Whole Life Costing in the United Kingdom

2006 Construction Cost 2006 Construction Cost Management International Management International

Conference Shenzhen ChinaConference Shenzhen China 1130th May 200630th May 2006

Whole Life Costing in the Whole Life Costing in the United KingdomUnited Kingdom

Michael Byng FRICS AAIQS ACIArb MPWIMichael Byng FRICS AAIQS ACIArb MPWIChairman Chairman

RICS Quantity Surveying & Construction RICS Quantity Surveying & Construction FacultyFaculty

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Conference Shenzhen ChinaConference Shenzhen China 22

英国的全生命成本计价英国的全生命成本计价

麦克麦克 ··彬彬英国皇家测量师协会工料测量及建筑部主席英国皇家测量师协会工料测量及建筑部主席

英国皇家测量师协会会员英国皇家测量师协会会员澳大利亚测量师协会会员澳大利亚测量师协会会员

英国注册仲裁协会会员英国注册仲裁协会会员英国铁路协会会员英国铁路协会会员

建筑成本管理国际研讨会建筑成本管理国际研讨会

中国深圳中国深圳2006.052006.05

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What is whole life cycle costing?What is whole life cycle costing?什么是全生命成本计价计价什么是全生命成本计价计价 ??

• ““ ……..a tool to assist in assessing the cost performance of a tool to assist in assessing the cost performance of construction work, aimed at facilitating choices where there construction work, aimed at facilitating choices where there are alternative means of achieving the client’s objectives are alternative means of achieving the client’s objectives and where those alternatives differ, not only in their initial and where those alternatives differ, not only in their initial cocostst but also in the subsequent operational costs” but also in the subsequent operational costs”

– Definition from the emerging ISP Standard 15686 on service life planningDefinition from the emerging ISP Standard 15686 on service life planning

“ “(( 全生命成本计价全生命成本计价 )) 是一个协助评估建筑工程成本表现的工具。旨在是一个协助评估建筑工程成本表现的工具。旨在对达到业主目的的多种不同质的可选择手段提供一个便利比选的方法。对达到业主目的的多种不同质的可选择手段提供一个便利比选的方法。其不仅考虑建设期的成本，而且要考虑建成投产后运营使用的成其不仅考虑建设期的成本，而且要考虑建成投产后运营使用的成本。”本。”

-- 摘自摘自《《 the emerging ISP Standard 15686 on service life planningthe emerging ISP Standard 15686 on service life planning 》》

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Why - whole life cycle costing? (1)Why - whole life cycle costing? (1)为什么要全生命成本计价为什么要全生命成本计价 ??

““ Increasingly, clients are taking the view that Increasingly, clients are taking the view that construction should be designed and costed as a construction should be designed and costed as a total package, including costs in use and final total package, including costs in use and final decommissioning”decommissioning”

– Construction Task Force Report - “Rethinking Construction”Construction Task Force Report - “Rethinking Construction”

“ “ 越来越多地，业主接受这样的观念越来越多地，业主接受这样的观念——建筑应该作为一个建筑应该作为一个完整生命体，即包括使用期的成本和最后拆除的费用完整生命体，即包括使用期的成本和最后拆除的费用——去去设计和核算成本。”设计和核算成本。”

-- 摘自摘自《《 Construction Task Force Report Construction Task Force Report 》》之“建筑业的再思考”之“建筑业的再思考”

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Why - whole life cycle costing? (2)Why - whole life cycle costing? (2)为什么要全生命成本计价为什么要全生命成本计价 ??

• In the UK and elsewhere in the European Union, public authorities are turning to Private Finance In the UK and elsewhere in the European Union, public authorities are turning to Private Finance Initiative (PFI) or Public Private Partnership (PPP) routes to deliver new building and infrastructure Initiative (PFI) or Public Private Partnership (PPP) routes to deliver new building and infrastructure programmes and associated services.programmes and associated services.

