and

sign is it ? Is there anything else in the same house or sign ? He also examinedthe region around the promissor. Were there other important points, neighboursof the promissor: aspects, antiscia, terms, planets... Let us say, we aredeciphering the direction ̂ F = <. According to Lilly, we should see where isthe promissor ̂ F and also the original promissor which is casting the aspect,namely F. Assume F is in the 2nd house in 18z16xT and ̂ F is in the 5th housein 18z16xO. Let us say F rules the 11th and the 4th houses. We have now a fulldescription of the accidental determinations of the promissor: 2, 11, 4 and 5.Lilly would not doubt to say: ' Much favour from Gentlewomen (F)and friends (11) in respect to immobility and money (<, 4, 2).

Lilly also watched the chronological order of the directions. Thedirections came to life in front of his inner eye. One event or succession ofconnected events was unfolding in time through several directions coming closeone after the other. If we had %D = < and after couple of months the^F = S, Lilly would say that ' much relief will come from the vexations ofthe Atturneys ( %D ) through a young and beautiful woman ( ^F ), friend ofthe native (11th house)..".

Important were also the other points around the promissor. Let usassume that a well aspected H is close to the point ^F. This will certainlychange things. The region will become brighter. No matter that the direction H= S may ensue after couple of years, the very presence of H around ourpromissor will strengthen the direction of ̂ F.

And this was the interpretation style not only of Lilly, but of all masterastrologers of the renaissance. Different authors looked for different things,but the principles were the same: The region around the promissor is important.A strong direction is an event, but also a period. The directions are internallyconnected and influence each other, just like the events in our life. The primarydirections are not only a predictive tool, but they give the key to the way howour potentiality develops in time, the way the karmic seeds ripen ininterconnection, the way our archetypes, dormant in our psyche, unfold.

46

To illustrate the method, I like to think of the significator as a wayfarer(technically it stays fixed), as a part of us or as one of our faces travelingthrough the celestial sphere. Now it advances through a deep forest inhabitedwith ghastly creatures ( if the region is dotted with %J, +G , &: ..),now it comes to the palace of repose ( a region with F, #H , ^S ..).

THE TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE OF LILLYIt is obvious that the calculations of Lilly contain many errors. You may say

this comes from the times he lived in. I don't think so. I have checked out authorswho have lived a century and more earlier and they were much exacter. So, what arethe shortcomings of Lilly ? I will readily enumeratethem:

1. Lilly, it turned out, could not cope with the latitudes. Almost everydirection of a point with a latitude is calculated erroneously.

2. Lilly invented a new set of quasi Ptolemaic terms, but was notconsistent employing them.

3. Lilly made a gross error computing the OD of the Moon.4. Lilly did not explain anywhere the mathematical algorithm he was

following, nor did he gave any example calculations.From the nature of the errors I concluded that Lilly was more probably

fabulously absent-minded or stressed-out in a haste rather than a bad matemati-cian and a sloppy calculator. Or at least that's what I'd like to believe in!

What is the charm and boldness of Lilly ?1. Lilly computed hundreds of directions.2. Lilly gave clear rules and examples for the interpretation..3. Lilly wrote the final chapters when a plague was in a full swing in London,

'visiting' also his own house, as he stated in the end of the book.

A PERSONAL OPINIONAfter all these calculations and recalculations, a question arises: What is the

efficiency of the system Lilly used ?! I have checked almost all systems of primarydirections and my preliminary conclusion is that the efficiency of the Regiomontanianzodiacal directions is low. It seems, the zodiacal directionsin any system, be it Placidian, be it Regio or else, are not the most efficient.

The directions to the Asc. and MC, Lilly computed, may have somelimited efficiency.

I prefer to work, for now, exclusively with the Placidian mundo directionsthat I hold for the most efficient and mind-blowing system of primaries.

For a final conclusion more research is necessary.

M WILLIAM LILLY M

THE SYSTEM OF LILLYA WRAP-UP

1. Lilly deemed the primary directions as the most reliable predictive tool in natal astrology.2. Employed the primary directions as the most reliable tool for rectification of the birth time as well.3. Directed Regiomontanian.4. Used the Ptolemy key for initial orientation and the Naibod key for more exact results.5. Directed only direct ( with the rotation of the celestial sphere ). To the < he directed points also against the diurnal rotation.6. Lilly directed:

Planets and their +with a lat. ( mundo )Planets and their +with zero latitude ( zodiacal )Antiscia and contra-ant. with a lat. and with lat. = 0

Aspects with zero latitude ( zodiacal ) TOZodiacal projections of starsRegiomontanian housecuspsPtolemaic terms

7. Employed also solar return chart and profections. They could influence the weak primaries.8. Interpreted, combining the symbolic meanings with the accidental ( house ) determinations of the Significator and the Promissor.9. A Strong primary direction meant for Lilly an event as well as a period.

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Bibliography1. ' Tabulae Directionum...', I. Regiomontani, 15512. ' Tabulae De Primo Mobili...', Lucae Gaurici, Romae 15573. ' Directiones...', Lucae Gaurici, Romae 15572. ' Tabulae Primi Mobilis...' , I. Antoniis Magini, Venitiis 16043. ' Tabulae Primi Mobilis... ' Andreae Argoli, Romae 16104. ' Pandosion Sphaericum ' Andreae Argoli, Patavii 16535. ' Operum, Tomus Quintus...', Hieronymi Cardani, Lugduni 16636. ' Christian Astrology ', W. Lilly, Regulus Publishing Co., 19857. ' Primary Directions ', J. Makransky, Dear Brutus Press, 19888. ' Primum Mobile ', Placidus , I. for Study of Cycles, 19839. ' Primary Directions ' vol. I, Rumen Kolev, Zenith 1997

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WILLIAM LILLY AND HIS METHOD OF PRIMARY DIRECTIONS · A detailed research into the primary directions of William Lilly as given in his 'Christian Astrology', ... regiomontanian system,