WILD written report

8/7/2019 WILD written report

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WILD DISEASESWATER BORNE DISEASESDysentery

Description:Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is an

inflammatory disorder of the intestine, especially of the colon, that

results in severe diarrhea containing mucus and/or blood in the feces

with fever and abdominal pain. If left untreated, dysentery can be fatal.

Cause:

Dysentery is usually caused by a bacterial or protozoan infection

or infestation ofparasitic worms, but can also be caused by a chemical

irritant or viral infection. The most common cause of the disease in

developed countries is infection with a bacillus of the Shigella group(causing bacillary dysentery). Infection with the amoeba Entamoeba

histolytica can cause amoebic dysentery. This is more common in

tropical areas, such as the Philippines.

Mode of Transmission:

Few studies have been done to determine how dysentery is

spread. The most likely modes of transmission are person-to-person

contact, and contaminated water and food. Epidemics usually occur in

impoverished areas. They affect people of all ages, with the highestage-specific incidence occurring among adults and the highest case

fatality rates occurring among children.

Disease Prevention:

Health education efforts should promote improved personal,

domestic, and environmental hygiene. This includes hand washing with

soap after defecation and before handling food, use of clean drinking

water, safe practices for preparing and storing food, and safe disposal

of feces. Early detection and notification of epidemic dysentery,

especially among adults, allows for timely mobilization of resourcesneeded for appropriate case management and control. National and

peripheral-level laboratories should be strengthened so they can

reliably confirm Sd1 as the cause of an outbreak.
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Management:

During an epidemic, all dysentery patients should receive an

antibiotic to which Sd1 from local cases has been shown to be sensitive.

Dehydration should be treated with oral rehydration salts or, if severe,

with intravenous fluids.

Antibiotics are often effective against it for only one or two years

after being introduced; resistance has even been observed to develop

during the course of an epidemic.

Typhoid

Description:

Typhoid fever, also known as Salmonella typhi or commonly just

typhoid, is a common worldwide illness, transmitted by the ingestion of

food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person. The

bacteria then perforate through the intestinal wall and are

phagocytosed by macrophages. It is caused by the bacterium

Salmonella typhi The organism is a Gram-negative short bacillus that is

motile due to its peritrichous flagella. The bacterium grows best at

37 C/99 F human body temperature.

This fever received various names, such as gastric fever,abdominal typhus, infantile remittent fever, slow fever, nervous fever,

pathogenic fever, etc.

Signs and symptoms:

o Persons with typhoid fever usually have a sustained fever as high

as 39C to 40C.

o They may also feel weak, or have stomach pains, headache, or

loss of appetite.

o In some cases, patients have a rash of flat, rose-colored spots.

Mode of Transmission:

Salmonella typhi lives only in humans. Persons with typhoid fever

carry the bacteria in the bloodstream and intestinal tract. In addition, a

small number of persons, called carriers, recover from typhoid fever but
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continue to carry the bacteria. Both ill persons and carriers shed

Salmonella typhi in their stools.

Disease Prevention:

o Avoid risky foods and drinkso When you drink water, buy it bottled or bring it to a rolling boil for

1 minute before you drink it. Bottled carbonated water is safer

than uncarbonated water.

o Ask for drinks without ice unless the ice is made from bottled or

boiled water. Avoid popsicles and flavored ice that may have

been made with contaminated water.

o Eat foods that have been thoroughly cooked and that are still hot

and steaming.

o

Avoid raw vegetables and fruits that cannot be peeled.Vegetables like lettuce are easily contaminated and are very hard

to wash well.

When you eat raw fruit or vegetables that cannot be peeled, wash

them yourself.

o Avoid foods and beverages from street vendors. It is difficult for

food to be kept clean on the street, and many travelers get sick

from food bought from street vendors.

o Get vaccinated against typhoid fever.

Management:

The common treatment of Typhoid is Mucomelt-Forte which is the

combination of Cefixime with Acetylcysteine. Cefixime is the third

generation cephalosporin antibiotic which breaks the cell wall of

bacteria that is Salmonella typhi and acetylcysteine neutralize the

endotoxin which is release by the bacteria as a waste product of

metabolism.This endotoxin cause rise in body temperature which is the

main symptom of typhoid.

Cholera

Description:


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Cholera is a severe bacterial infection caused by the bacteria

Vibrio cholerae, which primarily affects the small intestine and the main

symptoms include production of profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting.

Transmission is primarily by the acquisition of the pathogen through

contaminated drinking water or infected food. The severity of the

diarrhea and associated vomiting can lead to rapid dehydration

(hypohydration) and electrolyte loss. If these are not replaced then

death may follow.

Cause and Mode of Transmission:

A person may get cholera by drinking water or eating food

contaminated with the cholera bacterium. In an epidemic, the source of

the contamination is usually the feces (stool) of an infected person. The

disease can spread rapidly in areas with inadequate treatment of

sewage and drinking water. The cholera bacterium may also live in the environment in

brackish rivers and coastal waters. The disease is not likely to spread

directly from one person to another; therefore, casual contact with an

infected person is not a risk for becoming ill.

