Why buses are a very interesting application of … Jukka A...April 13 2016 ABB J Mäkinen, System level aspects of electric vehicles, Electric buses, Why buses are a very interesting

April 13 2016 ABB J Mäkinen, System level aspects of electric vehicles,Electric buses, Why buses are a very interesting application of electrification of transportation?

Why buses are a very interesting application of electrification of transportation?

transition has already started, targets are evident to improve quality of life by reducing emissions – air and noise

end-stop charging will become predominant

eBuses are attractive to electrification due to long term contracts and well known routes and loads

© ABB Group April 18, 2016 | Slide 1


ABB Domestic Sales 04/2016 J Mäkinen




ABB Group

Electrification of transportation

Fundamentals of eBus Charging

Why eBuses are attractive application?

Summary



ABB today

Power & Automation

Utilities Transport & InfrastructureIndustry

RenewablesGrid automation / digitalization

MicrogridsSmart upgrades

Electrification penetrationEnergy storage

ProductivityEnergy efficiency

Automation penetrationInternet of Things, Services

and PeoplePower quality / reliability

Emerging markets

UrbanizationData managementElectric transportEnergy efficiency

Power quality / reliabilityDecentralized power generation

Power & Automation “for the site”Power & Automation “for the grid”



ABB today


Where(Geographies) Globally

For whom(Customers)

Utilities Transport & InfrastructureIndustry

What(Offering)

Power & Automation

~ $36 bn revenue

~100countries

~135,000 employees HQ Zurich

Single “A” credit rating

AMEA1 37% Americas 30% Europe 33%

~35% of revenue ~45% of revenue ~20% of revenue

Power ~40% of revenue Automation ~60% of revenue


ABB in Finland


5,100employees

In R&D

1/5Formed in

1889Factories in Helsinki, Vaasa, Porvoo and Hamina

In revenue(2015)

billion2.2€

Of employees


ABB Group


“ABB is a global leader in power and automation technologies.

Potential growth sectors are renewableenergy and electric transportation ”


ABB scope - electroMobilization


Renewable energy power generation

Transmission network

Distribution network

SCADA for network management

Sub stations

Compact Secondary Substations

Distribution closures

Control boards and cabinets

Fast charging stations

Charging network management

Low voltage components

Solutions for Commercial Vehicles

Trams & trains drivetrains & wayside

eBus & hybrid commercial vehicle

drivetrains

Shore to ship power

Vessel drivetrains & microGrids


Shore To Ship Power


1212 > 2h = S2SP> 2h = S2SP

99 33

66

12 > 2h = S2SP

9 3

6


ABB Traction SolutionsIndividual components or complete traction system


Surge Arresters

TCMS

Circuit Breakers Low Voltage Components Battery Chargers

Traction Motors

Traction Transformers Traction Converters Auxiliary Converters

Wayside DC station


Grid/battery drive tram Nice



electric freight traffic Amsterdam & Rotterdam


http://freightinthecity.com/2015/08/heineken-netherlands-finding-success-with-large-electric-hgvs-for-city-centre-distrubution-in-rotterdam-and-amsterdam/

Ginaf - Mercedes-Benz and Hytruck - Volvo, range 150 km, 12 tonsLi-Ion 120kWh/700V battery pack charged with a 22kW, 400V/32A


electric traffic for distribution at Tampere


http://www.kauppalehti.fi/uutiset/sahkokuorma-auto-starttasi-tampereella/M7YbF27G

Emoss/DAF LF55, range 180 km, 16 tons

http://www.niinivirta.it/en/news/niinivirta-transport-is-eco-friendly-1.html


electric powered shuttle and straddle carriers


http://www.cargotec.com/en-global/newsroom/Releases/press-releases/Pages/kalmar-to-introduce-industry-first-fast-charging-solution-1970785-Wed-02-Dec-2015-15-00.aspx


electric powered shuttle and straddle carriers


http://www.cargotec.com/en-global/newsroom/Releases/press-releases/Pages/kalmar-to-introduce-industry-first-fast-charging-solution-1970785-Wed-02-Dec-2015-15-00.aspx


electric ferry


http://www.ship-technology.com/news/newsabb-to-power-brodrenes-seasight-ferry-in-norway-4745152

