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4/1/2016
1
Wikipedia ‐ Definition of a mycotoxin,
A mycotoxin (from Greek "fungus“) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by organisms of the fungi kingdom, commonly known as molds. The term
'mycotoxin' is usually reserved for the toxic chemical products produced by fungi that readily
colonize crops.
Mycotoxins:
Mycotoxins are poisonsgenerated by molds
found in crops we raise.
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Why such attention?
• Unusual weather patterns
• Drought, flooding, temperature extremes • Tillage practices• intensive agriculture and production
Why such attention?
• Synergistic affects of multiple mycotoxins• Trading & storage of grains and feedstuffs • Specialized livestock production –more grain sources needed
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THE MYCOTOXIN PROBLEM
No matter the crop, season, region, stress, or producer, someone is always going to have
issues.
The world we live in is merely a petri dish….
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HOW HAZARDOUS ARE CONTAMINATED FEEDS?
(it may be worse that it seems!!)
• Production & performance issues that seem to never go away
• Think outside the box – does this look like an unidentified
metabolic issue?
• Performance losses may be seen, despite analysis
indicating very low toxin levels
HOW HAZARDOUS ARE CONTAMINATED FEEDS?
(it may be worse that it seems!!)
• Incomplete toxin analysis
• Toxicological synergism between mycotoxins
• Inaccurate or variable sample collection can give false sense of security
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Why have mycotoxin concerns increased?
• Better analytical methods
• Knowledge of mycotoxin occurrence and effects
• Greater occurrence in some years (weather)
• More general stress on today’s livestock
• Marginal nutrient deficiencies
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It does not take much to make a lot!
It does not take much to make a lot!
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Excellent Managersand seemingly goodsources of feed….
Can have mycotoxins problems too! These are the ones that rob us blind without us knowing it!
Species‐Wide Problem
While some animal species are more susceptible to mycotoxins and some mycotoxins are more
detrimental to some species,
no domestic animal species is immune to the harmful affects of mycotoxin ingestion.
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Raw Materials
Grains
Vegetable Proteins
Silage, Grass, Hay, Straw
Cornstalks, Crop Stubble
By‐products
ground water
Crop Factors Associated with Mycotoxin Formation
• No till farming
• Reduced crop rotation
• Increased corn acreage
• Straw/stubble kept for animal feed, bedding
• DDGS [x3]
• High performing crop genetics
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The end result of a mold under stress.
Layman’s definition of a mycotoxin:
*
Environmental Factors Affecting Mold Growth
• Suitable Substrate ‐ Feed
• pH 4 to 8, depending on mold
• Temperature 5 to 44 C (40 to 110 F)
• Moisture > 13%, variable requirements
• Relative humidity > 70%
• Water activity and migration
• Oxygen
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Remember:Mold growth needs 3 things ‐
1. water
2. air
3. food source
How do you stress a mold?
Take away one of it’s growth criteria –water, air, food source
*
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The fungi that produce mycotoxins comprise a very diverse group.
Molds and the MycotoxinsThey Produce
• Penicillium• Aflatoxin
• B1, B2, G1, G2, M1, M2• Ochratoxin
• Aspergillus• Aflatoxin• Ochratoxin
• Fusarium – “the bad one”• Zearalenone• T‐2• Deoxynivalenol, DON or Vomitoxin is one type• Fumonisin
• FA1, FA2, FB1, FB2, FB3, FB4
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Mycotoxicosis in Livestock
• Mycotoxins exert their effects by:• Altering nutrient content, absorption, or metabolism
• Changing endocrine or neuroendocrine function
• Suppressing the immune system• Impair reproductive performance *
General List of Symptoms Associated with Mycotoxicosis
• Reduced feed consumption
• Reduced productivity
• Poor reproductive performance (Hyper or Hypo‐Estrogenic Responses)
• Increased incidence of disease (Metabolic and infectious)
• Digestive disorders (acidosis, diarrhea, gut irritation)
• Nervous behavior (Irregular heart beat, eye blinking, rapid breathing, flighty)
• Unresponsiveness to therapy
• Death
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Nutrient Profile Changes in Corn with Various Degrees of Mold Damage
Clean Mild Medium Severe
Density g/L 732 688 649 610
Oil, % 4.4 3.5 3.6 2.9
Protein, % 8.3 9.1 9.4 10.2
Ash, % 1.31 1.08 1.37 1.27
Starch, % 70.5 70.2 69.8 69.7
Fiber, % 3.45 4.1 3.8 3.79
Acidity, ml 1.91 3.71 4.36 4.96
Relative damage refers to:No visible signs = mildInitial visible growth = mediumMajor visible growth = severe
Why can ruminants handle mycotoxin loads more readily than
mono‐gastrics?
The rumen possesses a huge and varied microflora and microfauna that naturally inhabit the rumen to facilitate its properties and functions.
This highly dynamic fermentation system enables the ruminant to degrade toxins, even mycotoxins to varying degrees.
