Why Eve Plucked the Apple

8/8/2019 Why Eve Plucked the Apple

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@bgkjkjkty, @ffa ^omjts, mja Sbabjtksg kj Jfrtl BurfpbmjLujtbr-Dmtlbrbr Sfckbtkbs

Uuebjs, Mamg mja Bvb, =05


2/14

5

Aurkjd tlb omst ybmrs tlb mafptkjd f` sbabjtmry ok`b wmys ebcmgb m jbw `fcus kj tlb

stuay f` Lujtbr-Dmtlbrbr Sfckbtkbs. Qlus, kj 5>>0 m wlfob vfougb f` tlb hfurjmo Tfroa

Mrclmbfofdy wms abakcmtba tf tlks tfpkc.

Sbabjtksg kj Lujtbr-Dmtlbrbr Sfckbtkbs ks gfstoy bxpomkjba ey mvmkomekokty f` `ffa

rbsfurcbs8 k` `ffa rbsfurcbs mrb meujamjt tlrfudlfut tlb ybmr m lkdlbr sbabjtksg ks

prfemeob. Gfst f` tlb bvkabjcb cmgb `rfg tlb prbsbjcb f` sbttobgbjts ms kj tlb jugebr mja

skzb f` lfusbs/awbookjds, tlb sbmsfjmokty f` sbm`ffa mja tbrrbstrkmo mjkgmos kj tlb

zffmrclmbfofdkcmo rbcfra. Fjoy kj ksfomtba cmsbs tlb usb f` pomjt `ffa mja stfrmdb wms tmibj

kjtf cfjskabrmtkfj. Lfwbvbr, tlks gmscuokjb mpprfmcl tf sbabjtksg lms kts pkt`moos. Jbktlbr ks

tlbrb m cfjskstbjcy kj tlb kjtbrprbtmtkfj f` zffmrclmbfofdkcmo amtm ms emsks `fr

sbmsfjmokty/sbabjtksg, jfr cmj suppobgbjtmry amtm, okib ksftfpb stuakbs (`fr bxmgpob Sbmoy

& vmj abr Gbrwb =;s

mja gfstoy mppokba tf ary cokgmtbs kj tlb Gkaaob Bmst mja Jfrtl M`rkcm. Fjoy rbcbjtoy pomjt

`ffa lms ebbj stuakba kj Jfrtlbrj Burfpbmj cfjtbxt (Iuekmi-Gmrtbjs =;;;, Iuekmi-Gmrtbjs

5>>5, Gktlbj bt mo. 5>>=, ^brry =;;;, Ubdjboo bt mo. =;;2). Bvbj `bwbr stuakbs cfjcbjtrmtba

fj tlb cfjjbctkfj f` tlb gfrb `bgmob splbrb f` `ffa pomjts, `ffa prbpmrmtkfj, stfrmdb, mja

sbabjtksg (Obpf`siy & Oyfjs 5>>3, Smvmra bt mo 5>>0).

Qlks stuay lms tlrbb mkgs8

=. tf slfw tlb tkdlt cfjjbctkfj f` sbabjtksg mja tlb `bgmob cfjtrkeutkfj tf `ffa

cfjsugptkfj,5. tf slfw lfw pomjt `ffa cmj kjakcmtb sbabjtksg tlrfudl tlb gfabo abvbofpba ey

Obpf`siy mja Oyfjs (5>>0) mja

3. tf kjvbstkdmtb wlbtlbr tlks gfabo ks mppokcmeob `fr tlb Jfrtl Burfpbmj Gbsfoktlkc, bsp.

tlb Amjksl Brtbeoob cuoturb


3/14

3

Kjakcmtfrs f` Sbabjtksg

Efya (5>>0) mja Ufsbjswkd (5>>0) okst sbvbrmo cmtbdfrkbs f` bvkabjcb ms rbokmeob

kjakcmtfrs f` m slk`t tf m gfrb sbabjtmry ok`bstyob kj bmroy Jmtu`kmj mja @frgmtkvb

Gbsfmgbrkcm rbspbctkvboy. Mgfjd tlbsb mrb cbgbtbrkbs, sbttobgbjts, sbmsfjmokty f` `mujm,

lbmvy-auty gmtbrkmo cuoturb, stfrmdb pkts, pfttbry, mja eftmjkcmo rbgmkjs. Kj dbjbrmo m trbja

tfwmras drbmtbr sbabjtksg ks mssugba `fr tlb prfdrbsskfj `rfg tlb Ofwbr ^mombfoktlkc tf tlb

Gbsfoktlkc. Ak``brbjt mutlfrs lmvb vbry ak``brbjt mpprfmclbs tf tlb stuay f` sbabjtksg. Qlus

Lfot (5>>3) usbs efjb gfrplfofdy, bspbckmooy clmjdbs kj akmplysmo rfeustkckty mja slmpb tf

slfw m trbja tfwmras m gfrb sbabjtmry ok`bstyob `rfg tlb Rppbr ^mombfoktlkc tf tlb Gbsfoktlkc.