在英国和其它欧盟国家，政府正在转向采用民营资本先投入（在英国和其它欧盟国家，政府正在转向采用民营资本先投入（ PFIPFI ）或政府民营合作伙伴（）或政府民营合作伙伴（ PPPPPP ）的途径去提供新）的途径去提供新的公共建筑、基础设施和其它服务。的公共建筑、基础设施和其它服务。

• Elsewhere in developing countries, where these is insufficient revenue from current taxation, Elsewhere in developing countries, where these is insufficient revenue from current taxation, governments seek to make use of PFI and PPP methods to deliver projects on a deferred payment governments seek to make use of PFI and PPP methods to deliver projects on a deferred payment basis.basis.

在其它发展中国家，由于其当前的税务体制下的财政收入不足，政府寻求运用在其它发展中国家，由于其当前的税务体制下的财政收入不足，政府寻求运用 PFIPFI 和和 PPPPPP 的方式分期付款地去兴建的方式分期付款地去兴建项目。项目。

• In these areas, PFI/PPP techniques are being applied to health, education, security and road and rail In these areas, PFI/PPP techniques are being applied to health, education, security and road and rail transportation programmes.transportation programmes.

在这些地区，在这些地区， PFIPFI 和和 PPPPPP 策略被广泛运用于卫生、教育、安全、道路及铁路交通等发展计划。策略被广泛运用于卫生、教育、安全、道路及铁路交通等发展计划。

• The key factors in making the award of these contracts are the operational cost of running the The key factors in making the award of these contracts are the operational cost of running the facilities, the condition of the asset on termination and the operating agreement and/or the cost of facilities, the condition of the asset on termination and the operating agreement and/or the cost of decommissioning or disposal.decommissioning or disposal.

应用应用 PFIPFI 和和 PPPPPP 协议的关键因素是：设备运行成本、资产最终状况、操作协议、拆除和废物处置成本。协议的关键因素是：设备运行成本、资产最终状况、操作协议、拆除和废物处置成本。

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What are the benefits to clients?What are the benefits to clients?什么是业主的好处什么是业主的好处 ??• WLCCWLCC 全生命成本计价全生命成本计价

– Encourages the bidder to analyse the client’s business needs by the bidder who communicates Encourages the bidder to analyse the client’s business needs by the bidder who communicates them to his project team.them to his project team.

通过投标人与业主项目组的沟通通过投标人与业主项目组的沟通 ,, 鼓励投标人分析业主的需求。鼓励投标人分析业主的需求。– Evaluates the alternative cost of ownership (construction, purchase or renting) over the whole Evaluates the alternative cost of ownership (construction, purchase or renting) over the whole

life of the asset (s).life of the asset (s). 对各种可选择的资产权属关系（兴建、购买或租赁），评估其全生命成本。对各种可选择的资产权属关系（兴建、购买或租赁），评估其全生命成本。– Optimises the total cost of ownership by balancing initial capital and running costs.Optimises the total cost of ownership by balancing initial capital and running costs. 通过比较初期投入资本和后期运行费用，对相应权属关系的总成本进行优化。通过比较初期投入资本和后期运行费用，对相应权属关系的总成本进行优化。– Analyses the risks and costs of functional performance due to failure of maintenance.Analyses the risks and costs of functional performance due to failure of maintenance. 分析由于维护不当引起的功能损失的风险和成本。分析由于维护不当引起的功能损失的风险和成本。– Promotes realistic budgeting for operation maintenance and repairs.Promotes realistic budgeting for operation maintenance and repairs. 为运行期的维护和修理提出切实可行的预算。为运行期的维护和修理提出切实可行的预算。– Encourages discussion and recording of decisions about durability of materials and Encourages discussion and recording of decisions about durability of materials and

components at the components at the outsetoutset of the project. of the project.- - 鼓励讨论并记录在项目开始时对材料和构件的耐久性所作的决定。鼓励讨论并记录在项目开始时对材料和构件的耐久性所作的决定。– Provide a “Value for Money” approach to project solutions.Provide a “Value for Money” approach to project solutions. 对项目的解决方案提供“经济合理性”评价对项目的解决方案提供“经济合理性”评价– Provides data on actual performance and operation compared with predictions as a benchmark Provides data on actual performance and operation compared with predictions as a benchmark

for future projects.for future projects. 提供实际使用表现的数据与预期指标相对比提供实际使用表现的数据与预期指标相对比 , , 并以此数据作为未来项目发展的依据。并以此数据作为未来项目发展的依据。

