White Shark Status Review References

Adams PB, Grimes CB, Hightower JE, Lindley ST, Moser ML, Parsley MJ. 2007. Population status of North American green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 79:339-356.

Ainley DG, Henderson RP, Huber HR, Boekelheide RJ, Allen SG, McElroy TL. 1985. Dynamics of White Shark/Pinniped Interactions in the Gulf of the Farallones Sibley G, Seigel JA, Swift CC, editors. Biology of the White Shark, a Symposium. 9:109–122.

Anderson SD, Chapple TK, Jorgensen SJ, Klimley AP, Block BA. 2011. Long-term individual identification and site fidelity of white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, off California using dorsal fins. Marine Biology. 158:1233–1237.

Anderson SD, Pyle P. A. 2003. Temporal, Sex-Specific Occurrence Pattern Among White Sharks At the South Farallon Islands, California. California Fish and Game. 89(2):96–101.

Barreira A. 2007. The protection of sharks: A legal and policy analysis. Prepared for Oceana by Instituto Internacional de Derecho y Medio Ambiente. 1–69.Ŧ

Bartholomew GA, Boolootian RA. 1960. Numbers and Population Structure of the Pinnipeds on the California Channel Islands. Journal of Mammalogy. 41(3):366–375.

Bograd SJ, Castro CG, Di Lorenzo E, Palacios DM, Bailey H, Gilly W, Chavez FP. 2008. Oxygen declines and the shoaling of the hypoxic boundary in the California Current. Geophysical Research Letters. 35(L12607):1–6.

Bonfil R. 1994. Overview of world elasmobranch fisheries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 341.

Boustany AM, Davis SF, Pyle P, Anderson SD, Le Boeuf BJ, Block BA. 2002. Expanded niche for white sharks. Nature. 415:35–36.

Bruce BD, Bradford RW. 2012. Habitat Use and Spatial Dynamics of Juvenile White Sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, in Eastern Australia. In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; pp. 225–255.

Bruce BD, Stevens JD, Malcolm H. 2006. Movements and swimming behavior of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in Australian waters. Marine Biology. 150:161–172.

Brunnschweiler JM, Nielsen F, Motta P. 2011. In situ observation of stomach eversion in a line-caught Shortfin Mako (Isurus oxyrinchus). Fisheries Research. 109:212–216.

Cailliet GM, Natanson LJ, Welden B, Ebert D. 1985. Preliminary Studies on the Age and Growth of the White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias, Using Vertebral Bands Sibley G, Seigel JA, Swift CC, editors. Biology of the White Shark, a Symposium. 9:49–60.

Carlisle AB, Kim SL, Semmens BX, Madigan DH, Jorgensen SJ, Perle CR, Anderson SD, Chapple TK, Kanive PE, Block BA. 2012. Using Stable Isotope Analysis to Understand the Migration and Trophic Ecology of Northeastern Pacific White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias). PLoS ONE. 7(2):1–15.

Carretta JV, Forney KA, Oleson E, Martien K, Muto MM, Lowry MS, Barlow J, Baker J, Hanson B, Lynch D, Carswell L, Brownell Jr. RL, Robbins J, Mattila DK, Ralls K, Hill MC. 2011. U.S. Pacific Marine Mammal Stock Assessments. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; p. 360.

Cartamil D, Santana-Morales O, Escobedo-Olvera MA, Kacev D, Castillo-Geniz L, Graham JB, Rubin RD, Sosa-Nishizaki O. 2011. The artisanal elasmobranch fishery of the Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico. Fisheries Research. 108:393–403.

Cass VL. 1985. Exploitation of California Sea Lions, Zalophus californianus, Prior to 1972. Marine Fisheries Review. 47(1):36–38.

Castro JI. 2012. A Summary of Observations on the Maximum Size Attained by the White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias. In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 85–90.

CDFW. 2013. White Seabass Fishery Management Plan 2011-2012 Annual Review. California Department of Fish and Wildlife Marine Region Report to the Fish and Game Commission. 13 pages. Available from: https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=75303&inline=true

Chapple TK, Jorgensen SJ, Anderson SD, Kanive PE, Klimely AP, Botsford LW, Block BA. 2011. A first estimate of white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, abundance off Central California. Biology Letters [Internet]. Available from: rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org

CITES. 2004. CoP13 Prop. 32: Inclusion of Carcharodon carcharias in Appendix II with a zero annual export quota. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, Thirteenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties.

Compagno LJV. 2001. Family Lamnidae. In: Compagno LJV, editor. Sharks of the world: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2. Bullhead, mackerel, and carpet sharks (Heterodontformes, Lamniformes, and Orectolobiformes). Vol. 2. FAO Species Catalouge for Fishery Purposes; pp. 96–107.

Compagno LJV, Marks MA, Fergusson IK. 1997. Threatened fishes of the world: Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lamnidae). Environmental Biology of Fishes. 50:61–62.

Cope JM, Piner KP, Minte-Vera CV, Punt AE. 2004. Status and future prospects for cabezon (Scorpaenichthys marmoratus) as assessed in 2003. Pacific Fishery Management Council, Portland, OR.

COSEWIC. 2006. COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the White Shark Carcharodon carcharias (Atlantic and Pacific populations) in Canada. Ottawa: Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada; p. 38.

Curtis TH, Bruce BD, Cliff G, Dudley SFJ, Klimley AP, Kock AA, Lea RN, Lowe CG, McCosker JE, Skomal GB. 2006. Responding to the Risk of White Shark Attack Updated Statistics, Prevention, Control Methods, and Recommendations. In: Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. ; pp. 477–510.

Dewar, H., T. Eguchi, J. Hyde, D. Kinzey, S. Kohin, J. Moore, B. L. Taylor, and R. Vetter. 2013. Status review of the northeastern Pacific population of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) under the Endangered Species Act. Prepared by the NMFS Southwest Fisheries Science Center. La Jolla, CA.

Dicken ML. 2008. First observations of young of the year and juvenile great white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) scavenging from a whale carcass. Marine and Freshwater Research. 59:596–602.

DOF. 2002. Normal Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-ECOL-2001, Protección ambiental–Especies nativas de México de flora y fauna silvestres–Categorías de riesgo y especificaciones para su inclusión, exclusión ocambio–Lista de especies en riesgo. SEMARNAT, Diario Oficial de la Federación, 6 de marzo de 2002, segunda sección.

DOF. 2007. Normal Oficial Mexicana NOM-029-PESC-2006, Pesca responsable de tiburones y rayas: Especificaciones para su aprovechamiento. SAGARPA. Diario Oficial de la Federación, 14 de febrero de 2007, primera sección.

DOF. 2014. ACUERDO por el que se establece veda permanente para la pesca de tiburón blanco (Carcharodon carcharias) en aguas de jurisdicción federal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. SAGARPA. Diario Oficial de la Federación, 27 de enero 2014, primera sección.

Domeier ML. 2012a. A New Life-History Hypothesis for White Sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, in the Northeastern Pacific. In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; pp. 199–224.

Domeier ML. 2012b. How Many White Sharks are Swimming in the Northeast Pacific? Marine CSI [Internet]. Available from: http://www.marinecsi.org/news-events/ Ŧ

Domeier ML, Nasby-Lucas N. 2008. Migration patterns of white sharks Carcharodon carcharias tagged at Guadalupe Island, Mexico, and identification of an eastern pacific shared offshore foraging area. Marine Ecology Progressive Series. 370:221–237.

Domeier ML, Nasby-Lucas N. 2012. Sex-Specific Migration Patterns and Sexual Segregation of Adult White Sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, in the Northeastern Pacific. In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 133–146.

Domeier ML, Nasby-Lucas N. 2013. Two-year migration of adult female white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) reveals widely separated nursery areas and conservation concerns. Animal Biotelemetry. 1(2):1–10.

Domeier ML, Nasby-Lucas N. 2007. Annual re-sightings of photographically identified white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) at an eastern Pacific aggregation site (Guadalupe Island, Mexico). Marine Biology. 150:977–984.

Domeier ML, Nasby-Lucas N, Palacios DM. 2012. The Northeastern Pacific White Shark Shared Offshore Foraging Area (SOFA). A First Examination and Description from Ship Observations and Remote Sensing. In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 158–174.

Drake N. 2013. California Shipping Lanes Moved in Attempt to Avoid Killing Whales. Wired Science [Internet]. [cited 2013 Dec 20]. Available from: http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2013/05/whales-and-shipstrikes/ Ŧ

Ebert, D.A. 2003. Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras of California. University of California Press, 284 pages. Berkeley, California.

Environment Canada. 2011. Species At Risk Act Annual Report for 2011. 52 p. Available at: http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/files/ r.

Feely RA, Sabine CL, Hernandez-Ayon JM, Ianson D, Hales B. 2008. Evidence for Upwelling of Corrosive “Acidified” Water on the Continental Shelf. Science. 320:1490–1492.

Francis MP. 1996. Observations on a Pregnant White Shark with a Review of Reproductive Biology. In: Klimely AP, Ainley DG, editors. Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; pp. 157–172.

Galvan-Magana F, Hoyos-Padilla EM, Navarro-Sement CJ, Marquez-Farias F. 2010. Records of white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Marine Biodiversity Records. 3:1–6.

Gruber N, Hauri C, Lachkar Z, Loher D, Frolicher TL, Plattner G-K. 2012. Rapid Progression of Ocean Acidification in the California Current System. Science. 337:220–222.