For example, in a properly functioning rumen DON has a half‐life of 24 hours while that of ochratoxin is only 15 minutes.
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Major Mycotoxins
Contaminating Feed Grains
Aflatoxins Fusariotoxins Vomitoxin, (DON) Zearalenone
Fumonisins Ochratoxin Trichothecenes Diacetoxyscirpenol HT2‐toxin T‐2 toxin
Possibly hundreds of unidentified mycotoxins
Mycotoxins can be broken down into two
areas:1.) Aflatoxins – easiest to alleviate symptoms, easiest to bind with clays2.) Zearalenone – slightly more difficult to inactivate, alleviate symptoms
3.) Deoxynivalenol – (vomitoxin or DON), even more difficult to inactivate4.) Tricothecenes – (T2), the most difficult to inactivate and/or alleviate symptoms
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A broad spectrum “Super Formula” that would have a greater widespread impact
on a broad range of mycotoxinswould be cost
prohibitive.
We know in certain years and regions which molds are
producing which mycotoxins.
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Active Form
Inactive Form
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You can bind mycotoxins upwards of 90+%, it depends a lot upon how
much you want to spend.
Aflatoxin 60 - 90%DON 45 - 72%T2 50 - 84%Zearalenone 25 - 49%Vomitoxin 50 - 71%Fumonisin 50 - 75%
Toxin % Binding Range
These are good
numbers
*
Mycotoxin Overview-- Description and Toxicity of Specific Mycotoxins
‐ Aflatoxin- Zearalenone‐ Deoxynivalenol‐ Fumonisin‐ T‐2 Toxin
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Aflatoxin
“The Carcinogen”Aflatoxin: (AF or AFB)
• Molds: Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus
• Feedstuffs: corn, corn byproducts, peanuts, cottonseed
• Field Conditions: warm; humid; crops stressed by drought or insects
• Weather Conditions: dry, drought, heat stressed
• Storage: excess moisture, warm
• Toxicity: carcinogen; hepatotoxic
• The only mycotoxin that can be measured in milk and is federally regulated by FDA
Zearalenone“The Repro Thief”
Zearalenone (ZEN)
• Molds: Fusarium
• Feedstuffs: corn, small grains, and others
• Field Conditions: above normal rainfall;wet late in season
• Weather Conditions: mild; spurts of heat and cool
• Storage: excessive moisture
• Toxicity: hyperestrogenism reproductive dysfunction
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Zearalenone Symptoms
‐Poor Reproduction ‐Embryonic Loss
‐Irregular Estrus ‐Low Conception
‐Abortion ‐Silent Heats
‐False Heats ‐ Pregnant animals in estrus
‐Edema ‐Mammary gland enlargement
‐ swollen vulva ‐listless, nervous activity
Deoxynivalenol (DON)
“The Performance Thief”sometimes called Vomitoxin
• Molds: Fusarium
• Feedstuffs: corn, small grains and most others
• Field Conditions: wet and warm; moderate moisture at silking
• Weather Conditions: cool, wet growing season
• Storage: excess moisture
• Toxicity: suppression of immune system, appetite suppression, digestive disorders, intestinal irritation
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DON as a marker ‐
DON may indicate the presence of other
mycotoxins.
FDA Advisory for Deoxynivalenol
10 ppm Beef and feedlot cattle > 4 mo. of age, & Poultry, Used at < 50% of the diet.( <5 ppm in the total diet)
5 ppm Swine, Used at < 20% of the diet. ( <1 ppm in the total diet)
4 ppm Dairy cattle, both lactating and growing.To be used at < 40% of the diet. ( <1 ppm [1000 ppb] in the total diet)
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T‐2 Toxin Symptoms
“The Digestive Tract Thief”
‐Molds: Fusarium,aspergillus fumigatus
‐Feedstuffs: corn, small grains, and others
‐Field Conditions: ideal growing conditions
‐Weather Conditions: long spells of cool, wet weather
‐Toxicity: Intestinal Hemorrhage (HBS), ulcers, immunosuppressive, dermal and oral lesions
T‐2 Toxin Symptoms
“The Digestive Tract Thief”
‐Poor feed consumption‐Reduced performance‐Digestive disorders‐Acidosis‐Ulcers‐Intestinal Hemorrhage (HBS)‐Diarrhea (Bloody)‐Increased Disease (Metabolic & Infections)
‐Death
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Fumonisin
“the organ destroyer”
Fumonisin (FB1 or FB)
• Molds: Fusarium moniliforme, F. verticillioides
• Feedstuffs: corn, corn products
• Field Conditions: dry and warm; insect damage
• Storage: excess moisture
• Toxicity: Horse: brain ‐ neurological dysfunction;Swine: lungs ‐ pulmonary edema; Cattle: liver ‐ hepatotoxic
Dealing with Mycotoxin Problems
• Observe for general symptoms
• Rule out other possible causes (Nutrition, disease, poor mgt.)
• Add a commercial product to the diet
• Test feeds for common mycotoxins (DON, T‐2, ZEN, FUM, AFL) – rather, run a test for yeast, mold count, and mold ID. This will give an indication of what mycotoxins possible. Then, test for specific mycotoxins.
• Remove or dilute contaminated feeds *
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Testing Feeds for Mycotoxins
Yeast and Mold count & Mold ID is good place to start. Mold identification can be helpful.Analyse for Aflatoxin, DON, ZEN, Fumonisin and T‐2.
Sampling is imprecise and difficult.Molds grow in spots Mycotoxins are not uniformly distributedTake a lot of subsamples and composite.
Molds can grow in the sample if they are too wet. Dry or freeze the sample, and ship for 2‐day delivery.
Identify labs that are accurate, fast, and cost effective.
Challenges posed by sampling:
• Inadequate sampling is likely the most common variability in mycotoxin analysis.
• This is complicated by uneven distribution of mycotoxins in contaminated materials.
• Mycotoxins tend to be concentrated in areas of high moisture content or high exposure to oxygen ‐ remember the rule – air, moisture, food source
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The most COSTLYmycotoxineffects are subclinical :
• Digestive disorders • Lower production and performance
• Reduced growth rates/feed efficiency• Increased incidence of disease • Average reproduction• Control and treatment procedures are a constant requirement.
*
What are the main points to remember……
• Mycotoxins are most likely here to stay.
• No feed or feed program is immune to mycotoxins.
• The industry has acknowledged the problem is real and all around us.
• The worst losses are the subclinical ones.
*
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Conclusions
‐ Subclinical effects are the real financial losses:
They rob you secretlyThey are never obviousSymptoms are often assumed to be something else
‐ Don’t wait for the clinical effects!
The subclinicals may already be here! *
Thank You
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Alleviateby VitaPlus
“Fungal Metabolite Neutralizer”
Fortunately the toxins with the least amount of difficulty to address are the ones that show up the most.
This allows for a formulation that will be a least cost for aflatoxin or
zearalenone as compared to a more intensive formula for DON or T2.
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BM Swine MC concentrate will allow for flexibility in inventory of
ingredients and the flexibility in formulation to handle different
mycotoxins as needed.
What is unique about the science behind Alleviate?
Contains highly selected organic minerals and silicas that bind with a wide range of fungal secondary metabolites and mycotoxins.
This will inactivate some metabolites prior to being voided from the animal. For others, binding and immobilizing them is a precursor to their subsequent degradation by microbial or enzymatic factors.
Enzymes that stimulate lactic acid bacteria and target specific mycotoxins provide further attack on mycotoxins.
The enzymes and the lactic acid are naturally produced in the gut as long as the microbes are present to do that however, often their populations suffer as a result of the presence of the mycotoxins.
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What is unique about the science behind Alleviate?
Contains lactic acid producing bacteria and bacillus species that function together with enzyme complexes.
Also stimulates other populations of anaerobic bacteria and enzymatic activities. These microbial populations with adequate numbers can detoxify mycotoxins, specifically zearalenone and aflatoxin.
These anaerobic bacteria provide B vitamins, branched‐chain amino acids, and serve as a simple protein source for the animal, all of which serve to keep the animal gut microbiologically healthy.
Microbial growth factors to help stimulate beneficial microbial populations including both indigenous forms and those added for enzyme specific activity.
Contains vitamins A and E to aid in tissue recovery, particularly liver function following assault of mycotoxins on key organs.
Alleviate also targets various issues presented by mycotoxins by addressing animal health
and rehabilitation.
Alleviate aids in the binding, deactivation/inactivation, and breakdown of mycotoxins.
*
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Alleviate
The mineral particles in Alleviate have been specifically selected to address the major mycotoxins, resulting in a high degree of superior binding capacity of Alleviate for mycotoxins.
Alleviate
Fermentation aids have been added to
enhance the anaerobic microbial activity. Also, certain metabolites have been added to help promote regeneration of tissue cells.
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Alleviate
Mycotoxins with polar functional groups
such as aflatoxins can be inactivated due to
their specific binding to the adsorbing
components in Alleviate.
Alleviate
Non‐polar mycotoxins such as ZEN, DON, and T2 cannot be absorbed firmly enough to inactivate them.
Enzymes in Alleviate are capable of degrading mycotoxins by breaking up particular functional groups. This converts the toxin into harmless molecules which can be metabolized by indigenous microflora.
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Dealing with Mycotoxin Problems
• Follow recommended practices to increase intake
• Increase certain nutrients:Protein, Fat, Adequate Effective Fiber
Antioxidants: Vitamin E, Cu, Zn, Mn, SeVitamin A and/or carotene
• Reproductive animals ‐ fed “CLEAN” feed
• Add mold inhibitor to diet – becoming a standard
• Add Alleviate to diet and monitor for reduction in symptoms
*
What claims we can show you on Alleviate…
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Thank You