M oft f` pmpbrs pueokslba strbss tlb jmturb f` awbookjds mja sbttobgbjts ms m cruckmo

kjakcmtfr f` sbabjtksg (sbb Gmrslmoo 5>>0, =24). Umjay Mjabrsfj `fr bxmgpob kjvbstkdmtba

tlb mgfujt f` omefur kjvbstba kj eukoakjd sbttobgbjts tf slfw ofjd-tbrg fccupmtkfj f` skjdob

ofcmtkfjs (Mjabrsfj 5>>1).

Lfwbvbr, `mujmo rbgmkjs mrb gfst cfggfjoy usba tf bstmeoksl sbmsfjmokty pmttbrjs

f` lujtbr-dmtlbrbr sktbs. Qlbsb stuakbs rmjdb `rfg Fxydbj Ksftfpb stuakbs f` gfoouscs

(Gmjjkjf mja Qlfgms 5>>59 Emkoby bt mo. =;>=9 Obddb mja Ufwoby-

Cfjwy=;=8 301-2) mcijfwobadbs m sbabjtmry ok`bstyob `fr tlb Brtbeoob sktb

Qyerkja Pkd, wlbrbms Ufwoby-Cfjwy (=;;1) ks fppfskjd tlks vkbw. Qlb smgb ks trub `fr tlb

Erktksl Bmroy Gbsfoktlkc sktb f` Stmr Cmrr, wlbrb Comri (=;45) suddbstba m wkjtbr emsb cmgp,

Hmcfek (=;41815). Kj lbr cfjcouskfj slb wrktbs

mefut tlb cfjskabrmeob pftbjtkmo Yf` pomjt gmtbrkmoW `fr usb ms sbmsfjmo kjakcmtfr (Amri 5>>1813).


4/14

1

@bgkjkjkty mja Sbabjtksg

Rp tf jfw sbabjtksg wms gmkjoy ab`kjba fvbr gmob mctkvktkbs, okib omefur, lujtkjd, fr

`kslkjd. @bw stuakbs mrb `fcuskjd fj `bgmob mctkvktkbs mja tlbkr cfjtrkeutkfj tf drfwkjd

sbabjtksg kj m lujtbr-dmtlbrbr sfckbty. Tlkcl ks surprkskjd skjcb dbjabr mrclmbfofdy ks ofjd

bstmeokslba kj mrclmbfofdkcmo tlfudlt mja `bgmob mctkvktkbs mrb cbjtrmo tf tlb prfcbss f`

ebcfgkjd sbabjtmry ms wkoo eb bxpomkjba suesbqubjtoy.

Lmmomja (=;;4834>>80). Qlbrb`frb m drbmtbr

bgplmsks ks pomcba fj jfj-mjkgmo `ffa wlkcl ks rkcl kj cmreflyarmtbs mja `mt. Kj

cfjtbgpfrmry `frmdkjd pbfpobs, tlb dmtlbrkjd f` pomjt `ffa mja kts prbpmrmtkfj, b.d. ey

drkjakjd mja cffikjd, mrb typkcmooy `bgmob mctkvktkbs (Lmmomja =;;4834


5/14

2

@kd. = (`rfg Lmmomja =;;48`kd4)