Gubili C, Duffy CAJ, Cliff G, Wintner SP, Shivji MS, Chapman DD, Bruce BD, Martin AP, Sims DW. 2012. Application of Molecular Genetics for Conservation of the White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias, L. 1758. In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; pp. 357–380.

Hamady, LL, Natanson LJ, Skomal GB, Thorrold SR. 2014. Vetebral Bomb Radiocarbon Suggests Extreme Longevity in White Sharks. PLoS ONE 9(1): e84006. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084006.

Hazen EL, Jorgensen SJ, Rykaczewski RR, Bograd SJ, Foley DG, Jonsen ID, Shaffer SA, Dunne JP, Costa DP, Crowder LB, Block BA. 2012. Predicted habitat shifts of Pacific top predators in a changing climate. Nature Climate Change. 1–5.

Hutchings JA, Myers RA, Garcia VB, Lucifora LO, Kuparinen A. 2012. Life-history correlates of extinction risk and recovery potential. Ecological Applications. 22(4):1061–1067.

IATTC. 2005. Resolution C-05-03: Resolution on the conservation of sharks caught in association with fisheries in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Ŧ

IUCN. 2001. IUCN Red List categories and criteria: Version 3.1. International Union for the Conservation of Nature. www.iucnr.Ŧ

Jorgensen SJ, Arnoldi NS, Estess EE, Chapple TK, Ruckert M, Anderson SD, Block BA. 2012a. Eating or Meeting? Cluster Analysis Reveals Intricacies of White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) Migration and Offshore Behavior. PLoS ONE. 7(10):1–10.

Jorgensen SJ, Chapple TK, Anderson S, Hoyos M, Reeb CA, Block BA. 2012b. Connectivity among White Shark Coastal Aggregation Areas in the Northeastern Pacific. In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 159–167.

Jorgensen SJ, Reeb CA, Chapple TK, Anderson S, Perle CR, Van Sommeran SR, Fritz-Cope C, Brown AC, Klimely AP, Block BA. 2010. Philopatry and migration of Pacific white sharks. Proceedings of The Royal Society. 277:679–688.

Keeling RF, Kortzinger A, Gruber N. 2010. Ocean Deoxygenation in a Warming World. Annual Review of Marine Science. 2:199–229.

Kerr LA, Andrews AH, Cailliet GM, Brown TA, Coale KH. 2006. Investigations of Δ14C, δ13C, and δ15N in vertebrae of white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) from the eastern North Pacific Ocean. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 77: 337-353.

Kerstetter DW, Polovina JJ, Graves JE. 2004. Evidence of shark predation and scavenging on fishes equipped with pop-up satellite archival tags. Fishery Bulletin. 102(4):750–756.

Kim SL, Tinker MT, Estes JA, Koch PL. 2012. Ontogenetic and Among-Individual Variation in Foraging Strategies of Northeast pacific White Sharks Based on Stable Isotope Analysis. PLoS ONE. 7(9):1–11.

Klimley AP. 1985. The Areal Distribution and Autoecology of the White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias, off the West Coast of North America Sibley G, Seigel JA, Swift CC, editors. Biology of the White Shark, a Symposium. 9:15–40.

Klimley AP, Anderson SD. 1996. Residency Patterns of White Sharks at the South Farallon Islands, California. In: Klimely AP, Ainley DG, editors. Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; pp. 365–373.

Lowe CG, Blasius ME, Jarvis ET, Mason TJ, Goodmanlowe GD, O’Sullivan JB. 2012. Historic Fishery Interactions with White Sharks in the Southern California Bight.

In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; pp. 169–185.

Lyons K, Jarvis ET, Jorgenson SJ, Weng K, O’Sullivan J, Winkler CE, Lowe CG. 2013. The degree and result of gillnet fishery interactions with juvenile white sharks in southern California assessed by fishery-independent and -dependent methods. Fisheries Research. 147, pp. 370–380

Malcolm H, Bruce BD, Stevens JD. 2001. A Review of the Biology and Status of White Sharks in Australian Waters. Hobart: CSIRO Marine Research; p. 114.

Martin RA. 2004. Northerly Distribution of White Sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, in the Eastern Pacific and Relation to ENSO Events. Marine Fisheries Review. 66(1):16–26.

Mearns AJ, Young DR, Olson RJ, Schafer HA. 1981. Trophic structure and the cesium-potassium ratio in pelagic ecosystems. CalCOFI Reports. 22:99–110.

Mull CG, Lyons K, Blasius ME, Winkler C, O’Sullivan JB. 2013. Evidence of Maternal Offloading of Organic Contaminants in White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias). PLoS ONE 8(4):1-8.

Mull CG, Blasius ME, O’sullivan JB, Lowe CG. 2012. Heavy Metals, Trace Elements, and Organochlorine Contaminants in Muscle and Liver Tissue of Juvenile White Sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, from the Southern California Bight. In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; pp. 59–75.

Nasby-Lucas N, Domeier ML. 2012. Use of Photo Identification to Describe a White Shark Aggregation at Guadalupe Island, Mexico. In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; pp. 381–392.

Nasby-Lucas N, Dewar H, Lam CH, Goldman KJ, Domeier ML. 2009. White Shark Offshore Habitat: A Behavioral and Environmental Characterization of the Eastern Pacific Shared Offshore Foraging Area. PLoS ONE. 4(12):1–14.

NMFS. 2013. Status review of the northeastern Pacific Ocean population of white shark (Carcharodon carcharias): Analysis of the ESA section 4(a)(1) factors. Long Beach, CA: NMFS Southwest Region Protected Resources Division; Note: This reference is the Federal Register posting that references Dewar et al. 2013.

NMFS. 2011. Shark Finning Report to Congress. Issued pursuant to the Shark Finning Prohibition Act (Public Law 106-557). U.S. Dept of Commerce, NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service; p. http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/sfa/domes_fish/ReportsToC. Ŧ

NOAA, 2012. National Marine Sanctuaries Press Release. Shipping Lanes to be Adjusted to Protect Endangered Whales Along California Coast [Internet]. [cited 2013 Dec 20]; Available from: http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/news/press/2012/pr122712.html Ŧ

Norris RD, Turner SK, Hull PM RA. 2013. Marine Ecosystem Responses to Cenozoic Global Change. Science. 341(6145):492–498.

Pardini AT, Jones CS, Noble LR, Kreiser B, Malcom H, Bruce BD, Stevens JD, Cliff G, Scholl MC, Francis M, Duffy CAJ, Martin AP. 2001. Sex-biased dispersal of great white sharks. Nature. 412:139-140.

PFMC. 2011. Fishery management Plan for U.S. West Coast Fisheries for Highly Migratory Species, As Amended Through Amendment 2. Portland, OR: Pacific Fisheries Management Council; p. 122.Ŧ

Pondella DJ II, Allen LG. 2008. The decline and recovery of four predatory fishes from the Southern California Bight. Marine Biology. 1–7.

Pyle P, Anderson SD, Ainley DG. 1996. Trends in White Shark predation at the South Farallon Islands, 1968-1993. In: Klimely AP, Ainley DG, editors. Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; pp. 375–379.

Pyle P, Schramm MJ, Keiper C, Anderson SD. 1999. Predation on a White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) by a Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) and a Possible Case of Competitive Displacement. Marine Mammal Science. 15(2):568–575.

Robbins R, Bruce B, Fox A. 2013. First reports of proliferative lesions in the great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, and bronze whaler shark, Carcharhinus brachyurus Günther. Journal of Fish Diseases. doi: 10.11.

Santana-Morales O, Sosa-Nishizaki O, Escobedo-Olvera MA, Onate-Gonzalez EC, O’Sullivan JB, Cartamil D. 2012. Incidental Catch and Ecological Observations of Juvenile White Sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, in Western Baja California, Mexico. Conservation Implications. In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 187–198.

Schafer HA, Hershelman GP, Young DR, Mearns AJ. 1982. Contaminants in ocean food webs. Long Beach: Coastal Water Research Project. pp. 17–28.

Schiff KC, Allen MJ, Zeng EY, Bay SM. 2000. Southern California. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 41(1-6):76–93.

Seibel BA. 2011. Critical oxygen levels and metabolic suppression in oceanic oxygen minimum zones. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 214:326–336.

Shester G, Blacow A, McGuire D, Fennie E, Sakashita M. 2012. Petition to List White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) as Threatened or Endangered Under the California Endangered Species Act. San Francisco, CA. 1-49.Ŧ

Skomal GB, Chisholm J, Correia SJ. 2012. Implications of Increasing Pinniped Populations on the Diet and Abundance of White Sharks off the Coast of Massachusetts. In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 405–418.

Sosa-Nishizaki O, Morales-Bojorquez E, Nasby-Lucas N, Onate-Gonzalez EC, Domeier ML. 2012. Problems with Photo identification as a Method of Estimating

Abundance of White Sharks, Carcharodon carcharias. An Example from Guadalupe Island, Mexico. In: ML D, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 393–404.

Stewart BS, Yochem PK, Huber HR, DeLong RL, Jameson R, Sydeman WJ, Allen SG, Le Boeuf BJ. 1994. Population recovery and status of the northern elephant seal, Mirounga angustirostris. In: Laws RM, Le Boeuf BJ, editors. Elephant seals: Population ecology, behavior, and physiology. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 29–48.

Tanaka S, Kitamura T, Mochizuki T, and Kofuji K. 2011. Age, growth and genetic status of the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) from Kashima-nada, Japan. Marine & Freshwater Research. 548-556.

