Secure Internet of Things Project Workshop!Stanford University!

August 11, 2014!

Why Now? (for the IoT)!Mark Horowitz!

EE & CS, Stanford University!

1!

Mark Horowitz!

•  Yahoo! Professor, Stanford!▶  Electrical Engineering & Computer Science!▶  Ph.D. in EE from Stanford, 1984!▶  Former EE Chair!

•  Research: Digital systems design!▶  RISC machines - MIPS-X, TORCH!▶  Distributed Shared Memory – FLASH, SMASH!▶  High-speed IO – Rambus!▶  Security – XOM!▶  Computational Photography – Frankencamera!▶  Extremely Efficient Computing – Darkroom, CE!

2!

Yes, Everything Has A Computer!

3!

Computing World is Changing!

•  Moving from technology to application driven!▶  Success is no longer about access to latest technology!▶  It is about finding the right application to address!

•  To understand why, we need to look at history!▶  Why are computers so prevalent?!

4!

Moore’s Law Made Gates Cheap!

5!

Dennard’s Scaling Made Them Fast & Low Energy!

•  The triple play:!▶  Get more gates, ! ! !1/L2! !1/α2!▶  Gates get faster, ! ! !CV/i ! ! α ▶  Energy per switch ! ! !CV2! ! α3!

Dennard,  JSSC,  pp.  256-­‐268,  Oct.  1974  6!

Our Expectation!

•  Cray-1: world’s fastest computer 1976-1982!▶  64Mb memory (50ns cycle time)!▶  40Kb register (6ns cycle time)!▶  ~1 million gates (4/5 input NAND)!▶  80MHz clock!▶  115kW!

•  In 45nm (30 years later)!▶  < 3 mm2!

▶  > 1 GHz!▶  ~ 1 W!

CRAY-­‐1  

7!

Houston, We Have A Problem!

h>p://cpudb.stanford.edu/   8!

The Power Limit!

h>p://cpudb.stanford.edu/  

Wa#

s/mm

2  

9!

We Were Greedy!

10x  too  large  

h>p://cpudb.stanford.edu/   10!

This Problem Is Not Going Away:P = α C * Vdd2 * f!

h>p://cpudb.stanford.edu/  

L0.6  

11!

Think About It!

12!

Technology to the Rescue?!

13!

Problems w/ Replacing CMOS!

•  Pretty fundamental physics!▶  Avoiding this problem will be hard!

•  Its capability is pretty amazing!▶  fJ/gate, 10ps delays, 109 working devices!

e-­‐  

14!

Catch - 22!

Capital  you  need  

Investment  Risk  

Very  Different  =  High  Risk  

Building  Co

mpu

ters  =  Large  $  

15!

The Truth About Innovation!

•  Start by creating new markets! 16!

Our CMOS Future!

•  Will see tremendous uses of computation!▶  Capability of today’s technology is incredible!▶  Can add computing and communication for nearly $0!▶  Key questions are what problems need to be solved?!

•  Most performance system will be energy limited!▶  These systems will be optimized for energy efficiency!

•  Power = Energy/Op * Ops/sec!

17!

Processor Energy – Delay Trade-off!

h>p://cpudb.stanford.edu/  18!

The Rise of Multi-Core Processors!

h>p://cpudb.stanford.edu/  19!

Stagnation of Multi-Core Processors!

h>p://cpudb.stanford.edu/  20!

Have A Shiny Ball, Now What?!

21!

Cup Holders!

22!

•  Small additions to a complex product!– With large perceived value!

CPU Cup HoldersSpecialized Hardware!

23!

What This Means!

•  Computer performance scaling will slow!

•  Computing chips for specific markets will appear!▶  And manufacturing the addition secret sauce won’t cost very much!

24!

Compu5ng  pla7orms  are  stabilizing  

Cup Holders –The Other Side!

25!

Improved Cup Holders (IoT)!

26!

•  Add communication to compute!

From Bill Curtis Arm!

The New Challenge:!

•  Application specific products have smaller markets!▶  Harder to predict what will win; most will fail!▶  Wins on average are smaller!

•  People who have product ideas!▶  Don’t know about hardware, let alone know how to use it!

•  People who know about the technology!▶  Are a special subset of the population!▶  May not be in touch with what great products will be!

27!

Remember This Trade-off?!

Capital  you  need  

Investment  Risk  

•  Need to reduce cost to play!▶  Building constructors, not

instances!

h>p://genesis2.stanford.edu/   28!

App Store For Hardware!

30!

Security Issues!

•  These designers are not system software experts!▶  They will use the available infrastructure!

•  They are concerned about time to market!▶  Worried about getting their functionality to work!

•  We need to have a good security base architecture!▶  That serve a wide number of applications!

32!

Key to Success!

System needs to appeal to two sets of users!

•  Application designers who want to use the system!▶  Need the system to be able to handle many details for them!

•  Expert designers who want to extend the system!▶  Would like it to be “simple” to add new stuff!

33!

Recently Things Are Looking Up!

34!

A New Hope!

•  If killer products are going to be application driven!▶  Application experts need to design them!

•  If technology is scaling more slowly!▶  We can incorporate current design knowledge into tools!▶  To create extensible system constructors!

•  We can leverage the 2nd bullet to enable the 1st!▶  To usher in a new wave of innovative computing products!

35!