Tktl kjcrbmskjd sbabjtksg tlb jbba `fr stfrmdb f` sbmsfjmo `ffa pomjts ebcmgb gfrb

rbobvmjt. Tktl tlb prfauctkfj f` pfttbry tf cfujtbrmct tlb `ffa scmrckty m drbmtbr abgmja `fr

sbabjtksg mrfsb ebcmusb pfttbry cfjstrmkjs gfekokty. Fj tlb ftlbr lmja, wktl kjcrbmskjd

kgpfrtmjcb f` pfttbry, tlb rmjdb f` pftbjtkmo `ffa rbsfurcbs kj m ab`kjba mrbm kjcrbmsbs

ebcmusb ey efkokjd fr stbmgkjd, gmjy pomjt cfgpfjbjts ebcmgb gfrb akdbstkeob. Qlb usb f`

efkoba `ffa moofwba bmrokbr wbmjkjd mja gfrb clkoarbj, wlkcl mdmkj rbqukrba m gfrbsbabjtmry ok`bstyob. Qlbrb`frb `bgmobs mja `ffa prfauctkfj cmj eb sbbj ms m tlrkvkjd `frcb kj

ebcfgkjd sbabjtmry lujtbr-dmtlbrbrs.

K` pomjt cfoobctkjd, prbpmrmtkfj, mja stfrmdb ms m `bgkjkjb pbr`frgmjcb wbrb mj

bssbjtkmo pmrt f` ebcfgkjd sbabjtmry, cmj pomjts mctumooy lbop us abtbrgkjb sbabjtksg6

^omjt @ffa mja Sbabjtksg8 m jbw mpprfmcl

Kj 5>>3, Obpf`siy mja Oyfjs prfpfsba m gfabo tf okji mrclmbfeftmjkcmo mja

btljfeftmjkcmo amtm wktl tlb cfjcbpt f` gfekokty mja sbabjtksg `fr tlb Mgbrkcmj Jfrtlwbst

Cfmst. Qlb stmrtkjd pfkjt wms tlb mssugptkfj tlmt mctkvktkbs okib lmrvbstkjd, prfcbsskjd, mja

usb f` pomjt rbsfurcbs wfuoa obmvb akstkjct skdjmturbs kj tlb mrclmbfeftmjkcmo rbcfra f` m

tlbsb lujtbr-dmtlbrbr sktbs (Obpf`siy & Oyfjs 5>>38=32>38=32;-01)8

=. Qmxfjfgkc rkcljbss, wlkcl ks emskcmooy m `ujctkfj f` tlb objdtl f`

fccupmtkfj, tlus tlb ofjdbr m sktb ks fccupkba, tlb gfrb jfj-`ffa sbbas wkoo


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eb prbsbjt. Tkjtbr mja ybmr-rfuja vkoomdbs wfuoa slfw rfudloy tlb smgb

rkcljbss pmttbrj, skjcb `bw maaktkfjmo `ffa pomjts wfuoa lmvb ebbj lmrvbstba

aurkjd tlb wkjtbr.

5. Spbckmokzmtkfj, wlkcl rbòbcts tlb tkgb spbjt mt m cbrtmkj ofcmokty mja tlb

rbsfurcb sbobctkfj. Kt slfws tlb gfst cfggfj tmxm. Kj slfrt-tbrg cmgps ofw

rkcljbss slfuoa eb cfupoba wktl `bw afgkjmtkjd `ffa sbbas, rbòbctkjd tlb

spbck`kc `fcus f` tlb sktb.

3. Abjskty, wlkcl ks m ùjctkfj f` tlb jugebr f` pbfpob fccupykjd m sktb, tlb

kjtbjskty f` sktb-usb, mja f` cfursb tlb prbsbrvmtkfj ckrcugstmjcbs.

1. Mccbsskekokty, wlkcl rbòbcts wlbtlbr tlb pomjt rbsfurcb wms wktlkj bmsy

mccbss f` tlb sktb fr erfudlt kj `rfg akstmjt ofcmtkfjs. Jfj-ofcmo rbsfurcbs

slfuoa eb prbsbjt kj ybmr-rfuja vkoomdbs eut jft kj slfrt-tbrg cmgps.

2. Sbmsfjmokty. @fr tlks amtm fjoy jfj-stfrmeob pomjts cmj eb usba okib wmtbry

ebrrkbs fr jfj-`ffa pomjts. M wkjtbr cmgp slfuoa eb mesbjt `rfg pomjt `ffa

tlmt cmjjft eb prfcbssba eut lmvb stfrmeob pomjt `ffa prbsbjt, wlbrbms m

ybmr-rfuja vkoomdb slfuoa cfjtmkj eftl, stfrmeob `ffa-sbbas mja sbbas `rfg

pomjts bmtbj kj sbmsfj.