Taylor J. 2010. The Story of Strappy. Rodney Fox Expeditions [Internet]. South Australia, Australia: Rodney Fox Expeditions. [cited 2013 Dec 30]. Available from: https://www.rodneyfox.com.au/index.php/selectedContent/624827680 Ŧ

Towner AV, Smale MJ, Jewell O. 2012. Boat-Strike Wound Healing in Carcharodon carcharias. In: ML D, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 77-83.

Towner AV, Wcisel MA, Reisinger RR, Edwards D, Jewell OJD. 2013. Gauging the Threat: The First Population Estimate for White Sharks in South Africa Using Photo Identification and Automated Software. PLoS ONE. 8(3):e66035.

Weng KC, Boustany AM, Pyle P, Anderson SD, Brown AC, Block BA. 2007a. Migration and habitat of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Marine Biology. 152:877–894.

Weng KC, Honebrink R. 2013. Occurrence of White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in Hawaiian Waters. Journal of Marine Biology. 1–7.

Weng KC, O’Sullivan JB, Lowe CG, Winkler CE, Dewar H, Block BA. 2007b. Movements, behavior and habitat preferences of juvenile white sharks Carcharodon carcharias in the eastern Pacific. Marine Ecology Progressive Series. 338:211–224.

Wintner SP, Cliff G. 1999. Age and growth determination of the white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, from the east coast of South Africa. Fishery Bulletin. 97(1):153–169.

Young DR, Mearns AJ, Jan T-K, Heesen TC, Moore MD, Eganhouse RP, Herschelman GP, Gosset RW. 1980. Trophic Structure and Pollutant Concentrations in Marine Ecosystems of Southern California. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI). 21:197–206.

Ŧ Marked references have not been peer reviewed.

Personal Communications

R. Bonfíl, Instituto Nacional de la Pesca Progreso.

M. Domeier, Marine Conservation Science Institute.

M. Harris, California Department of Fish and Wildlife-Office of Spill Prevention and Response.

R. Hartman, California Department of Fish and Wildlife.

K. Hughes, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife.

C. Lowe, California State University, Long Beach.

H. Peckham, Grupo Tortuguero.

O. Santana, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE).

O. Sosa-Nishizaki, CICESE.

D. Vincent-Lang, Alaska Department of Fish and Game - Division of Wildlife Conservation.

Additional White Shark References Adams DH, Mitchell ME, Parsons GR. Seasonal Occurrence of the White Shark,

Carcharodon carcharias, in Waters off the Florida West Coast, with Notes on its Life History. Marine Fisheries Review. 1994; 56(4):24–28.

Adams PB, Grimes CB, Lindley ST, Moser ML. Status Review for North American Green Sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris. Santa Cruz, CA: NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center; 2002 p. 58.

Adnet S, Balbino AC, Antunes MT, Marin-Ferrer JM. New fossil teeth of the White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) from the Early Pliocene of Spain. Implication for its paleoecology in the Mediterranean. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 2009; 256(1):7–16.

Akcakaya HR, Butchart SHM, Mace GM, Stuarts SN, Hilton-Taylor C. Use and misuse of the IUCN Red List Criteria in projecting climate change impacts on biodiversity. Global Change Biology. 2006; 12:2037–2043.

Allen BM, Angliss RP. Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus): Eastern Pacific Stock. NOAA. Alaska Marine Mammal Stock Assessments. 2011 p. 9.

Anderson SD, Becker BH, Allen SG. Observations and Prey of White Sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, At Point Reyes National Seashore: 1982-2004. California Fish and Game. 2008; 94(1):33–43.

Antunes MT, Balbino AC. The Great White Shark Carcharodon carcharias (Linne, 1758) in the Pliocene of Portugal and its Early Distribution in Eastern Atlantic. Revista Española de Paleontología. 2010; 25(1):1–6.

Applegate SP, Espinosa-Arrubarrena L. The Fossil History of Carcharodon and Its Possible Ancestor, Cretolamna: A Study in Tooth Identification. In: Klimley PA ADG, editor. Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1996. pp. 19–36.

Arnold PW. Predation on Harbour Porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, by a White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias. Journal Fisheries Research Board of Canada. 1972; 29(8):1213–1214.

Australia and Madagascar. Consideration of proposals for amendment of appendices I and II. CoP13 Prop. 32. 2004.

Balart EF, Castro-Aguirre JL, Aurioles-Gamboa D, Garcia-Rodriguez F, Villavicencio-Garayzar C. Adiciones a la ictiofauna de Bahia de la Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Hidrobiologica. 1995; 5(1-2):79–85.

Baum JK, Myers RA, Kehler DG, Worm B, Harley SJ, Doherty PA. Collapse and Conservation of Shark Populations in the Northwest Atlantic. Science. 2003; 299:389–392.

Benz GW, Mollet HF, Evert DA, Davis CR. Five Species of parasitic Copepods (Siphonostomatoida: Pandaridae) from the Body Surface of a White Shark Captured in Morro Bay, California. Pacific Science. 2003; 57(1):39–43.

Berec L, Angulo E, Courchamp F. Multiple Allee effects and population management. TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution. 2007; 22(4):185–191.

Bigelow HB, Schoeder WC. A Large White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias, Taken in Massachusetts Bay. Copeia. 1958; 1958(1):54–55.

Biological Review Team. Green Sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) Status Review Update. Santa Cruz, CA: NOAA, Southwest Fisheries Science Center; 2005 p. 35.

Bizzarro JJ, Smith WD, Marquez-Farias JF, Tyminski J, Hueter RE. Temporal variation in the artisanal elasmobranch fishery of Sonora, Mexico. Fisheries Research. 2009; 97:103–117.

Blasius ME, Goodmanlowe GD. Contaminants still high in top-level carnivores in the Southern California Bight: Levels of DDT and PCBs in resident and transient pinnipeds. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2008; 56:1973–1982.

Block BA, Jonsen ID, Jorgensen SJ, Winship AJ, Shaffer SA, Bograd SJ, Hazen EL, Foley DG, Breed GA, Harrison A-L, et al. Tracking apex marine predator movements in a dynamic ocean. Nature. 2011; 475:86–90.

Blower DC, Pandolfi JM, Bruce BD, del C. Gomez-Carbrera M, Ovenden JR. Population genetics of Australian white sharks reveals fine-scale spatial structure, transoceanic dispersal events and low effective population sizes. Marine Ecology Progressive Series. 2012; 455:229–244.

Bonfil R, Francis MP, Duffy C, Manning MJ, O’Brien S. Large-scale tropical movements and diving behavior of white sharks Carcharodon carcharias tagged off New Zealand. Aquatic Biology. 2010; 8:115–123.

Bonfil R, Meyer M, School MC, Johnson R, O’Brien S, Oosthuizen H, Swanson S, Kotze D, Paterson M. Transoceanic Migration, Spatial Dynamics, and Population Linkages of White Sharks. Science. 2005; 310:100–103.

Bonnot P. Report on the Seals and Sea Lions of California, 1928. State of California Division of Fish and Game; 1929 pp. 7–62.

Bradford RW, Hobday AJ, Bruce BD. Identifying Juvenile White Shark Behavior from Electronic Tag Data. In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2012. pp. 255–270.

Brown AC, Lee DE, Bradley RW, Anderson S. Dynamics of White Shark Predation on Pinnipeds in California: Effects of Prey Abundance. Copeia. 2010; 2:232–238.

Brown BR, Hughes ME, Russo C. Infrastructure in the electric sense: admittance data from shark hydrogels. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 2005; 191:115–123.

Bruce BD. The Biology and Ecology of the White Shark, Carcharodon Carcharias. In: Camhi MD, Pikitch EK, Babcock EA, editors. Sharks of the Open Ocean: Biology, Fisheries and Conservation. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2009.

Bruce BD. Preliminary observations on the biology of the White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias, in South Australian waters. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 1992; 43(1):1–11.

Bruce BD, Bradford RW. The effects of berleying on the distribution and behaviour of white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, at the Neptune Islands, South Australia. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, South Australia; 2011 p. 50.

Bruce BD, Bradford RW. The effects of shark cage-diving operations on the behaviour and movements of white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, at the Neptune Islands, South Australia. Marine Biology. 2012:1–19.

Bruce BD, Stevens JD, Bradford RW. Site fidelity, residence times & home range patterns of white sharks around pinniped colonies. Final report June 2005. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Department of the Environment and Heritage; 2005 p. 45.

Buck JD, Spotte S, Gadbaw JJ Jr. Bacteriology of the Teeth from a Great White Shark: Potential Medical Implications for Shark Bite Victims. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1984; 20(5):849–851.

Burgess GH, Beekircher LR, Cailliet GM, Carlson JK, Cortes E, Goldman KJ, Grubbs RD, Musick JA, Musyl MK, Simpfendorfer CA. Is the collapse of shark

populations in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico real? Fisheries. 2005; 30(10):19–26.

Burgess GH, Beekircher LR, Cailliet GM, Carlson JK, Cortes E, Goldman KJ, Grubbs RD, Musick JA, Musyl MK, Simpfendorfer CA. Reply to “Robust estimates of decline for pelagic shark populations in the Northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico.” Fisheries. 2005; 30(10):30–31.

Burton A. Great Whites Get Protection. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 2004; 2(9):454.

Butler J, DeVogelaere A, Gustafson R, Mobley C, Neuman M, Richards D, Rumsey S, Taylor B, VanBlaricom G. Status Review Report for Black Abalone (Haliotis cracherodii Leach, 1814). Long Beach, CA: NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service; 2009 p. 135.