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Culture changes required to Culture changes required to realise the benefitsrealise the benefits认识业主利益要求相应的文化改变认识业主利益要求相应的文化改变• Make WLCC part of the procurement brief.Make WLCC part of the procurement brief. 把全生命成本计价作为采办策略大纲的一部分。把全生命成本计价作为采办策略大纲的一部分。• Spend more time earlier in the project, with designers and constructors to Spend more time earlier in the project, with designers and constructors to

review data and agree results.review data and agree results. 在项目的早期，多花点时间与设计师和承建商分析数据和商量结果。在项目的早期，多花点时间与设计师和承建商分析数据和商量结果。• Ensure that the results are presented with an indication of the sensitivity of Ensure that the results are presented with an indication of the sensitivity of

variables.variables. 确信这些结果表现了可变因素的敏感性指征。确信这些结果表现了可变因素的敏感性指征。• Log decisions on durability are available for feedback on events during Log decisions on durability are available for feedback on events during

operation. operation. 耐久性的决定日志可供运行过程中回顾。耐久性的决定日志可供运行过程中回顾。• Ensure that procurement decisions are linked to Health & Safety file and to Ensure that procurement decisions are linked to Health & Safety file and to

operating and maintenance documents at handover from the acquisition to the operating and maintenance documents at handover from the acquisition to the use and maintenance stages.use and maintenance stages.

保证采办方式的确定从取得到使用直至维护阶段保证采办方式的确定从取得到使用直至维护阶段 ,, 都符合都符合””健康与及安全守则健康与及安全守则””和竣工移交后和竣工移交后的的””运行与维护指引运行与维护指引””。。

• To concludeTo conclude: : – Make WLCC as a decision making tool in procurementMake WLCC as a decision making tool in procurement 。。结论：以全生命成本计价作为采办方式决策的工具。结论：以全生命成本计价作为采办方式决策的工具。

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WLCC – when?WLCC – when?何时考虑全生命成本计价？何时考虑全生命成本计价？

• To be effective, WLCC must be applied at the all phases of construction.To be effective, WLCC must be applied at the all phases of construction.

– During the initial appraisal and the decision to purchase or lease.During the initial appraisal and the decision to purchase or lease.– Feasibility assessment of alternative construction solutions; these include replace and/or Feasibility assessment of alternative construction solutions; these include replace and/or

maintenance over the life of the asset.maintenance over the life of the asset.– In outline designIn outline design– During the choice of components in detailed design.During the choice of components in detailed design.– In bid appraisalIn bid appraisal– Assessment of proposed construction change orders.Assessment of proposed construction change orders.– Effectiveness of construction on occupancy evaluationEffectiveness of construction on occupancy evaluation 。。

为达到目的，全生命成本计价理论须运用于建设全过程的各个阶段：为达到目的，全生命成本计价理论须运用于建设全过程的各个阶段：

- 在前期评估和决定购买或租赁时；在前期评估和决定购买或租赁时；- 在选择建设方法的可行性评估时，包括资产整个生命期间的重置和在选择建设方法的可行性评估时，包括资产整个生命期间的重置和 //或维护；或维护；- 在概念设计时；在概念设计时；- 在详细设计阶段选择设备部件时；在详细设计阶段选择设备部件时；- 在评标时；在评标时；- 在评价建议的施工变更指令时；在评价建议的施工变更指令时；- 在使用阶段评估建筑物的效应。在使用阶段评估建筑物的效应。

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Phases in Construction lifePhases in Construction life

建筑生命期的划分建筑生命期的划分 • Based on draft ISO15686 – 5Based on draft ISO15686 – 5

根据草案根据草案 ISO15686-5ISO15686-5

Acquisition获得

Use and Maintenance

使用及维护

Disposal废物处理

Renewal and Adaption翻新和接受

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Acquisition – Costs to considerAcquisition – Costs to consider获得获得 -- 应考虑的费用应考虑的费用

• By constructionBy construction 建设建设– Site costs; purchase, clearance and preparationSite costs; purchase, clearance and preparation 土地购买、清理土地购买、清理