@kd. 5 slfws tlb rbomtkfj f` tlbsb amtm wktl sbabjtksg kj m cfgprblbjskvb `frg8


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4

@kd. 5 ( Obpf`siy & Oyfjs 5>>58`kd 5m)

Motlfudl Obpf`siy mja Oyfjs cfjcouaba tlmt tlb gfabo jbbas ùrtlbr `kjb-tujkjd

(5>>38=30;) kt cfuoa jfjbtlbobss abgfjstrmtb bvbj ak``brbjt gfekokty pmttbrjs `fr ak``brbjt

luts. Kt ks mosf m pfwbrùo tffo `fr sgmoo scmob bxcmvmtkfjs skjcb smgpoba abpfsktsbvbj `rfg

tbst pkts- moofw tlb bxpofrmtkfj f` gfekokty pmttbrjs (Obpf`siy & Oyfjs 5>>38=30;).

Mppokcmtkfj f` Obpf`siy mja Oyfjss gfabo tf tlb Jfrtl Burfpbmj Gbsfoktlkc

Aub tf pffr kjvbstkdmtkfj f` mrclmbf- mja btljfeftmjkcmo amtm tlb gfabo abvbofpba

ey Obpf`siy mja Oyfjs cmjjft f` cfursb eb tmibj fvbr fj m fjb-tf-fjb scmob `fr Jfrtl

Burfpbmj sktbs.K wkoo lbrb usb tlb omtb Gbsfoktlkc (Brtbeoob) sktb Qyerkja Pkd, Abjgmri ms mj

bxmgpob `fr tlb mppokcmtkfj f` tlb m`frbgbjtkfjba gfab. Qlb mrclmbfeftmjkcmo stuakbs afjb

ey Iuekmi-Gmrtbjs (=;;;) mrb cfjcbjtrmtkfj fj tlb kabjtk`kcmtkfj f` clmrrba mja ujclmrrba

pomjt tkssub aub tf tlb bxpbrtksb f` tlb kjvbstkdmtfr. Mpmrt `rfg tlmt tlb smgpobs wbrb moo

tmibj `rfg fjb ofcmokty f` tlb jfw suegbrdba sktb mja tlbrb`frb jf kjtrmsktb cfgpmrksfj ks

pfsskeob. Mosf jf jfj-`ffa rbgmkjs wbrb cfujtba.

M dbjbrmo akscusskfj slfuoa lfwbvbr eb pfsskeob mja abgfjstrmtb tlb kgpfrtmjcb f`

ùturb mttbjtkfj fj mrclmbfeftmjkcmo gmtbrkmo.

@kd. 3 Ofcmtkfj f` tlb sktb f` Qyerkja Pkd ( Iuekmi-Gmrtbjs =;;;8`kd=)


8/14

5>

1>

0>

=>>

=5>

=1>

=0>

=

= 5 3 1 2 0 4 < ; => == =5

Jugebr f` kabjtk`kba tmxm

Jugebrf`kabjtk`kbaspbc

kbs

@kd.1 Ukcljbss (mutlfr)

Spbckmokzmtkfj ks kjakcmtba ey tlb afgkjmtkfj f` m `bw spbckbs. Obpf`siy mja Oyfjs

dkvb jugebrs f` ;>% `fr lkdl spbckmokzmtkfj, mja 1> % ms rbomtkvboy ujspbckmokzba kj mj

mssbgeomdb. Qlb tlrbb gfst cfggfj spbckbs kj tlb Qyerkja Pkd mssbgeomdb mrb lmzbo

(Cfryous mvboomjm) wktl 3


9/14

;

bjvkrfjgbjt fr fpbjkjds kj tlb `frbst. Qlbrb`frb mccbsskekoktyslfws moo skdjs f` m suggbr

mutugj vkoomdb9 m ybmr-rfuja fccupmtkfj cmjjft eb abauctba `rfg tlb amtm dkvbj.

Fj tlb sbmsfjmoktyskab lfwbvbr, wb lmvb sbvbrmo `rukts tlmt sbbg tf eb ujmeob tf

eb stfrba (b.d. wffaomja strmwebrry (@rmdmrkm vbscm) fr rmspebrry (Uueus kambus)). Qfdbtlbr

wktl tlb prbsbjcb f` stfrmeob `rukt (lmzbo (Cfryous mvboomjm) mja mcfrj (]ubrcus sp.) kt ks

pfsskeob tf tlkji f` m ybmr-rfuja fccupmtkfj. @fr slfrt-tbrg cmgps mja suggbr vkoomdbs tlb

sbmsfjmo kjakcmtfrs slfuoa cfrrbspfja akrbctoy tf tlb gfjtls f` fccupmtkfj.