Cadena-Cardenas L, Villavicencio-Garayzar CJ, Galvan-Magana F, Vizcaino A. Occurrence of the Great White Shark Carcharodon carcharias (Chondricthyes:Lamnidae) in the Gulf of California, Mexico. 2010.

Cailliet GM. An Evaluation of Methodologies to Study the Population Biology of White Sharks. In: Klimley AP, Ainley DG, editors. Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1996. pp. 415–416.

Calambokidis J, Cubbage JC, Steiger GH, Balcomb KC, Bloedel P. Population Estimates of Humpback Whales in the Gulf of the Farallones, California. Report to the international Whaling Commission. 1990 ;(special issue 12):325–333.

Camhi MD, Valenti SV, Fordham SV, Fowler SL, Gibson C. The Conservation Status of Pelagic Sharks and Rays. IUCN Shark Specialist Group Pelagic Shark Red List Workshop. 2007:92.

Carey FG, Casey JG, Pratt HL Jr, Urquhart D, McCosker JE. Temperature, Heat Production and Heat Exchange in Lamnid Sharks Sibley G, Seigel JA, Swift CC, editors. Biology of the White Shark, a Symposium. 1985; 9:92–108.

Carey FG, Kanwisher JW, Brazier O, Gabrielson G, Casey JG, Pratt HL Jr. Temperature and Activities of a White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias. Copeia. 1982; 2:254–260.

Carlisle AB. Understanding the Ecology and Movements of Lamnid Sharks Through Stable Isotope Analysis and Electronic Tagging. Stanford University; 2012 p. 242.

Carretta JV, Oleson E, Weller DW, Lang AR, Forney KA, Baker J, Hanson B, Martien K, Muto MM, Lowry MS, et al. U.S. Pacific Marine Mammal Stock Assessments: 2012(DRAFT). La Jolla, CA: NMFS - NOAA; 2012 p. 81.

Casey JG, Pratt HL Jr. Distribution of the White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias, in the Western North Atlantic Sibley G, Seigel JA, Swift CC, editors. Biology of the White Shark, a Symposium. 1985; 9:2–14.

Celona A, De Maddalena A, Comparetto G. Evidence of Predatory Attack on a Bottlenose Dolphin Tursiops truncatus by a Great White Shark Carcharodon

carcharias in the Mediterranean Sea. Annales Series Historia Naturalis. 2006; 16(2):159–164.

Chapman DD, Abercrombie DL, Douady CJ, Pikitch EK, Stanhope MJ, Shivji MS. A streamlined, bi-organelle, multiplex PCR approach to species identification: Application to global conservation and trade monitoring of the great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias. Conservation Genetics. 2003; 4:415–425.

Chapple TK. Methods for Assessment of Data-Poor Shark Species. Davis: University of California, Davis; 2009 p. 103.

Cione AL, Bonomo M. Great White Shark Teeth Used as Pendants and Possible Tools by Early-Middle Holocene Terrestrial mammal Hunter-Gatherers in the Eastern Pampas (Southern South America). International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 2003; 13:222–231.

Cione AL, Cabrera DA, Barla MJ. Oldest record of the Great White Shark (Lamnidae, Carcharodon; Miocene) in the Southern Atlantic. Geobios. 2012; 45:167–172.

Clarke S. Shark Product Trade in Hong Kong and Mainland China and Implementation of the CITES Shark Listings. Hong Kong, China: TRAFFIC East Asia; 2004 p. 62.

Clarke SC, McAllister MK, Milner-Gulland EJ, Kirkwood GP, Michielsens CGJ, Agnew DJ, Pikitch EK, Nakano H, Shivji MS. Global estimates of shark catches using trade records from commercial markets. Ecology letters. 2006; 9:1115–1126.

Cliff G, Compagno LJV, Smale MJ, van der Elst RP, Wintner SP. First records of white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, from Mauritius, Zanzibar, Madagascar and Kenya. South African Journal of Science. 2000; 96:365–367.

Cliff G, Dudley FJ, Davis B. Sharks caught in the protective gill nets off Natal, South Africa. 2. The great white shark Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus). South African Journal of Marine Science. 1989; 8(1):131–144.

Cliff G, Dudley SFJ. Reducing the environmental impact of shark-control programs: a case study from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Marine and Freshwater Research. 2011; 62:700–709.

Cliff G, Dudley SFJ, Jury MR. Catches of White Sharks in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa and Environmental Influences. In: Klimley AP, Ainley DG, editors. Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1996. pp. 351–362.

Clua E, Seret B. New Caledonia (South Pacific) as a Potential Tropical Wintering Ground for the White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias. In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2012. pp. 343–354.

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species [CITES]. CoP13 Prop. 32: Inclusion of Carcharodon carcharias in Appendix II with a zero annual export quota. Thirteenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties. 2004.

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species [CITES]. Attachment A: for CoP13 Prop. 32: Inclusion of Carcharodon carcharias in Appendix II with a zero

annual export quota. . Thirteenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties. 2004:16.

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species [CITES]. CITES Identification Manual for the White Shark. : 14.

Cooch EG, White GC eds. Program MARK - a gentle introduction - Edition 12. 2013 p. 972.

Cortes E. Incorporating Uncertainty into Demographic Modeling: Application to Shark Populations and Their Conservation. Conservation Biology. 2002; 16(4):1048–1062.

Crone PR, Hill KT, McDaniel JD, Lynn K. Pacific Mackerel (Scomber japonicus) Stock Assessment for USA Management in the 2011-12 Fishing Year. Portland, OR: Pacific Fishery Management Council; 2011 p. 103.

Cruz-Neto AP, Steffensen JF. The effects of acute hypoxia and hypercapnia on oxygen consumption of the freshwater European eel. Journal of Fish Biology. 1997; 50:759–769.

Curtis TH, Bruce BD, Cliff G, Dudley SFJ, Klimley AP, Kock AA, Lea RN, Lowe CG, McCosker JE, Skomal GB, et al. Responding to the Risk of White Shark Attack Updated Statistics, Prevention, Control Methods, and Recommendations. In: Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. ; 2006. pp. 477–510.

Davidson B, Sidell J, Rhodes J, Cliff G. A comparison of the heart and muscle total lipid and fatty acid profiles of nine large shark species from the east coast of South Africa. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry. 2011; 37:105–112.

Day LR, Fisher HD. Notes on the Great White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias, in Canadian Atlantic Waters. Copeia. 1954; 1954(4):295–296.

De Maddalena A. Historical and Contemporary Presence of the Great White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758), in the Northern and Central Adriatic Sea. Annales Series Historia Naturalis. 2000; 19(1):3–18.

De Maddalena A, Glaizot O, Oliver G. On the Great White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758), preserved in the Museum of Zoology in Lausanne. Marine Life. 2003; 13(1-2):53–59.

De Maddalena A, Zuffa M, Lipej M, Celona A. An Analysis of the Photographic Evidences of the largest Great White Sharks, Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758), Captured in the Mediterranean Sea with Considerations About the Maximum Size of the Species. Annales Series Historia Naturalis. 2001; 25:193–206.

Delaney DG, Johnson R, Bester MN, Gennari E. Accuracy of Using Visual Identification of White Sharks to Estimate Residency Patterns. PLoS ONE. 2012; 7(4):1–6.

Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO). Recovery Potential Assessment Report on White Sharks in Atlantic Canada. DFO Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Science Advisory Report; 2006 p. 6.

Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO). National Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks. Ottawa, Ontario: Communications Branch; 2007 p. 31.

Department of the Environment Water Heritage and the Arts (DEWHA). White Shark Issues Paper. Commonwealth of Australia; 2009 p. 41.

Department FAOF. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2004. Rome: Food And Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2004 p. 13.

Derraik JGB. The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2002; 44:842–852.

Dewar H, Domeier ML, Nasby-Lucas N. Insights into young of the year white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, behavior in the Southern California Bight. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 2003; 70:133–143.

Diaro Oficial de la Federacion (DOF). Tiburon blanco. Diario Oficial. 2004; 5:1. Dillingham PW, Fletcher D. Potential biological removal of albatrosses and petrels with

minimal demographic information. Biological Conservation. 2011; 144:1885–1894.

Dingerkus G, Seret B, Guilbert E. Multiple prismatic calcium phosphate layers in the jaws of present-day sharks (Chondrichthyes; Selachii). Experientia. 1991; 47:38–40.

Discovery News, American Free Press (AFP). Great White Sharks Eat Far More Than Thought. 2013. Available from: http://news.discovery.com/animals/sharks/great-white-sharks-eat-more-130321.htm#mkcpgn-fbnws1

Dobson J. Sharks, Wildlife Tourism, and State Regulation. Tourism in Marine Environments. 2006; 3(1):15–23.

Dolganov VN. The Capture of a Great White Shark Carcharodon carcharias Linnaeus, 1758 (Carcharodontidae) in Peter the Great Bay (Sea of Japan). Russian Journal of marine Biology. 2012; 38(1):88–90.

Domeier ML. Experimental Scavenging Preference for the Adult White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias. California Fish and Game. 2009; 95(3):140–145.

Domeier ML, Nasby-Lucas N, Lam CH. Fine-Scale Habitat Use by White Sharks at Guadalupe Island, Mexico. In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2012. pp. 121–132.

Dove K, Kirby-Smith DW. The Presence of Great White Sharks: Associations with Environmental Factors. Durham, NC: Duke University; 2011 p. 29.

Dudley SFJ. A comparison of the shark control programs of New South Wales and Queensland (Australia) and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa). Ocean & Coastal Management. 1997; 34(1):1–27.