和准备和准备– DesignDesign 设计设计– ConstructionConstruction 施工施工– Commissioning/handoverCommissioning/handover 移交移交– Transaction costs – feesTransaction costs – fees 转让费转让费– In-house administration and costsIn-house administration and costs 内部行政管理和费用内部行政管理和费用

• By purchase/rentingBy purchase/renting 购买购买 //租赁租赁– Purchase pricePurchase price 购买价格购买价格– Cost of purchase/adaptationCost of purchase/adaptation 购买购买 // 改造的费用改造的费用– Transaction costs – feesTransaction costs – fees 转让成本转让成本 //相关费用相关费用– In-house administration and costsIn-house administration and costs 内部行政管理和费用内部行政管理和费用

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Use and Maintenance – Costs and Use and Maintenance – Costs and incomeincome使用与维护使用与维护 -- 成本和收入成本和收入• CostsCosts 成本成本

– Management costs; Management costs; cleaning, energy utilities, cleaning, energy utilities, janatorial services, land janatorial services, land and grounds including and grounds including landscapinglandscaping

管理费用，包括清洁、能源、管理费用，包括清洁、能源、设备、服务、景观设备、服务、景观

– Maintenance; Maintenance; commissioning or fitting commissioning or fitting outout

维护，佣金和装修维护，佣金和装修– Repairs and renewals Repairs and renewals

“churn costs”“churn costs” 维修和翻新各种费用维修和翻新各种费用

• IncomeIncome 收入收入– Receipts of ownership Receipts of ownership

of the assetof the asset

资产权益收入资产权益收入– Rents from surplus Rents from surplus

space (less any loss of space (less any loss of income during interim income during interim refurbishment or failure refurbishment or failure of facilities)of facilities)

富余空间出租收入（减去富余空间出租收入（减去室内装修或设备故障期租金室内装修或设备故障期租金损失）损失）

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Disposal – Costs and incomeDisposal – Costs and income废物处理废物处理 -- 支出和收入支出和收入

• CostsCosts支出支出

– Disposal including Disposal including demolition,demolition,

废物处理，包括拆除废物处理，包括拆除 – Obligation under Obligation under

repairing obligation repairing obligation under leasesunder leases 修复义务和修复义务和租赁责任租赁责任

– Site clean up, Site clean up, decontaminationdecontamination 场地的场地的清理；污染物的清除清理；污染物的清除

– Costs of saleCosts of sale 销售费用销售费用

• IncomeIncome 收入收入

– Sale of interest in asset.Sale of interest in asset.

资产权益的出售资产权益的出售– Sale of materials for Sale of materials for

recyclingrecycling

可回收使用材料的出售可回收使用材料的出售

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Why consider these costs and with Why consider these costs and with whom?whom?为什么考虑这些费用及由谁来考虑？为什么考虑这些费用及由谁来考虑？• In the UK, the Construction Client’s Form said:-In the UK, the Construction Client’s Form said:-

– ““(we) want whole life (cycle) costs to be appraised and (we) want whole life (cycle) costs to be appraised and the supply chain to commit themselves to build on time, the supply chain to commit themselves to build on time, budget and quality and provide genuine value for money budget and quality and provide genuine value for money throughout the life of the construction” throughout the life of the construction”

Constructing Improvement – The Client’s Pact with the Constructing Improvement – The Client’s Pact with the IndustryIndustry

在英国，建筑业的业主说：在英国，建筑业的业主说： - “- “ （我们）希望（建筑物）整个生命周期的成本被评估，（我们）希望（建筑物）整个生命周期的成本被评估，

供应链能履行诚诺按约定工期、预算、质量将项目完成，供应链能履行诚诺按约定工期、预算、质量将项目完成，提供能贯穿建筑物终生的真正物有所值的产品。提供能贯穿建筑物终生的真正物有所值的产品。

建筑业的成就建筑业的成就——业主与行业公约业主与行业公约

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WLCC – Key decisions (1)WLCC – Key decisions (1)全生命成本计价全生命成本计价——关键决定关键决定• Client involvement in the process – Setting the whole life spanClient involvement in the process – Setting the whole life span 业主全程参与业主全程参与 -- 设定建筑物的寿命设定建筑物的寿命