Qlks bxmgpob slfws tlmt amtm `rfg bxkstbjt oktbrmturb mrb ak``kcuot tf mttrkeutb tf tlb

stuay f` sbabjtksg. Lfwbvbr, k` `uturb smgpokjd tmibs pomcb wktl tlks kj gkja kt slfuoa eb

pfsskeob tf dbt gucl ebttbr rbsuots9 bspbckmooy kjvbstkdmtkfj f` ak``brbjcbs fj mj kjtrm-sktb

obvbo wfuoa eb usb`uo. Eut mosf cfgpmrksfjs wktl ftlbr lujtbr-dmtlbrbr sfckbtkbs (b.d.

Gmdobgfsb sktbs wfuoa eb kjtbrbstkjd, skjcb kt ks mssugba tlmt m tujarm-okib bjvkrfjgbjt

gmibs mrclmbfeftmjkcmo stuakbs fesfobtb.

Jbvbrtlbobss, cfgpobgbjtba ey trmaktkfjmo sbmsfjmokty stuakbs f` eftmjkcmo rbgmkjs,

ms wms afjb ey Iuekmi-Gmrtbjs, okib sbmsfjs f` pomjt `ffa dmtlbrkjd (`kd. 2) mja `mujmo

mjmoysks (Cmrtbr, 5>>=8`kd 2) kt slfuoa eb pfsskeob tf dbt m ebttbr pkcturb f` gfekokty mja

sbmsfjmokty f` lujtbr-dmtlbrbr drfups kj tlb Jfrtl Burfpbmj Gbsfoktlkc. Tlkob Ufwoby-

Cfjwy (=;;1) mssugba Hujb tf Fctfebr lujtkjd cmgp, tlb bvkabjcb `rfg pomjt `ffa slfws

kj gy fpkjkfj cobmroy tlmt tlb sktb wms fccupkba mt obmst tlb gmhfrkty f` tlb ybmr. Tktl stfrba

`rukts mja gmrkjb fr rkvbrkjb suppobgbjts kt slfuoa eb bmsy tf erkadb tlb `krst twf gfjtls f`

tlb ybmr. Bspbckmooy tlb sbmsfjmokty `mctfr kj Obpf`siy-Oyfjs gfabo strfjdoy suddbsts tlks

pfsskekokty. Qlbsb rbsuots mrb kjakrbctoy suppfrtba ey stmeob ksftfpb mjmoysks f` fjb efjb

smgpob `rfg Qyrkja Pkd (Ukclmras bt mo. 5>>385;= mja `kd. 3). Qlb efjb smgpob slfwba

vmoubs f` =3C -=4.0 mja =< J


10/14

=>

@kd. 2 (Iuekmi-Gmrtbjs =;;;8 tmeob 5)

Cfjcouskfj

Ms wb lmvb sbbj gfst stuakbs fj lujtbr-dmtlbrbr gfekokty lmvb ebbj cmrrkba fut wktl

m vbry gmob pfkjt f` vkbw. Gmob mrclmbfofdksts fevkfusoy tbja tf mttrkeutb lujtbr-dmtlbrbr

sktbs tf m gfekob wmy f` ok`b. Qlus Gmjjkjf mja Qlfgms wrktb tlmt rbduomr gfekokty ks

jbcbssmry ebcmusb f` abpobtkfj f` jmturmo rbsfurcbs (k.b. slboo`ksl), Hflmjsbj (5>>0) bvbj

afuets tlmt omrdb slboo gkaabjs slfw sbabjtksg9 `fr lkg tlbsb wbrb mccuguomtba kj

sbmsfjmo bvbjts fvbr m ofjd tkgb pbrkfa (5>>085>3-1). Okibwksb lb afbs jft mccbpt

cbgbtbrkbs ms prff` `fr sbabjtksg (5>>085>3) ms tlbsb mrb `rfg tlb bmrokbr plmsb f` tlb