The system will integrate energy storage into modern marine power systems through its DC infrastructure and integrated power and energy management.This will transfer energy to the battery during charging while the diesel engines are running.The 40m-long ferry will operate between Flåm and Gudvangen along the Nærøyfjord in the west of Norway, covering a distance of about 32km.With a capacity to accommodate nearly 450 tourists, the vessel is scheduled to commence operations under the Fjords in May 2016. ABB's technology will enable the ferry to switch to battery power upon reaching fjord, thereby allowing sightseers to enjoy complete silence. Adoption of ABB's technology is expected to enable the vessel in reducing the CO2 emissions. Made of carbonfibre, the vessel runs on two 250kw el. motor (PM), and has a batterypack of 500 kWh.


electric aviation - Solar impulse


http://www.solarimpulse.com/


electroMobilization – commercial vehicles



Market drivers, challenges & opportunitiesMarket drivers, challenges & opportunities

• Sell clean ebusses

• Offer added value

• Contribute to green targets

Vehicle manufacturers have to meet strict emission

norms

Cities are facing air polution and

noise problems

Technologyis ready for mainsteam

market

• Reduce air polution

• Reduce particle emission

• Improve quality & image

• Proven electric drive components

• Li-ion battery price declines rapidly



electroMobility in the Future



Electrification of buses



Spyder web Geneve – Tram & Trolleybus power lines


Google street view picture,Overhead powerlines on a crossing of two tramlines and trolley bus


eBus charging solutions


Plug based charging AC or DC• Charging time 2-14 hours• Charging power 20-50 kW• AC on-board charge• DC off-board charging• Location depot or end-stop

Opportunity charging• Charging time 15 seconds• Charging power 400 kW/ 200 kW• Energy storage grid connect 50 kW• Automated on-board pantograph• Location each 3-4 stops

Opportunity end-stop charging• Charging time 6-8 minutes• Charging power 150/300/450 kW• Demands typically CSS• Inverted pantograph at station• approaching to Street Parity• Location on each end-stop



VTT Finland experiences, Samu Kukkonen, Research Scientist, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland presentation(pdf)



Method to analyse cost effectiveness of different charging systems for electric buses – Anders Grauers presentation(pdf)



Method to analyse cost effectiveness of different charging systems for electric buses – Anders Grauers presentation(pdf)


eBus battery and charging configurations


A B C


eBus plug based charging (A)


Battery size 200-350 kWh


eBus plug based charging 2011



eBus plug based charging 2011


• Bus operator: De Courcey

• Bus manufacturer: Optare

• Two 40kWh LiFePo4 batteries

• Charged with two CHAdeMO chargers

• 2 connectors

• AC on-board charge time of over 14 hrs

• 2 x 50 kW 75 minutes charge time

• 90 -120 km range


eBus opportunity based charging (C)


Battery size 40 - 60 kWh


eBus opportunity based charging



eBus opportunity based charging 2013



eBus opportunity based charging 2013


• Traction motors 2 x 120 kVA, 85 km/h (max)

• LTO (Lithium Titanate Li4Ti5O12) 38 kWh

• 400 kW 15 sec or 200 kW 2 min charge time

• 1-2 km distance between charging


eBus opportunity charging and work cycle


ABB review eBus TOSA 64-69 4-2013


eBus opportunity chargingManaging Scarcity of Energy - Optimization



eBus opportunity charging 15 sec/ 2-4 min/ 30-45 min


Each 3-4 stop has 15 sec charging and a local energy storageTerminal charging 2-4 minutes with lower charging powerDepot charging with a plug takes less than one hour


eBus opportunity based charging (clip)


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-Fg94A2Vko


eBus end-stop charging (B)



eBus end-stop charging


CompactSecondarySubstation

AC/DC converterpower module

Depot DC charging pole

Automated chargingstation

Inverted pantograph

Electric/hybridcity bus

400-850 V DC

400 V AC20 kV AC

400-850 V DC


eBus end-stop charging station



eBus end-stop charging rooftop charging rails


4-pole; plus, minus, ground, pilot


eBus end-stop charging – eBus characteritics


Energy consumpion 1.2-1.5 kWh/km (*Route (one way) 10 – 20 kmBattery size 60 - 80 kWhBattery est. life 10 years(* route elevation, stops, passenger volume,outside temp. and conditions


eBus end-stop charging process

Bus arrives at stop

Charging procedure

starts

Charging procedure

ends

Bus drives away

Wifi communication charger & bus

Driver indicates readiness

Pantograph comes down

PE & safety check (continuous)

Start of power flow

Busdriver sees charge progress

Busdriver indicates readiness

Pantograph goes up

Sensors check if pantograph is up

Busdriver receives signal

Busdriver drives away





eBus end-stop charging pantograph vs inverted


Inverted pantograph topology+ simplifies eBus – fleet price lower+ more compact for O&M+ makes electrification of other

vehicles much easier- charging network price

On-board pantograph topology+ simplifies charging stations –

charging ntw price lower- eBus’s more rigid chassis structure- more demanding for eBus O&M- -> eBus fleet price higher


eBus end-stop charging – depot night time charging


Depot charging base on charging cables and Combined Charging System (CCS) Combo-2 plug 20/50 kW charging


Market is ramping up: commercial roll out in 2016/2017Example project: Luxembourg MDDI

Luxembourgh 2016

• MDDI

• 1 pilot line operated by Sales-Lentz

• Volvo Electric Hybrid

• 2 x 150kW ACS – 2016

• 2 x 300kW ACS – 2017

• Intensive passenger operation

• Operational 2016



Lines<1 hour (<20km)

Battery in bus20..100 kWh(~15-80km)

Charge power150-300 kW

4-6 min.

eBus end-stop charging allows 24-7 operationTypical solution: eBus charges 4-6 minutes at route end-stops

< 20 kmEnd point 1

-300 kW-Automated connection-4-6 min. charging

End point 2

-300 kW-Automated connection-4-6 min. charging



A practical fast charging solution for e-bussesReliable, scalable, based on industry standards

Automated connection system

High power DC transfer to bus

Wireless communication to bus

Based on

EN/IEC 61851-23

ISO/IEC 15118

Industrial quality power cabinet 150kW, 300kW & 450 kW modular Redundancy per each 150kW module 400-850 VDC

Galvanic isolation Remote management

150 kW 150 kW 150 kW



Why eBuses are attractive application?



Routes and loads are well known


Analysis of city street map, bus routes and distribution grid may have an impact on end-stop charging station locationNEBI Gothenburg Sweden 1-2 Sept 2015 Susanna Hurtig,: Challenges and barriers and our role in the electrification of bus public transport


Reducing emissions particles, smell and noise


Emissions like ICE particles, smell and NOX | CO2 are locally zero, noise level amazing low, only regular dust from road and tyres


Improves usage of the energy system



Improves usage of the energy system


New CSS (CompactSecondary Substation) may be necessary ifsufficient power is notavailable for end-stop charging


Power curve


Each night demand is lower and more capacity is available for heavy electric vehicle charging, energy system’s usage can be more stabile

Source: Wärtsilä Powerbook ISBN 978-951-692-846-6 KL 38.41 Page 89/202


Helen Suvilahti 340 kWpeak


Each PV panel (270 W) demands 2,5 m2 when flushed on rooftop racks at 15 degrees, 1200 pcs. panels on DC side produce max 340 kW AC

https://www.helen.fi/uutiset/2015/aurinkovoiman-tuotanto-on-kaynnistynyt-helsingin-suvilahdessa/


V2G - Vehicle to Grid


While eBuses are at depot and plugged for charging Vehicle to Grid can be used for frequency and power balancing.