– To agree the decision on the required life span of the asset.To agree the decision on the required life span of the asset. 同意关于建筑所要求寿命的决定同意关于建筑所要求寿命的决定– The balance required between capital and running costs.The balance required between capital and running costs. 建设成本与运营成本间的平衡建设成本与运营成本间的平衡– The maintenance strategy; planned or reactive?The maintenance strategy; planned or reactive? 保养维护的策略保养维护的策略——预先计划或随机应变？预先计划或随机应变？– Fall back plans to mitigate the effects of premature failure of components or loss of Fall back plans to mitigate the effects of premature failure of components or loss of

functionalityfunctionality 缓和构件潜在失效或功能丧失的影响的补救计划。缓和构件潜在失效或功能丧失的影响的补救计划。

““Client’s should seek to evaluate all tenders on the basis of quality, likely cost-in-us Client’s should seek to evaluate all tenders on the basis of quality, likely cost-in-us and known past performance as well as (bid) price”and known past performance as well as (bid) price”

Sir Michael Latham’s report – “Constructing the Team”Sir Michael Latham’s report – “Constructing the Team”””业主应在比较投标报价的同时，设法在质量、使用期可能发生的成本和过往表现等方面上评价业主应在比较投标报价的同时，设法在质量、使用期可能发生的成本和过往表现等方面上评价

各个标书。“各个标书。“ 迈克迈克 .. 雷森爵士的报告雷森爵士的报告—”—”缔造队伍缔造队伍””

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WLCC – Key decisions (2)WLCC – Key decisions (2)全生命成本计价全生命成本计价——关键决定关键决定• Project team involvement in the process – Setting the cost parameters.Project team involvement in the process – Setting the cost parameters. 项目组全程参与项目组全程参与——设定成本核算的参数设定成本核算的参数 ..

• Considering relationship between capital and operating costs.Considering relationship between capital and operating costs. 考虑投资成本与运营费用之间的关系。考虑投资成本与运营费用之间的关系。

• Setting realistic levels of costs and receipts.Setting realistic levels of costs and receipts. 设定成本和收益的实际水平。设定成本和收益的实际水平。• Reviewing allowances to be made future inflation.Reviewing allowances to be made future inflation. 检讨未来通货膨胀的幅度。检讨未来通货膨胀的幅度。• Agreeing discount rates to calculate NPV (Net Present Value); Agreeing discount rates to calculate NPV (Net Present Value); NB in publicly procured schemes this NB in publicly procured schemes this

rate is set by the Treasury.rate is set by the Treasury. 商定计算净现值的折算率。商定计算净现值的折算率。注意：在公共生产部门这个比率由英国财政部厘定。注意：在公共生产部门这个比率由英国财政部厘定。

“ “Members seek objective value based sourcing throughout the supply chain by establishing and implementing selection Members seek objective value based sourcing throughout the supply chain by establishing and implementing selection criteria designed with business objectives and understood by suppliers”criteria designed with business objectives and understood by suppliers”

Construction Round Table – Agenda for ChangeConstruction Round Table – Agenda for Change

通过供应连，让项目组建立，执行和理解设定的商业目标，以达到业主寻求的目标和价值。通过供应连，让项目组建立，执行和理解设定的商业目标，以达到业主寻求的目标和价值。

班班

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A step by step project appraisal guide A step by step project appraisal guide (1) – Initial Investment Appraisal(1) – Initial Investment Appraisal项目评估分步指引项目评估分步指引——初期投资评估初期投资评估• Criteria to review – Criteria to review –

– The need to define functional The need to define functional requirements.requirements.

– Consideration of alternative forms Consideration of alternative forms of constructionof construction

– Buy or build or repair or adaptation Buy or build or repair or adaptation of existing assets.of existing assets.

– Review client’s priorities to achieve Review client’s priorities to achieve the required rate of return on the required rate of return on capital investment.capital investment.

– Length of design life or in the case Length of design life or in the case of PFI/PPP, the length of the of PFI/PPP, the length of the concessionconcession

检查的准则检查的准则 -- - - 功能性要求的定义功能性要求的定义 - - 建筑形式的选择建筑形式的选择 - - 购买、兴建、修复或改造使用现成的建筑购买、兴建、修复或改造使用现成的建筑 - - 检讨达到要求资产回报率关键要点检讨达到要求资产回报率关键要点 - - 设计寿命，或在设计寿命，或在 PFI/PPPPFI/PPP 情况下协议情况下协议商定的建筑寿命商定的建筑寿命

• Assumptions required to satisfy these criteria Assumptions required to satisfy these criteria 满足检查准则的假定；满足检查准则的假定；• Performance requirements for the completed Performance requirements for the completed

projects.projects. 项目表现要求；项目表现要求；• Timing of cost and income flows and period Timing of cost and income flows and period

between review or re-appraisalbetween review or re-appraisal 成本的时效性成本的时效性、、收入流及回顾收入流及回顾与与再评估的时间间隔；再评估的时间间隔；• Programme of major component repair or Programme of major component repair or

replacement during the project life.replacement during the project life. 在项目生命期内，主要部件修复在项目生命期内，主要部件修复或或置换的计划；置换的计划；• Cost of alternative fuels.Cost of alternative fuels. 使用不同燃料的成本。使用不同燃料的成本。

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A step by step project appraisal guide A step by step project appraisal guide (2) – Design and construction appraisal(2) – Design and construction appraisal项目评估分步指引项目评估分步指引— — 设计与建造评估设计与建造评估• Prepare WLCC plan; develop and refine with design development. Prepare WLCC plan; develop and refine with design development. 准备全生命成本计价计划，并随设计发展逐步优化准备全生命成本计价计划，并随设计发展逐步优化 ..• Involve the supply chain in all decisions; contractors, suppliers and Involve the supply chain in all decisions; contractors, suppliers and

manufacturers.manufacturers. 将供应链考虑在内将供应链考虑在内 : : 承建商承建商 , , 供货商和工厂供货商和工厂 ..• Define components requiring long life and those for which a short life is Define components requiring long life and those for which a short life is

required.required. 定义要求长期使用和短期使用的构件。定义要求长期使用和短期使用的构件。• Include WLLC criteria in construction procurement documents.Include WLLC criteria in construction procurement documents. 将全生命成本计价评价准则包括在采办大纲文件中。将全生命成本计价评价准则包括在采办大纲文件中。AndAnd

• Develop WLCC with the design and the overall investment plan, gradually Develop WLCC with the design and the overall investment plan, gradually replacing historic data with accurately predicted costs.replacing historic data with accurately predicted costs.

配合设计进展和总体投资计划配合设计进展和总体投资计划 ,, 逐步用准确的预测成本取代全生命成本计价的历史数据。逐步用准确的预测成本取代全生命成本计价的历史数据。

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A step by step project appraisal guide A step by step project appraisal guide (3) – Completion and post-occupation (3) – Completion and post-occupation appraisalappraisal项目评估分步指引项目评估分步指引——竣工和使用评估竣工和使用评估• Develop the WLCC plan to include: -Develop the WLCC plan to include: -

– Durability informationDurability information– Reconciliation of maintenance profile with asset design life.Reconciliation of maintenance profile with asset design life.– Anticipated whole life costs of components and services.Anticipated whole life costs of components and services.

修订全生命成本计划修订全生命成本计划 ,, 包括包括 :: - - 耐久性资料耐久性资料 - - 按建筑设计寿命调整维护指引按建筑设计寿命调整维护指引 - - 预测构件及设备的全生命成本预测构件及设备的全生命成本

• Monitor the performance and cost of the completed construction to highlight: -Monitor the performance and cost of the completed construction to highlight: -– Variations from cost predictionsVariations from cost predictions– Effects of the variations on operating and maintenance plans.Effects of the variations on operating and maintenance plans.– Increases in the cots of major periodic replacement of major repair of assets.Increases in the cots of major periodic replacement of major repair of assets.– Over-cautious of optimistic durability or cost estimates.Over-cautious of optimistic durability or cost estimates.