Dudley SFJ. A Review of Research on the White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias, in Southern Africa. In: ML D, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2012. pp. 511–534.

Dudley SFJ, Anderson-Reade MD, Thompson GS, McMullen PB. Concurrent scavenging off a whale carcass by great white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, and tiger sharks, Galeocerdo cuvier. Fishery Bulletin. 2000; 98(3):646–649.

Dudzik KJ, Baker KM, Weller DW. Mark-Recapture Abundance Estimate of California Coastal Stock Bottlenose Dolphins: February 2004 to April 2005. La Jolla, CA: NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center; 2006 p. 17.

Duffy CAJ, Francis MP, Manning MJ, Bonfil R. Regional Population Connectivity, Oceanic Habitat, and Return Migration Revealed by Satellite Tagging of White Sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, at New Zealand Aggregation Sites. In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2012. pp. 301–318.

Dulvy NK, Sadovy Y, Reynolds JD. Extinction vulnerability in marine populations. Fish and Fisheries. 2003; 4:25–64.

Ehret DJ, Hubbell G, MacFadden BJ. Exceptional Preservation of the White Shark Carcharodon carcharias (Lamniformes, Lamnidae) from the Early Pliocene of Peru. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2009; 29(1):1–13.

Ehret DJ, MacFadden BJ, Jones DS, Devries TJ, Foster DA, Salas-Gismondi R. Origin of the White Shark Carcharodon (Lamniformes: Lamnidae) Based On Recalibration of the upper Neogene Pisco Formation of Peru. Palaeontology. 2012; 55(6):1139–1153.

Ehret DJ, MacFadden BJ, Salas-Gismondi R. Caught in the act: Trophic interactions between a 4-million-year-old white shark (Carcharodon) and mysticete whale from Peru. Palaios. 2009; 24(5):329–333.

Emery SH. Hematology and Cardiac Morphology in the Great White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias Sibley G, Seigel JA, Swift CC, editors. Biology of the White Shark, a Symposium. 1985; 9:73–80.

Estes JA. Growth and Equilibrium in Sea Otter Populations. Journal of Animal Ecology. 1990; 59:385–401.

Estes JA, Hatfield BB, Ralls K, Ames J. Causes of Mortality in California Sea otters During periods of Population Growth and Decline. Marine Mammal Science. 2003; 19(1):198–216.

Estes JA, Terborgh J, Brashares JS, Power ME, Berger J, Bond WJ, Carpenter SR, Essington TE, Holt RD, Jackson JBC, et al. Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth. Science. 2011; 333:301–306.

Estrada JA, Rice AN, Natanson LJ, Skomal GB. Use of Isotopic Analysis of Vertebrae in Reconstructing Ontogenetic Feeding Ecology in White Sharks. Ecology. 2006; 87(4):829–834.

Ezcurra JM, Lowe CG, Mollet HF, Ferry LA, O’Sullivan JB. Captive Feeding and Growth of Young-of-the-Year White Sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, at the Monterey Bay Aquarium. In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2012. pp. 3–16.

Ezcurra JM, Lowe CG, Mollet HF, Ferry LA, O’Sullivan JB. Oxygen Consumption Rate of Young-of-the-Year White Sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, during Transport to the Monterey Bay Aquarium. In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2012. pp. 17–26.

Fallows C, Gallagher AJ, Hammerschlag N. White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) Scavenging on Whales and Its Potential Role in Further Shaping the Ecology of an Apex Predator. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8(4):10.

Fallows C, Martin RA, Hammerschlag N. Comparisons between White Shark-Pinniped Interactions at Seal Island (South Africa) with Other Sites in California. In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2012. pp. 105–117.

Fergusson IK, Compagno LJV, Marks MA. Predation by white sharks Carcharodon carcharias (Chondrichthyes: Lamnidae) upon chelonians, with new records from the Mediterranean sea and a first record of the ocean sunfish Mola mola (Osteichthyes: Molidae) as stomach contents. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 2000; 58:447–453.

Ferretti F, Worm B, Britten GL, Heithaus MR, Lotze HK. Patterns and ecosystem consequences of shark declines in the ocean. Ecology letters. 2010; 13(8):1055–1071.

Field IC, Meekan M, Buckworth RC, Bradshaw CJA. Susceptibility of Sharks, Rays and Chimeras to Global Extinction. Advances in Marine Biology. 2009; 56:275–363.

Fisheries and Aquaculture Department of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Fishing Gear Types: Gillnets and Entangling Nets. 2012. Available from: http://www.fao.org/fishery/geartype/107/en

Fowler SL, Cavanagh RD, Camhi M, Burgess GH, Cailliet GM, Fordham SV, Simpfendorfer CA, Musick JA. Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras: The Status of the Chondrichthyan Fishes. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN/SSC Shark Specialist Group; 2005 p. 1.

Francis MP, Duffy CAJ, Bonfil R, Manning MJ. The Third Dimension: Vertical Habitat Use by White Sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, in New Zealand and in Oceanic and Tropical Waters of the Southwest Pacific Ocean. In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2012. pp. 319–342.

Gabriotti V, De Maddalena A. Observations of an Approach Behavior to a Possible Prey Performed by Some Great White Sharks, Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758), at the Neptune Islands, South Australia. Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia. 2004; 55:151–157.

Galaz T, De Maddalena A. On a Great White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758), Trapped in a Tuna Cage Off Libya, Mediterranean Sea. Annales Series Historia Naturalis. 2004; 14(2):159–164.

Garcia VB, Lucifora LO, Myers RA. The importance of habitat and life history to extinction risk in sharks, skates, rays and chimaeras. Proceedings of The Royal Society. 2008; 275:83–89.

George S, Snape WJ III. State Endangered Species Acts. In: Baur DC, Irvin WMR, editors. Endangered Species Act: Law, Policy, and Perspectives 2nd Ed. American Bar Association: Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources; 2012. pp. 344–359.

Gerber LR, Tinker MT, Doak DF, Estes JA, Jessup DA. Mortality Sensitivity in Life-Stage Simulation Analysis: A Case Study of Southern Sea Otters. Ecological Applications. 2004; 14:1554–1565.

Gertseva V, Taylor IG. Status of the Spiny Dogfish Shark Resource Off the Continental U.S. Pacific Coast in 2011. Seattle, WA: NMFS - NOAA; 2012 p. 259.

Gilman E, Clarke S, Brothers N, Alfaro-Shigueto J, Mandelman J, Mangel J, Petersen S, Piovano S, Thomson N, Dalzell P, et al. Shark interactions in pelagic longline fisheries. Marine Policy. 2008; 32:1–18.

Glavan-Magna F, NienHuis HJ, Klimley AP. Seasonal Abundance and Feeding Habits of Sharks of the Lower Gulf of California, Mexico. California Fish and Game. 1989; 75(2):74–84.

Gleiss AC, Jorgensen SJ, Liebsch N, Sala JE, Norman B, Hays GC, Quintana F, Grundy E, Campagna C, Trites AW, et al. Convergent evolution in locomotory patterns of flying and swimming animals. Nature Communications. 2011; 2:1–7.

Goldman KJ. Regulation of body temperature in the white shark, Carcharodon carcharias. Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 1997; 167:423–429.

Goldman KJ, Anderson SD. Space utilization and swimming depth of white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, at the South Farallon Islands, central California. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 1999; 56:351–364.

Goostrey A, Jones G, Secombes CJ. Isolation and characterization of CXC receptor genes in a range of elasmobranchs. Developmental and Comparative Immunology. 2005; 29:229–242.

Gottfried MD, Compagno LJV, Bowman SC. Size and Skeletal Anatomy of the Grant “Megatooth” Shark Carcharodon megalodon. In: Domeier ML, Ainley DG, editors. Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1996. pp. 55–66.

Gruber SH, Cohen JLL. Visual System of the White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias, with Emphasis on Retinal Structure Sibley G, Seigel JA, Swift CC, editors. Biology of the White Shark, a Symposium. 1985; 9:61–72.

Gubili C, Bilgin R, Kalkan E, Karhan SU, Jones CS, Sims DW, Kabasakal H, Martin AP, Noble LR. Antipodean white sharks on a Mediterranean walkabout? Historical

dispersal leads to genetic discontinuity and an endangered anomalous population. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 2010:1–9.

Gubili C, Johnson R, Gennari E, Oosthuizen WH, Kotze D, Meyer M, Sims DW, Jones CS, Noble LR. Concordance of genetic and fin photo identification in the great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, off Mossel Bay, South Africa. Marine Biology. 2009; 156:1–9, 2199-2207.

Gurrero-Mothelet M. Al rescate de un depredador formidable. ¿cómoves? 2008:10–15. Hammerschlag N, Martin RA, Fallows C. Effects of environmental conditions on

predator-prey interactions between white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) and Cape fur seals (Artocephalus pusillus pusillus) at Seal Island, South Africa. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 2006; 76:341–350.

Hammerschlag N, Martin RA, Fallows C, Collier RS, Lawrence R. Investigatory Behavior toward Surface Objects and Nonconsumptive Strikes on Seabirds by White Sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, at Seal Island, South Africa (1997-2012). In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2012. pp. 91–104.

Hammond PS. Estimating the Size of Naturally Marked Whale Populations Using Capture-Recapture Techniques. Report to the international Whaling Commission. 1986 ;(special issue 8):253–282.

Hammond PS. Mark-Recapture. In: Perrin WF, Wursig B, Thewissen JGM, editors. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, Second Ed. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press; 2009. pp. 705–709.