Reduces oil import dependence | eBus vs energy


‐ 0,12 M liters

0,4 Mrd liters

‐ 48,2 M liters

12 500 x 44l/100 km x 73 000 km = 401 500 000 l

<‐ 12 500 Bus on the road ‐> 1500 eBus

eBus (4) 0.00032%

ICE Bus

eBus 0,12%

ICE vehicles

2015 2030

0,35 Mrd liters

Based on Gaia reporton Finland’s buses

eBuses can have impact on fossil fuel consumption and with interoperativity with other heavy electric vehicles on slow hours impact is substantial

http://www.gaia.fi/files/984/Sahkoisen_liikenteen_dynaamiset_vaikutukset_-_loppuraportti_2015.pdf


Scenario: end-stop fast charging for all vehicles



Usage of the charging network can be optimized


interoperativity with otherheavy electric vehiclessuch as road maintenanceand delivery vehicles on slow hours improve usage% of the system


Cityscape planning to next level


In some cases cityscape planning can utilize streets for open air balconies as emissions and noise are eliminated


Cityscape planning to next level


In some cases cityscape planning can utilize streets for open air balconies as emissions and noise are eliminated


Why eBuses are attractive application? Routes and loads are well known - fixed - less variations Reducing emissions both – decibels and particles & smell User experience is superior – silent ride Improves usage of the energy system Reduces oil import dependence Usage of the charging network can be optimized Reduces heavy traffic on day time Puts more pressure to develop silent vehicles Vehicle to Grid at depot – supports energy system

Connects cityscape planning, DSO, Utilities, PTA, PTO, bus and charging infra mfg’s in a new way Challenges: standardization - public purchasing



Open industry standards are key to successIndustry is working on global & EU standardization


Automated connection system

High power DC transfer to bus

Wireless communication to bus

Based on

EN/IEC 61851-23

ISO/IEC 15118

Industrial quality power cabinet

150kW, 300kW & 450 kW modular

Redundancy per each 150kW module

400-850 VDC

Galvanic isolation

Remote management

StandardizationGoals

• Safety• Automotive quality

• Interoperability• Prevent technology lock-in

• Reduce cost• Attractive for end

customer

Passenger cars (2011)

CCS-2 connector

Electric buses (2015-2016)

Depot charging (CCS-2 connector)

and Automated Connection System with

pantograph

Supported by:

EU

EN/IEC 61851-23 ISO/IEC 15118 DIN70121


electroMobility business potential


Energy system

Grid infra, charging network, distributed power generation

Traffic systemCity scape planning, traffic infra, connect parking services, civil engineering, end‐stop charging

Industry (mfg)

Products for Vehicles, charging stations, grid and (unidentified)

Vehicle sales

eBus, commerical heavy vehicles, accessories, fleet service

Services (trad)Payment transactions, funding / leasing, power production ‐transmission and distribution of electricity, insurances, grid O&M and optimization

Services (unidentified)

Apps (fleet/end users), Charging ntw. booking, V2G/energy storage, demand response


Summary

electrification of heavy vehicles transforms 100 years oldICE based traffic into more sustainable traffic

end-stop charging will presumably be predominat choice

inverted pantograph on automated charging stations is morecost effective than roof-top pantograph on each vehicle

charging network must be open for other heavy vehicles for higher usage and TCO

eBus charging fits like a glove to electrification due to its wellknown routes that base on long term public transportationagreement between PTA - PTO for 7+3 years

Standardization of automated and plug based charging is necessary for compatibility Total Cost of Ownership

PTA = Public Transportation Authority (City)

PTO = Public Transportation Operator (Bus operator company)




transition has already started, targets are evident to improve quality of life by reducing emissions – air and noise

end-stop charging will become predominant

eBuses are attractive to electrification due to long term contracts and well known routes and loads


Documents

Why buses are a very interesting application of … Jukka A...April 13 2016 ABB J Mäkinen, System level aspects of electric vehicles, Electric buses, Why buses are a very interesting