监测已交工项目的表现和成本监测已交工项目的表现和成本 ,, 着重着重 :: - - 在成本预测范围内的变更在成本预测范围内的变更 - - 变更对营运和维护计划的影响变更对营运和维护计划的影响 - - 建筑主要维修和更换费用的提高建筑主要维修和更换费用的提高 - - 特别留意耐久性的估计和成本的估算特别留意耐久性的估计和成本的估算

• For major refurbishment works, assess:- For major refurbishment works, assess:- – Residual service life of retained assets.Residual service life of retained assets.– Remaining service life of assets andRemaining service life of assets and– Validity of original design life when set against achieved service lives.Validity of original design life when set against achieved service lives.

对大型翻新工程对大型翻新工程 ,, 评估评估 ;; - - 被保留建筑的剩余使用寿命被保留建筑的剩余使用寿命 - - 保留设备的可使用寿命保留设备的可使用寿命 ,, 和和 - - 当达到设备服务期时，原设计寿命的有效性当达到设备服务期时，原设计寿命的有效性

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A step by step project appraisal guide A step by step project appraisal guide (4) – Disposal appraisal(4) – Disposal appraisal项目评估分步指引项目评估分步指引——废物处理评估废物处理评估• The end of service life:-The end of service life:-

– As planned, sale or demolition; As planned, sale or demolition; NB in PFI/PPP projects there are NB in PFI/PPP projects there are contractual obligation to transfer the assets in a pre-agreed contractual obligation to transfer the assets in a pre-agreed condition.condition.

– Early obsolescence not predicted or brought about by Early obsolescence not predicted or brought about by unforeseen circumstances.unforeseen circumstances.

– Unforeseen opportunities; early sale delivering benefits in place Unforeseen opportunities; early sale delivering benefits in place of the cost of demolition and environmental refurbishmentof the cost of demolition and environmental refurbishment

服务期的结束服务期的结束 :: - - 按计划按计划 ,, 出售或拆除出售或拆除 .. 注意注意 :: 在在 PFI/PPPPFI/PPP 项目中有按预定条件让项目中有按预定条件让度资产的合约义务度资产的合约义务 ..

- - 没有预测的提早退化没有预测的提早退化 .. - - 没有预测的机会没有预测的机会 :: 提早出售带来的衍生收益多于拆除和提早出售带来的衍生收益多于拆除和恢复环境的开支恢复环境的开支 ..

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WLCC – Use in the UKWLCC – Use in the UK全生命成本计价在英国的应用全生命成本计价在英国的应用

• BRE/DETR survey 1998 found that:-BRE/DETR survey 1998 found that:-““Despite the recognised benefits, whole life costing is Despite the recognised benefits, whole life costing is

currently only used by 25% of construction clients”currently only used by 25% of construction clients” 19981998 年年 BRE/DETRBRE/DETR调查发现调查发现— “— “尽管已认识到好处尽管已认识到好处 , , 全生全生

命成本计价理论仅被命成本计价理论仅被 25%25% 的建筑业业主所应用的建筑业业主所应用 .”.”• Since then, due to the ever increasing influence of Since then, due to the ever increasing influence of

public sector procurement by PFI/PPP means, the public sector procurement by PFI/PPP means, the use of WLCC is applied to all publicly procured use of WLCC is applied to all publicly procured projects of over £10 million (sterling) in value and to projects of over £10 million (sterling) in value and to all PFI/PPP projects.all PFI/PPP projects.

自始自始 ,, 由于政府部门由于政府部门 PFI/PPPPFI/PPP 采办方式的影响日益提高采办方式的影响日益提高 , , 全全生命成本计价理论已广泛应用于造价超过生命成本计价理论已广泛应用于造价超过 ££10m10m 的各种公益的各种公益项目和全部的项目和全部的 PFI/PPPPFI/PPP 项目中项目中 ..


Conference Shenzhen ChinaConference Shenzhen China 212130th May 200630th May 2006

Whole Life Costing in the Whole Life Costing in the United KingdomUnited Kingdom

Michael Byng Michael Byng FRICS AAIQS ACIArb MPWIFRICS AAIQS ACIArb MPWI

ChairmanChairmanRICS Quantity Surveying & Construction RICS Quantity Surveying & Construction

FacultyFacultyThank you, questions pleaseThank you, questions please

[email protected]@michaelbyng.com

Documents

Whole Life Costing in the United Kingdom