Hammond PS, Sutherland WJ. Estimating the abundance of marine mammals. In: Boyd IL, Bowen WD, Iverson SJ, editors. Marine Mammal Ecology and Conservation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2010. pp. 42–67.

Hanan DA, Holts DB, Coan AL. The California Drift Gill Net Fishery for Sharks and Swordfish, 1981-82 through 1990-91. Fish Bulletin 175: California Department of Fish and Game. 1993 p. 45.

Hauser. 8 February 1993. Assembly Bill 522: White sharks. Legislative Counsel’s Digest . Legislative Counsel’s Digest 18 [Internet]. 1993. Available from: http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/93-94/bill/asm/ab_0501-0550/ab_522_bill_931011_chaptered

Heneman B, Glazer M. More Rare Than Dangerous: A Case Study of White Shark Conservation in California. In: Klimley AP, Ainley DG, editors. Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1996. pp. 481–491.

Heppell SS. Application of Life-History Theory and Population Model Analysis to Turtle Conservation. Copeia. 1998;1998(2):367–375.

Herrick SF Jr., Hanan D. A Review of California Entangling New Fisheries, 1981-1986. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; 1988 p. 42.

Hester KC, Peltzer ET, Kirkwood WJ, Brewer PG. Unanticipated consequences of ocean acidification: A noisier ocean at lower pH. Geophysical Research Letters. 2008;35:1–5.

Heupel MR, Carlson JK, Simpfendorfer CA. Shark nursery areas: concepts, definition, characterization and assumptions. Marine Ecology Progressive Series. 2007;337:287–297.

Hoberman J. Don’t Go Near The Water. Artforum. 1994:13–14. Hoelzel AR, Gakket J, O’Brien SJ, Campagna C, Arnbom T, Le Boeuf BJ, Ralls K,

Dover GA. Elephant Seal Genetic Variation and the Use of Simulation Models to Investigate Historical population Bottlenecks. The Journal of Heredity. 1993;84(6):443–449.

Hoyos EM, Galvan F, Klimley AP. Encuentro Nacional para la Conservación y Desarrollo Sustentable de las Islas de México, Ensenada B.C., México, Junio 2009. Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR), Universidad de California (Davis); 2009 p. 45.

Hoyos-Padilla MCEM. Patrones de Movimiento del Tiburon Blanco (Carcharodon carcharias) en Isla Guadalupe, Mexico. La Paz, Mexico: Instituto Politecnico Nacional Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas; 2009 p. 156.

Hueter RE, Heupel MR. Evidence of Philopatry in Sharks and Implications for the Management of Shark Fisheries. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science. 2004;35:239–247.

Huey LM. Past and Present Status of the Northern Elephant Seal with a Note on the Guadalupe Fur Seal. Journal of Mammalogy. 1930;11(2):188–194.

Hussey NE, McCann HM, Cliff G, Dudley SFJ, Wintner SP, Fisk AT. Size-Based Analysis of Diet and Trophic Position of the White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias, in South African Waters. In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2012. pp. 27–49.

Hutchings JA, Reynolds JD. Marine Fish Population Collapses: Consequences for Recovery and Extinction Risk. BioScience. 2004;54(4):297–309.

Huveneers C, Rogers PJ, Beckmann C, Semmens J, Bruce BD, Seuront L. Effects of a cage-diving operation on the fine-scale movement of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias). Final report to the Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources Wildlife Conservation Fund and the Nature Foundation of South Australia. Adelaide, SA: South Australian Research and Development Institute (Aquatic Sciences) (SARDI); 2012 p. 48.

Huveneers C, Rogers PJ, Semmens J, Beckmann C, Kock AA, Page B, Goldsworthy SD. Effects of the Shark Shield electric deterrent on the behavior of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias). Final Report to SafeWork South Australia. Version 2. Adelaide, SA: South Australian Research and Development Institute (Aquatic Sciences) (SARDI); 2012 p. 61.

International White Shark Symposium. Abstracts from: International White Shark Symposium. In: Domeier ML, editor. International White Shark Symposium. Honolulu, HI; 2010. p. 36.

Ishimatsu A, Kikkawa T, Hayashi M, Lee K-S, Kita J. Effects of CO2 on Marine Fish: Larvae and Adults. Journal of Oceanography. 2004;60:731–741.

Jewell OJD, Wcisel MA, Gennari E, Towner AV, Bester MN, Johnson RL, Singh S. Effects of Smart Position Only (SPOT) Tag Deployment of White Sharks Carcharodon carcharias in South Africa. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(11):1–4.

Johnson R, Bester MN, Dudley SFJ, Oosthuizen WH, Meyer M, Hancke L, Gennari E. Coastal swimming patterns of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) at Mossel Bay, South Africa. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 2009;85:189–200.

Johnson R, Keswick T, Bester MN, Oosthuizen WH. Encounters between white sharks and Cape fur seals in a shallow channel. Marine Biodiversity Records. 2009;2:1–5.

Johnson R, Kock A. South Africa’s White Shark cage-diving industry - is their cause for concern? Nel DC, Peschak TP, editors. Finding a balance: White shark conservation and recreational safety in the inshore waters of Cape Town, South Africa; proceedings of a specialist workshop. 2006:40–59.

Johnson RL, Venter A, Bester MN, Oosthuizen WH. Seabird predation by white shark Carcharodon carcharias and Cape fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus at Dyer Island. South African Journal of Wildlife Research. 2006;36(1):1–10.

Kabasakal H, Ozgur Gedikogl S. Two new-born great white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lamniformes; Lamnidae) from Turkish waters of the north Aegean Sea. Acta Adriatica. 2008;49(2):125–135.

Kabasakal H, Yarmaz A, Gedikoglu SO. Two Juvenile Great White Sharks, Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chondrichthyes; Lamnidae), Caught in the Northeastern Aegean Sea. Annales Series Historia Naturalis. 2009:1–8.

Kaneko JJ, Ralston NVC. Selenium and Mercury in Pelagic Fish in the Central North Pacific Near Hawaii. Biological Trace Element Research. 2007;119:242–254.

Kato S. White Shark Carcharodon carcharias from the Gulf of California with a List of Sharks Seen in Mazatlan, Mexico 1964. Copeia. 1965;1965(3):384.

Kelly JT, Klimley AP. The Occurrence of the White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias, at the Point Reyes Headlands, California. California Fish and Game. 2003;89(4):187–196.

Kirkwood R, Dickie J. Mobbing of a Great White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) by Adult Male Australian Fur Seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus). Marine Mammal Science. 2005;21(2):336–339.

Kitchell JF, Essington TE, Boggs CH, Schindler DE, Walters CJ. The Role of Sharks and Longline Fisheries in a Pelagic Ecosystem of the Central Pacific. Ecosystems. 2002;5(2):202–216.

Klimley AP. The Predatory Behavior of the White Shark. American Scientist. 1994;82(8):122–133.

Klimley AP, Ainley DG. White Shark Research in the Past: A Perspective. In: Klimley AP, Ainley DG, editors. Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc; 1996. pp. 3–4.

Klimley AP, Anderson SD, Pyle P, Henderson RP. Spatiotemporal Patterns of White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) Predation at the South Farallon Islands, California. Copeia. 1992;1992(3):680–690.

Klimley AP, Beavers SC, Curtis TH, Jorgensen SJ. Movements and swimming behavior of three species of sharks in La Jolla Canyon, California. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 2002;63:117–135.

Klimley AP, Le Boeuf BJ, Cantara KM, Richert JE, Davis SF, Van Sommeran SR. Radio-acoustic positioning as a tool for studying site-specific behavior of the white shark and other large marine species. Marine Biology. 2001;138:429–446.

Klimley AP, Le Boeuf BJ, Cantara KM, Richert JE, Davis SF, Van Sommeran SR, Kelly JT. The hunting strategy of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) near a seal colony. Marine Biology. 2001;138:617–636.

Kock A. White shark behavioral ecology in False Bay and environmental, biological and human activity factors that influence white shark activity patterns, An expansion of the Seal Island white shark behavioural ecology project. Cape Town: Save Our Seas Foundation; 2005 pp. 1–11.

Kock A, O’Riain MJ, Mauff K, Meyer M, Kotze D, Griffiths C. Residency, Habitat Use and Sexual Segregation of White Sharks, Carcharodon carcharias in False Bay, South Africa. PLoS ONE. 2012;8(1):1–12.

Kock A, Titley S, Petersen W, Sikweyiya M, Tsotsobe S, Colenbrander D, Gold H, Oelofse G. Shark Spotters: A pioneering Shark Safety Program in Cape Town, South Africa. In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2012. pp. 447–466.

Krahn MM, Ford MJ, Perrin WF, Wade PR, Angliss RP, Hanson MB, Taylor BL, Ylitalo GM, Dahlheim ME, Stein JE, et al. 2004 Status Review of Southern Resident Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) under the Endangered Species Act. US Department of Commerce, NOAA; 2004 p. 73.

Krahn MM, Wade PR, Kalinowski ST, Dahlheim ME, Taylor BL, Hanson MB, Ylitalo GM, Angliss RP, Stein JE, Waples RS. Status review of Southern Resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) under the Endangered Species Act. US Department of Commerce, NOAA; 2002 p. 133.

Kreuder C, Miller MA, Jessup DA, Lowenstine LJ, Harris MD, Ames JA, Carpenter TE, Conrad PA, Mazet JAK. Patterns of Mortality in Southern Sea Otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) From 1998-2001. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 2003;39(3):495–509.