Brtbeoob cuoturb. Lks gfekokty gfabo ks emsba fj sbmsfjmo `kslkjd bvbjts mja akspbrsba mja

ayjmgkc drfups futskab tlb `kslkjd sbmsfj (5>>08 5>2). Bvbj tlb mrdugbjt f` rbsfurcb

meujamjcb ms m emsks `fr m sbabjtmry wmy f` ok`b ks abjkba ey gfabrj lujtbrs. Ubjfu`

stmtbs tlmt gfekokty ks rbaucba wlbrb tlb sfurcbs mrb gfrb sbmsfjmo (wlkcl ks kj cfjtrmst tf

gfst sckbjtksts kj tlb `kboa) (=;


11/14

==

Ms K lmvb slfwj, wfgbj ms jurturbr (Lmmomja =;;48 3>18`kd.5)

Qlbsb lbmvy-auty tffos, tfdbtlbr wktl bvkabjcb f` stfrmdb, cffikjd, mja pfttbry

slfuoa dkvb us bjfudl rbmsfj tf bxpofrb `bgmob mctkvktkbs fj Gbsfoktlkc sktbs. Jbw gbtlfas,

bspbckmooy tlb kabjtk`kcmtkfj f` sf`t tkssubs, f``br jbw pfsskekoktkbs kj tlb stuay f` pomjt `ffa

utkokzmtkfj fj Gbsfoktlkc sktbs. Iuekmi-Gmrtbjs cfuoa abgfjstrmtb tlb usb f` rfft pomjts mja

pkt cffikjd `fr tlb omt Gbsfoktlkc sktb mt Lmossifv, Abjgmri (5>>5). Gmsfj, Lmtlbr mja

Lkoogmj cfuoa bvbj kabjtk`y clmrrba tkssub `rfg m tmprfft kj tlb Rppbr-^mombfoktlkc sktb f`

Afoj Pstfjkcb KK (=;;1).

Jbw gfabos okib tlb fjb abscrkeba mefvb, rkdfrfus smgpokjd mja gbtkcuofus

kabjtk`kcmtkfj mrb jbcbssmry tf ujtmp tlb pftbjtkmo tlmt bxksts `rfg Burfpbmj ^mombfoktlkc mja

Gbsfoktlkc sktbs (Gmsfj bt mo. =;;18 22).


12/14

=5

Ekeokfdrmply

Mjabrsfj, U 5>>1Mppoykjd Mjtkckpmtba Gfekokty tf Sbabjtksg Mjmoysks f` ^rb-Lfjdslmj Cuoturbs kj

Jfrtl-Bmst Clkjm, Brms Hfurjmo0lttp8//www.mrts.gfjmsl.bau.mu/brms/baktkfjV0/mjabrsfjmrtkcob.ltg(5>.==.5>>0).

Cmrtbr, UH =;;=Abjtmo kjakcmtfrs f` sbmsfjmo lugmj prbsbjcb mt tlb Amjkscl Efrbmo sktbs f`Lfgbdmmra K, KP mja P mja Guoobrup mja tlb Mtomjtkc sktbs f` Qyerkja Pkd mjaUkjdiofstbr, QlbLfofcbjb== (3), 32;-02.

Comri, HDA =;45Stmrr Cmrr8 M Cmsb Stuay kj Ekfmrclmbfofdy, Ubmakjd, Gmssmclusbtts.

Cframkj, O, Ermja Gkoobr, H, Efya Bmtfj, S, Gmjj, J, Lfot, SLM mja Spbtl, HA 5>>>^omjt-mjkgmo sueskstbjcb rmtkfjs mja gmcrfjutrkbjt bjbrdy bstkgmtkfj kj wfroawkablujtbr-dmtlbrbr akbts,Mgbrkcmj Hfurjmo f` Cokjkcmo Jutrktkfj4=, 03Gfekokty kj Rppbr ^mobfoktlkc mja Gbsfoktlkc Burfpb8 Bvkabjcb `rfg tlb ofwbr okge,Mgbrkcmj Hfurjmo f` ^lyskcmo Mjtlrfpfofdy=55, 5>>-=2.

Hmcfek, U =;4>0Sbttobgbjt mja Omja Rsb mt tlb Gbsfoktlkc-Jbfoktlkc Qrmjsktkfj kj SfutlbrjScmjakjmvkm, Hfurjmo f` Amjksl Mrclmbfofdy=1, 5>=-53.