Disease Prevention:

o Drink only water that you have boiled, or that you have treated

with chlorine or iodine. Other safe beverages include tea and

coffee made with boiled water, and carbonated, bottled

beverages with no ice.o Make sure that all vegetables are cooked, and avoid salads. Eat

only foods that have been thoroughly cooked and are still hot, or

fruit that you have peeled yourself.

o Avoid undercooked or raw fish or shellfish, including ceviche

(seafood marinated in lime or lemon juice).

o Avoid foods and beverages from street vendors.

o Do not bring perishable seafood back to the United States.

A simple rule of thumb is: "Boil it, cook it, peel it, or forget it."

Management:

In most cases cholera can be successfully treated with oral

rehydration therapy (ORT). ORT is highly effective, safe, and simple to
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administer: prompt replacement of water and electrolytes is the

principal treatment for cholera, as dehydration and electrolyte

depletion occur rapidly. In severe cholera cases with significant

dehydration, the administration of intravenous rehydration solutions

may be necessary.

Antibiotics shorten the course of the disease and reduce the

severity of the symptoms; however, oral rehydration therapy remains

the principal treatment.

INFLUENZA Description:

Influenza is a viral infection that affects mainly the nose, throat,

bronchi and, occasionally, lungs. Infection usually lasts for about a

week, and is characterized by sudden onset of high fever, aching

muscles, headache and severe malaise, non-productive cough, sorethroat and rhinitis.

The virus is transmitted easily from person to person via droplets

and small particles produced when infected people cough or sneeze.

Influenza tends to spread rapidly in seasonal epidemics.

Most infected people recover within one to two weeks without

requiring medical treatment. However, in the very young, the elderly,

and those with other serious medical conditions, infection can lead to

severe complications of the underlying condition, pneumonia and

death.

Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 is a new influenza virus that has never

circulated among humans before. After outbreaks in North America

early in 2009, the virus spread rapidly around the world. Pandemic

influenza is transmitted like seasonal influenza but people have virtually

no immunity to it. Mitigating its effects is a public health priority.

Prevention and Management:

Vaccination: One of the best ways to prevent the flu is to get a flu

vaccination each year. There are two types of vaccines, including an

injection (flu shot) and a nasal-spray vaccine.
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The flu shot is an inactivated vaccine (containing killed virus) that

is given with a needle. The flu shot is approved for use in people six

months of age and older, including healthy people and people with

chronic medical conditions such as diabetes, asthma, and heart

disease.

The nasal-spray flu vaccine is a vaccine made with live, weakened

flu viruses that do not cause the flu (sometimes called LAIV for "Live

Attenuated Influenza Vaccine"). The nasal flu vaccine is approved for

use in healthy people five to 49 years of age who are not pregnant.

Cleanliness: Clean the hands thoroughly and often to prevent

transmission of the influenza virus. Carrying a bottle of alcohol-based

hand rub containing at least 60% alcohol for times when soap and

water are not available is a good idea.

The skin contains natural bacteria that can be harmed with

repeated use of soaps. Keeping the kitchen and bathroom countertops

clean, especially when someone in the family has the flu, is important.

Wash children's toys before and after play when a cold is present in the

house. Sneezing and coughing into tissues keeps the viruses from

spreading. Used tissues should be discarded right away. A face mask

can be worn to protect the individual from the influenza virus and to

keep an infected person from transmitting the virus.

Avoiding prolonged contact: Healthcare professionals recommend to

avoid close, prolonged contact with anyone who has the flu.

Careful travel: Traveling to Southeast Asia or to any region with bird flu

outbreaks puts an individual at risk. Healthcare professionals

recommend to avoid domesticated birds such as pigeons, avoid open-

air markets, wash the hands, watch children carefully, and stay clear of

raw eggs.

LEPTOSPIROSIS Description:

Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by a particular type

of bacteria called a spirochete. Leptospirosis can be transmitted by

many animals such as rats, skunks, opossums, raccoons, foxes, and


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other vermin. It is transmitted though contact with infected soil or

water. The soil or water is contaminated with the waste products of an

infected animal. People contract the disease by either ingesting

contaminated food or water or by broken skin and mucous membrane

(eyes, nose, sinuses, mouth) contact with the contaminated water or

soil.

Causative agent:

Leptospirosis is caused by Leptospira interrogans, a corkscrew-

shaped bacterium (spirochete).

Mode of transmission:

o Contact of skin, especially if abraded, or of mucous membranes

with water, moist soil or vegetation contaminated with urine of

infected animals.o Direct contact with urine or tissues of infected animals.

o Inhalation of droplet, aerosols of contaminated urine.

Symptoms:

Leptospirosis symptoms begin from two to 25 days after initial

direct exposure to the urine or tissue of an infected animal. This can

even occur via contaminated soil or water. Veterinarians, pet shop

owners, sewage workers, and farm employees are at particularly high

risk. People participating in outdoor sporting activities like canoeing,rafting, hiking, and camping can also come into contact with

contaminated water or soil.

The illness typically progresses through two phases:

o The first phase of nonspecific flulike symptoms includes

headaches, muscle aches, eye pain with bright lights, followed by

chills and fever. Watering and redness of the eyes occurs and

symptoms seem to improve by the fifth to ninth day.

o The second phase begins after a few days of feeling well. Theinitial symptoms recur with fever and aching with stiffness of the

neck. Some patients develop serious inflammation of the nerves

to the eyes, brain, spinal column (meningitis), or other nerves.

Right upper area abdominal pain may occur. Less common

symptoms relate to disease of the liver, lungs, kidneys, and heart.
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the mortality from this disease. Leptospires are sensitive to a variety of

antimicrobial agents, including penicillin, cephems, aminoglycosides,

tetracyclines and macrolides. Of these antimicrobial agents, short-term

treatment with streptomycin exterminates, leptospires. When penicillin,

cephems, tetracylines and macrolides are used, long-term therapy with

large doses may be required from the early stage of the disease until

the appearance of antibodies.

DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER Description

Dengue is transmitted by the bite of anAedes aegypti mosquito

infected with any one of the four closely related virusserotypes of the

genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. It occurs in tropical and sub-

tropical areas of the world. Symptoms appear 314 days after the

infective bite. Dengue fever is a febrile illness that affects infants,young children and adults.

Symptoms range from a mild fever, to incapacitating high fever,

with severe headache, pain behind the eyes, muscle and joint pain,

weakness, skin rashes - maculopapular rash or red tiny spots on the

skin called petechiae, nose bleeding when fever starts to subside,

abdominal pain, vomiting of coffee-colored matter and dark-colored

stools. There are no specific antiviral medicines for dengue. It is

important to maintain hydration. Use of acetylsalicylic acid (e.g. aspirin)

and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. Ibuprofen) is not

recommended.

The diagnosis of dengue is usually made clinically. The classic

picture is high fever with no localizing source of infection, a rash with

thrombocytopenia and relative leukopenia - low platelet and white

blood cell count. Dengue infection can affect many organs and thus

may present unusually as liver dysfunction, renal impairment, meningo-

encephalitis or gastroenteritis.

Source and Mode of Transmission

Aedes aegypti, the transmitter of the disease, is a day-biting

mosquito which lays eggs in clear and stagnant water found in flower

vases, cans, rain barrels, old rubber tires, etc. The adult mosquitoes
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rest in dark places of the house.Dengue mosquitoes bite during the day

time. The highest biting intensity is about 2 hours after sunrise and

before sunset.

Prevention and Control

o Cover water drums and water pails at all times to prevent

mosquitoes from breeding.

o Replace water in flower vases once a week.

o Clean all water containers once a week. Scrub the sides well to

remove eggs of mosquitoes sticking to the sides.

o Clean gutters of leaves and debris so that rain water will not

collect as breeding places of mosquitoes.

o Old tires used as roof support should be punctured or cut to avoid

accumulation of water.

o Collect and dispose all unusable tin cans, jars, bottles and otheritems that can collect and hold water.

Management

The mainstay of treatment is timely supportive therapy to tackle

shock due to hemoconcentration and bleeding. Close monitoring of vital

signs in the critical period (up to 2 days after defervescence) is critical.

Increased oral fluid intake is recommended to prevent dehydration.

Supplementation with intravenous fluids may be necessary to prevent

dehydration and significant concentration of the blood if the patient is

unable to maintain oral intake. A platelettransfusion is may be

indicated if the platelet level drops significantly (below 20,000) or if

there is significant bleeding. The presence ofmelena may indicate

internal gastrointestinal bleeding requiring platelet and/or red blood cell

transfusion.

Aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be

avoided as these drugs may worsen the bleeding tendency associated

with some of these infections. Patients mayreceive paracetamol preparations to deal with these symptoms if

dengue is suspected. It is also very important that the patient's vital

signs be constantly monitored and that the patient remains

hospitalized.
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There is a direct correlation between immediate medical

treatment and a positive outcome. Waiting even a small amount of time

to seek medical treatment can be a fatal mistake and shouldn't be

considered. Likewise, those who are exhibiting potential symptoms of

dengue hemorrhagic fever should be seen by a medical expert

immediately for diagnosis. Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a potentially

lethal complication so there must be early clinical diagnosis and a

careful clinical management by experienced physicians and nurses to

increase survival of patients.

Angeles University Foundation


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College of Nursing

Angeles City

Written Report

In

W.I.L.D Disease

Submitted by:

W Gopez, Maria Riqueza JeanneI Snay, Liza Marie

L Rementilla, Kris Anne

D David, Ivan Ray

BSN III11 / Group 44

Submitted by:

Mr. Nino Mayuyu

Clinical Instructor

Documents

WILD written report