Lack M, Sant G. The Future of Sharks: A Review of Action and Inaction. Cambride, UK. and Washington DC: TRAFFIC International and the Pew Environment Group; 2011 p. 45.

Larese JP. Fish and Invertebrate Bycatch Estimates for the California Set Gillnet Fishery Targeting Halibut and White Seabass, 1990-2006. Arlington, VA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; 2009 p. 50.

Larinto T (ed). Status of the Fisheries Report: An Update Through 2011. (Larinto T, editor.). California Department of Fish and Wildlife; 2013 p. 227.

Larinto T (ed). Status of the Fisheries Report An Update Through 2008. (Larinto T, editor.). California Department Fish and Game; 2010 p. 231.

Laroche RK. Ecotourism Effects on the Interactions Between White Sharks and Cape Fur Seals Around a Small Island Seal Colony. Burnaby, BC, Canada: Simon Fraser University; 2006 p. 143.

Laroche RK, Kock AA, Dill LM, Oosthuizen H. Running the gauntlet: a predator-prey game between sharks and two age classes of seals. Animal Behavior. 2008;76:1901–1917.

Laroche RK, Kock AA, Dill LM, Oosthuizen WH. Effects of provisioning ecotourism activity on the behavior of white sharks Carcharodon carcharias. Marine Ecology Progressive Series. 2007;338:199–209.

Le Boeuf BJ. Hunting and migratory movements of white sharks in the eastern North Pacific. Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research. 2004;Special Is:91–102.

Le Boeuf BJ, Crocker DE, Costa DP, Blackwell SB, Webb PM, Houser DS. Foraging Ecology of Northern Elephant Seals. Ecological Monographs. 2000;70(3):353–382.

Le Boeuf BJ, Reidman M, Keyes RS. White Shark Predation on Pinnipeds in California Coastal Waters. Fishery Bulletin. 1982;80(4):891–895.

Lea RN, Miller DJ. Shark Attacks off the California and Oregon Coasts: an update, 1980-84 Sibley G, Seigel JA, Swift CC, editors. Biology of the White Shark, a Symposium. 1985;9:136–150.

Lee HJ, Sherwood CR, Drake DE, Edwards BD, Wong F, Hamer M. Spatial and temporal distribution of contaminated, effluent-affected sediment on the Palos Verdes margin, southern California. Continental Shelf Research. 2002;22:859–880.

LeMier EH. Recent Records of the Great White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias, on the Washington Coast. Copeia. 1951;1951(3):249.

Lingham-Soliar T. Dorsal Fin in the White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias: A Dynamic Stabilizer for Fast Swimming. Journal of Morphology. 2005;263:1–11.

Lingham-Soliar T. Caudal fin allometry in the white shark Carcharodon carcharias: implications for locomotory performance and ecology. Naturewissenchaften. 2005;92:231–236.

Long DJ. Apparent predation by a white shark Carcharodon carcharias on a pygmy sperm whale Kogia breviceps. Fishery Bulletin. 1991;89(3):538–540.

Long DJ, Waggoner BM. Evolutionary Relationships of the White Shark: A Phylogeny of Lamniform Sharks Based on Dental Morphology. In: Klimley AP, Ainley DG, editors. Great White Shark: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1996. pp. 37–47.

Lowry D, de Castro ALF, Mara K, Whitenack LB, Delius B, Burgess GH, Motta P. Determining shark size from forensic analysis of bite damage. Marine Biology. 2009:1–10.

Lynn K. Lingcod, Ophiodon elongates. 2008. Available from: https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=34438&inline=true

Malpica-Cruz L. Evaluation of Trophic Levels and Feeding Grounds of Northeastern Pacific Sharks as a function of Ontogeny Based on Stable Isotope Analysis. Ensenada, Mexico: Centro de investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada; 2009 p. 85.

Mangel M, Tier C. Four Facts Every Conservation Biologist Should Know About Persistence. Ecology. 1994;75(3):607–614.

Marine Conservation Branch Environment Australia. White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) Recovery Plan. Commonwealth of Australia; 2002 p. 43.

Martin AP. Systematics of the Lamnidae and the Origination Time of Carcharodon carcharias Inferred from the Comparative Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Sequences. In: Klimley AP, Ainley DG, editors. Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1996. pp. 49–53.

Martin RA. Predatory Behaviour of White Sharks at a Cape Fur Seal Colony in South Africa. JMBA Global Marine Environment. 2005;3:2–3.

Martin RA. A review of shark agonistic displays: comparison of display features and implications for shark-human interactions. Marine and Freshwater Behavior and Physiology. 2007;40(1):3–34.

Martin RA, Hammerschlag N. Marine predator-prey contests: Ambush and speed versus vigilance and agility. Marine Biology Research. 2012;8:90–94.

Martin RA, Hammerschlag N, Collier RS, Fallows C. Predatory behaviour of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) at Seal Island, South Africa. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U.K. 2005;85:1121–1135.

Martin RA, Martin A. Sociable Killers. Natural History Magazine [Internet]. 2006:12. Available from: http://www.nhmag.com

Martin RA, Rossmo DK, Hammerschlag N. Hunting patterns and geographic profiling of white shark predation. Journal of Zoology. 2009:1–8.

Martin RA, Wallace S. COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the White Shark Carcharodon carcharias (Atlantic and Pacific Populations) in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada; 2006 p. 38.

McCosker JE. The White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias, Has a Warm Stomach. Copeia. 1987;1987(1):195–197.

McCosker JE. White Shark Attack Behavior: Observations of and Speculations About Predator and Prey Strategies Sibley G, Seigel JA, Swift CC, editors. Biology of the White Shark, a Symposium. 1985;9:123–135.

McCosker JE, Lea RN. White Shark Attacks Upon Humans in California and Oregon, 1993-2003. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. 2006;57(17):479–501.

McKinnell S, Seki MP. Shark bycatch in the Japanese high seas squid driftnet fishery in the North Pacific Ocean. Fisheries Research. 1998;39:127–138.

McPhee D. Likely effectiveness of netting or other capture programs as a shark hazard mitigation strategy in Western Australia. Perth: Department of Fisheries, Western Australia; 2012 p. 23.

McPherson JM, Myers RA. How to infer population trends in sparse data: examples with opportunistic sighting records for great white sharks. Biodiversity Research. 2009;15:880–890.

McShane LJ, Estes JA, Riedman ML, Staedler MM. Repertoire, Structure, and Individual Variation of Vocalizations in the Sea Otter. Journal of Mammalogy. 1995;76(2):414–427.

Mearns AJ, Matta MB, Simecek-Beatty D, Buchman MF, Shigenaka G, Wert WA. PCB and Chlorinated Pesticide Contamination in U.S. Fish and Shellfish: A Historical Assessment Report. Seattle, WA: NOAA; 1988 p. 151.

Mearns AJ, Young DR, Olson RJ, Schafer HA. Trophic structure and the cesium-potassium ratio in pelagic ecosystems. CalCOFI Reports. 1981;22:99–110.

Melin SR, Orr AJ, Harris JD, Laake JL, Delong RL, Gulland FMD, Stoudt S. Unprecedented Mortality of California Sea Lion Pups Associated with Anomalous Oceanographic Conditions Along the Central California Coast in 2009. CalCOFI Reports. 2010;51:182–194.

Mollet HF, Cailliet GM. Comparative population demography of elasmobranchs using life history tables, Leslie matrices and stage-based matrix models. Marine and Freshwater Research. 2002;53:503–516.

Mollet HF, Cliff G, Pratt HL Jr, Stevens JD. Reproductive biology of the female shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810, with comments on the embryonic developments of lamnoids. Fishery Bulletin. 2000;98(2):299–318.

Mollomo P. The White Shark in Maine and Canadian Atlantic Waters. Northeastern Naturalist. 1998;5(3):207–214.

Monterey Bay Aquarium. 2011 Project White Shark Press Kit Index. Monterey, CA: Monterey Bay Aquarium; 2011 p. 13.

Moore JE, Barlow J. Bayesian state-space model of fin whale abundance trends from a 1991-2008 time series of line-transect surveys in the California Current. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2011;(48):95–1205.

Morey G, Martinez M, Massuti E, Moranta J. The occurrence of white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, around the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean Sea). Environmental Biology of Fishes. 2003;68:425–432.

Munday PL, Dixson DL, Donelson JM, Jones GP, Pratchett MS, Devitsina GC, Doving KB. Ocean acidification impairs olfactory discrimination and homing ability of a marine fish. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2009;106(6):1848–1852.

Musick JA, Harbin MM, Berkeley SA, Burgess GH, Eklund AM, Findley L, Gilmore RG, Golden JT, Ha DS, Hunstman GR, et al. Marine, Estuarine, and Diadromous Fish Stocks at Risk of Extinction in North America (Exclusive of Pacific Salmonids). Fisheries. 2000;25(11):6–30.

National Marine Fisheries Service. Endangered and Threatened Species Under NMFS’ Jurisdiction. NOAA - National Marine Fisheries Service; 2012 p. 10.

National Marine Fisheries Service. GUADALUPE FUR SEAL (Arctocephalus townsendi). NMFS - NOAA; 2000 p. 4.

National Marine Fisheries Service. HARBOR SEAL (Phoca vitulina richardii): California Stock. NMFS - NOAA; 2011 p. 6.

National Marine Fisheries Service. California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus): U.S. Stock. NMFS-NOAA; 2011 p. 8.

Neff BD, Pitcher TE. Genetic quality and sexual selection: an integrated framework for good genes and compatible genes. Molecular Ecology. 2005;14:19–38.

Newcomer SD, Zeh JA, Zeh DW. Genetic benefits enhance the reproductive success of polyandrous females. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1999;96:10236–10241.

NSW Department of Primary Industries (DPI). Primefacts: Threatened species in NSW Great white shark Carcharodon carcharias. Nelson Bay, NSW: DPI; 2005 p. 4.

Nyberg KG, Ciampaglio CN, Wray GA. Tracing the Ancestry of the Great White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias, Using Morphometric Analyses of Fossil Teeth. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2006;26(4):806–814.

O’Connell CP, Andreotti S, Rutzen M, Meyer M, He P. The use of permanent magnets to reduce elasmobranch encounter with a simulated beach net. 2. The great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias). Ocean & Coastal Management. 2012:1–9.

Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW). 2012 Oregon Sport Fishing Regulations. 2012. Available from: www.dfw.state.or.us/resources/licenses_regs/regulations.asp

Orr RT. Sharks as Enemies of Sea Otters. Journal of Mammalogy. 1959;40(4):617.

O’Shea TJ, Brownell RL Jr., Clark DR Jr., Walker WA, Gay ML, Lamont TG. Organochlorine Pollutants in Small Cetaceans from the Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans, November 1968 - June 1976. Pesticides Monitoring Journal. 1980;14(2):35–46.

Pacific Fisheries Management Council. Fishery management Plan for U.S. West Coast Fisheries for Highly Migratory Species, As Amended Through Amendment 2. Portland, OR; 2011 p. 122.

Paine RT. A Note on Trophic Complexity and Community Stability. The American Naturalist. 1969;103(929):91–93.

Pardini AT, Jones CS, Scholl MC, Noble LR. Isolation and characterization of dinucleotide microsatellite loci in the Great White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias. Molecular Ecology. 2000;9:1171–1193.

Parker M. Black Rockfish, Sebaste melanops. 2008. Available from: https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=34425&inline=true

Pennisi E. Satellite Tracking Catches Sharks on the Move. Science. 2005;310:32–33. Pike GC. First Record of the Great White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) from British

Columbia. Journal Fisheries Research Board of Canada. 1962;19(2):363. Portner H-O. Ecosystem effects of ocean acidification in times of ocean warming: a

physiologist’s view. Marine Ecology Progressive Series. 2008;373:203–217. Powlik JJ. On the Geometry and Mechanics of Tooth Position in the White Shark,

Carcharodon carcharias. Journal of Morphology. 1995;226:277–288. Pratt HL Jr, Tanaka S. Sperm Storage in Male Elasmobranchs: A Description and

Survey. Journal of Morphology. 1994;219:297–308. Pyle P, Anderson S, Brown AC. White Shark Research at Southeast Farallon Island,

2002. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Farallon National Wildlife Refuge; 2003 p. 9. Randall JE. Refutation of Lengths of 11.3, 9.0, and 6.4 M Attributed to the White Shark,

Carcharodon carcharias. California Fish and Game. 1987;73(3):163–168. Randall JE. Size of the Great White Shark (Carcharodon). Science.

1973;181(4095):169–170. Randhawa HS. Insights using a molecular approach into the life cycle of a tapeworm

infecting great white sharks. Journal of Parisitology. 2011;97(2):275–280. Regan T, Taylor B, Thompson GS, Cochrane J, Merrick R, Nammack M, Rumsey S,

Ralls K, Runge M. Developing a Structure for Quantitative Listing Criteria for the U.S. Endangered Species Act Using Performance Testing Phase 1 Report. NOAA, US Department of Commerce, NMFS, SWFSC; 2009 p. 170.

Reynolds JD, Dulvy NK, Roberts CM. Exploitation and Other Threats to Fish Conservation. In: Hart PJB, Reynolds JD, editors. Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries: Volume 2, Fisheries. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 2002. pp. 319–341.

Rios LM, Jones PR, Moore C, Narayan UV. Quantitation of persistent organic pollutants adsorbed on plastic debris from the Northern Pacific Gyre’s “eastern garbage patch.” Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 2010;12:2226–2236.

Ritter E, Levine M. Use of Forensic Analysis to Better Understand Shark Attack Behaviour. Journal of Forensic Odonto-Stomatology. 2004;22(2):40–46.

Robbins R, Fox A. Further evidence of pigmentation change in white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias. Marine and Freshwater Research. 2012;63:1215–1217.

Robbins RL. Environmental variables affecting the sexual segregation of great white sharks Carcharodon carcharias at the Neptune Islands South Australia. Journal of Fish Biology. 2007;70:1350–1364.

Robbins RL, Booth DJ. Seasonal Sexual and Size Segregation of White Sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, at the Neptune Islands, South Australia. In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2012. pp. 287–300.

Rodrigues-Filho LF, Pinhal D, Sodre D, Vallinoto M. Shark DNA Forensics: Applications and Impacts on Genetic Diversity. In: Caliskan M, editor. Analysis of Genetic Variation in Animals. InTech; 2012. pp. 269–286.

Roedel PM, Ripley WE. Fish Bulletin No. 75. California Sharks and Rays. State of California Department of Natural Resources Division of Fish and Game Bureau of Marine Fisheries; 1950 pp. 1–89.

Rogers-Bennet L. Review of some California fisheries for 2000: Market squid, sea urchin, prawn, white abalone, groundfish, ocean salmon, Pacific sardine, Pacific herring, Pacific mackerel, nearshore live-fish, halibut, yellowfin tuna, white seabass, and kelp. CalCOFI Reports. 2001;42:12–28.

Royce WF. First Record of White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) from Southeastern Alaska. Copeia. 1963;1963(1):179.

Sandin SA, Smith JE, DeMartini EE, Dinsdale EA, Donner SD, Friedlander AM, Konotchick T, Malay M, Maragos JE, Obura D, et al. Baselines and Degredation of Coral Reefs in the Northern Line Islands. PLoS ONE. 2008;3(2):1–11.

SARA. Species At Risk Act (SARA) in 2011. SARA Annual Report. 2011:http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/files/r.

Schafer HA, Gosset RW, Ward CF, Westcott AM. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Marine mammals. Biennial report, 1983-84. Long Beach, CA: Southern California Coastal Water Research Project; 1984 pp. 109–114.

Schroeder WC. Additional Gulf of Maine Records of the White Shark Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus) from the Gulf of Maine in 1937. Copeia. 1939;1939(1):48.

Schroeder WC. Records of Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus) and Pseudopriacanthus altus (Gill) from the Gulf of Maine, Summer of 1937. Copeia. 1938;1938(1):46.

SECRETARIA DE AGRICULTURA GANADERIA DESARROLLO RURAL PESCA Y ALIMENTACION. ACUERDO mediante el cual se aprueba la actualización de la Carta Nacional Pesquera. Part 1. Diario Oficial. 2006;1:21.

SECRETARIA DE AGRICULTURA GANADERIA DESARROLLO RURAL PESCA Y ALIMENTACION. ACUERDO mediante el cual se aprueba la actualización de la Carta Nacional Pesquera. Part 2. Diario Oficial. 2006;1:128.

Semmens JM, Payne NL, Huveneers C, Sims DW, Bruce BD. Feeding requirements of white sharks may be higher than originally thought. Nature/Scientific Reports. 2013;3(1471):1–4.

Shepard TD, Myers RA. Direct and indirect fishery effects on small coastal elasmobranchs in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Ecology letters. 2005;8:1095–1104.

Shimada K. Ontogenetic Parameters and Life History Strategies of the Late Cretaceous Lamniform Shark, Cretoxyrhina mantelli, Based on Vertebral Growth Incraments. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2008;28(1):21–33.

Shimada K. Phylogeny of lamniform sharks (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii) and the contribution of dental characters to lamniform systematics. Paleontological Research. 2005;9(1):55–72.

Shivji MS, Chapman DD, Pikitch EK, Raymond PW. Genetic profiling reveals illegal international trade in fins of the great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias. Conservation Genetics. 2005;6:1035–1039.

Sims DW, Humphries NE, Bradford RW, Bruce BD. Levy flight and Brownian search patterns of a free-ranging predator reflect different prey field characteristics. Journal of Animal Ecology. 2012;81:432–442.

Skud BE. Measurements of a White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias, Taken in Maine Waters. Copeia. 1962;1962(3):659–661.

Smale MJ, Cliff G. White Sharks and Cephalopod Prey. Indicators of Habitat Use? In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2012. pp. 51–58.

Smale MJ, Heemstra PC. First Record of Albinism in the Great White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758). South African Journal of Science. 1997;93(5):243–245.

Sperone E, Micarelli P, Andreotti S, Spinetti S, Andreani A, Serena F, Brunelli E, Tripepi S. Social interactions among bait-attracted white sharks at Dyer Island (South Africa). Marine Biology Research. 2010;6(4):408–414.

Squire JL Jr. Observations of Basking Sharks and Great White Sharks in Monterey Bay, 1948-50. Copeia. 1967;1967(1):247–250.

Stevens JD, Bonfil R, Dulvy NK, Walker PA. The effects of fishing on sharks, rays, and chimaeras (chondrichthyans), and the implications for marine ecosystems. ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2000;57:476–494.

Stewardson CL. Preliminary Investigations of Shark Predation on Cape Fur Seals Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus from the eastern Cape Coast of South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 1999;54(2):191–203.

Stewardson CL, Brett M. Aggressive behaviour of an adult male Cape fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) towards a great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias). African Zoology. 2000;35(1):147–150.

Stewart BS, