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Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
• Basic structure:– Stations plus an access point– Stations talk to the access point, then to outside– Access point talks to stations– Stations talk to stations
• Design goal:– A MAC protocol to determine who talks next
Wireless communications
• Signal decays according to a power law with the distance, at least to the power of -2 with distance
• Comparing to Ethernet, what is the difference (as far as MAC is concerned)?
• When a station is sending, not all stations can hear. No real 100% carrier sense.– In Ethernet, everybody can hear everybody
Wireless communications
• When a station is sending, it cannot hear other stations – cannot decide if there is a collision. No CD in wireless LAN.– In Ethernet, the sender can determine if there is
collision and abort immediately.
Wireless communications
• Being able to sense the carrier does not mean that you can decode the data
• If received signal having power P means that you can decode the data, it may be true that at power P/2 you can realize that there is something going on
Wireless communication• The received signal can be decoded if the signal to noise
ratio is larger than a certain threshold. Whether there is a collision depends on the signal to noise ratio at the receiver.
• You may allow two transmissions at the same time without collision. – In Ethernet, two simultaneous transmission means collision
A DCB A DCB
A->B, C->D A->B, D->C
Wireless communications
• Hidden terminal, A->B, C->D. C did not hear A.
A DCB
• Exposed terminal. A->B, C->D. C hears A.
A DCB
Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer 802.11
• Asynchronous Data Service– DCF (Distributed Coordination Function)
• Contention-Based Medium Access Control• CSMA/CA: Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance• For elastic applications like email, file transfer
• Time-Bounded Service– PCF (Point Coordination Function)
• Contention Free Medium Access Control• Optional access method works like polling• For time-sensitive voice/video applications
Problems
• What problems will occur if apply Ethernet MAC?– No CD, does not know whether there is a collision– No CD, channel waste could be large using 1-
persistent– Cannot hear all other people means the sender
cannot be sure that he can reserve the whole channel.
Fixes
• No CD, use ACK. If there is no ACK, assume there is collision
• No CD, has to use non-persistent to reduce collision by AVOIDING COLLISION, CA
• Cannot hear other people, so devise some channel reservation technique
DCF’s Main Idea• When get a packet to send, sense the channel. If channel
is busy, wait until the channel is free for DIFS. Start to backoff for a random time. If busy before reaching zero, freeze bo counter, and reactivate when idle for DIFS again. If counted to 0 and channel is still idle, send.
• After receives a packet, send ACK. • If no ACK received, double the window and retry.
Difference with Ethernet
• In Ethernet, a station will pick a backoff timer, sleep for that amount of time, then wake up. – When waking up, two cases:
• Medium is free: send• Medium is busy: wait until free and send
• In Wi-Fi DCF, a station will pick a backoff timer backoff, while still monitor the medium– If the medium is busy during the backoff, will freeze the
timer.• Someone who waited longer will have a larger chance to send
Simplified 802.11 DCF operation for unicast in implementation
• (Automating Cross-Layer Diagnosis of Enterprise Wireless Networks, Sigcomm 2007 )
• The first packet does not have to experience the backoff before it is sent; backoff after a successful packet transmission. So if there is a packet following the first packet, it will go through the backoff process before transmission.
DCF
• Do you want the ACK to have the same priority as data packets?
• How do you make sure that ACK has higher priority?
• Use time. You have to wait for a certain amount time before you can send.
• High priority packets wait shorter.
DCF
• The SIFS, DIFS. SIFS is for control packets. DIFS is for data packets.
• When a station wants to send, if it is a control packet, sense the channel for SIFS, then send. If it is a data packet, sense the channel for DIFS, then send.
Rate
• 802.11 supports multiple rates. • 802.11g has 6,9,12,18,24,36,48,54 Mbps.• Lower rates have lower loss probabilities.
Research Challenge
• Any problem do you see in the design of 802.11 MAC?
• Hint: wireless packets are subject to random loss, e.g., if you just walk by and blocked the line-of-sight path, the packet may be lost. In this case, what will 802.11 MAC do? What should be done?
Further improvement
• Further improvement by improving carrier sense
• The problem is other people cannot hear me sending, so they will send.
• So, how to make sure that they will know I am sending?
RTS/CTS• RTS/CTS in the place for carrier sense
– RTS – reserves channel for a bit of time, if sender hasn’t heard other CTSes
– CTS – sender replies if it hasn’t heard any other RTSes
– Both messages include time. Network Allocation Vector (NAV)
– If no CTS, exponential backoff– “RTS-CTS-DATA”
RTS/CTS• 802.11 standardized both CSMA/CA and RTS/CTS• In practice, most operators disable RTS/CTS
– Very high overhead!• RTS/CTS packets sent at “base rate” (6Mbps for 802.11g)
– Avoid collisions regardless of transmission rate
– Most deployments are celluar (base stations), not ad hoc. Neighboring cells are often configured to use non-overlapping channels, so hidden terminals on downlink are rare• Hidden terminal on uplink possible, but if clients mostly d/l, then uplink
packets are small.• THIS MAY CHANGE. And is likely not true in your neighborhood!
– When CS range >> reception range, hidden terminal less important
PCF
• The AP acts as the master and sends out beacon signals for polling stations and stations can sign up for certain amount of bandwidth use
• Co-exists with DCF. • How to make sure that beacon signals have
higher priority?– PIFS