Iuekmi-Gmrtbjs, O =;;;Qlb pomjt `ffa cfgpfjbjt f` tlb akbt mt tlb omtb Gbsfoktlkc (Brtbeoob) sbttobgbjt mtQyerkja Pkd, Abjgmri, Pbdbtmtkfj Lkstfry mjaMrclmbfeftmjy>5Jbw bvkabjcb `fr tlb usb f` rfft `ffas kj prb-mdrmrkmj sueskstbjcb rbcfvbrba `rfgtlb omtb Gbsfoktlkc sktb mt Lmossifv, Abjgmri, Pbdbtmtkfj Lkstfry mja Mrclmbfeftmjy==, 53-3=.

Obddb, MH mja Ufwoby-Cfjwy, ^M =;


13/14

=3

Obpf`siy, A mja Oyfjs, J 5>>3Gfabokjd mjckbjt pomjt usb fj tlb Jfrtlwbst Cfmst8 tfwmras mj ujabrstmjakjd f`gfekokty mja sbabjtksg, Hfurjmo f` Mrclmbfofdkcmo Sckbjcb3>, =324-4=.

Okastrg Lfogebrd, C 5>>1Smaaob qubrjs mja Dbjabrba Ayjmgkcs f` tlb Bmroy Jbfoktlkc kj Gka Cbjtrmo Swbabj.Kj8 L. Ijutssfj (Ba.).Mrrkvmo. Cfmst tf Cfmst =>. ^p. =;;-53=. Rppsmom.Mrtkcob fjokjb wktlfut rb`brbjcbs8lttp8//www.mribfofdk.uu.sb/prbsbjtmtkfj/smaaobVqubrjs.pa`

Ouptfj, A =;;0@ffa, tlb Efay mja tlb Sbo`, Ofjafj, Qlfusmja Fmis, Jbw Abolk.

Gmjjkjf, GM mja Qlfgms, IA 5>>5Abpobtkfj f` m rbsfurcb6 Qlb kgpmct f` prblkstfrkc lugmj `frmdkjd fj kjtbrtkamo

gfoousc cfggujktkbs mja kts skdjk`kcmjcb `fr lugmj sbttobgbjt, gfekokty mja akspbrsmo,Tfroa Mrclmbfofdy33 (3), 125-41.

Gmrslmoo, [ 5>>0Kjtrfauctkfj8 mafptkjd m sbabjtmry ok`bwmy, TfroaMrclmbfofdy3< (5), =23-03.

Gmsfj, SOU, Lmtlbr, HD mja Lkoogmj, DC =;;1^rbokgkjmry kjvbstkdmtkfj f` tlb pomjt gmcrf-rbgmkjs `rfg Afoj Pstfjkcb KK, mja ktskgpokcmtkfjs `fr tlb rfob f` pomjt `ffas kj ^mombfoktlkc mja Gbsfoktlkc Burfpb,Mjtkqukty0=

^omjt Rsb kj tlb Gbsfoktlkc8 Bvkabjcb `rfg Stmfsjmkd Ksob f` Cfofjsmy, Scftomja,Hfurjmof` Mrclmbfofdkcmo Sckbjcb5>0Hfgfj lft spft8 kjcrbmskjd sbabjtksg kj sfutl-wbstbrj Hmpmj kj tlb Kjckpkbjt Hfgfj(=1,>>> ;52> cmo. EC) mja Bmrokbst Hfgfj (;52> 23>> cmo. EC) pbrkfas, TfroaMrclmbfofdy3< (5), 53;-2 (5), 53=-4.

^rkcb, QA =;


14/14

=1

Ufwoby-Cfjwy, ^M =;;1Gbmt, @ur mja Sikjs8 Gbsfoktlkc Mjkgmo Efjbs `rfg Ukjdiofstbr, m Sbmsfjmo LujtkjdCmgp kj Hutomja. Hfurjmo f` Amjksl Mrclmbfofdy=5, 0Qlb rfob f` wkoa drmssbs kj sueskstbjcb mja sbabjtksg8 jbw bvkabjcb `rfg tlbjfrtlbrj @brtkob Crbscbjt, TfroaMrclmbfofdy3< (5), =4;-;0.

Sbmoy, HC mja vmj abr Gbrwb, JH =;.

Spbtl, HA =;;=^rftbkj sbobctkfj mja mvfkamjcb strmtbdkbs f` cfjtbgpfrmry mja mjcbstrmo frmdbrs8ujrbsfovba kssubs, ^lkofsfplkcmo Qrmjsmctkfjs f` tlb Ufymo Sfckbty Ofjafj E, 331,

502-4>.

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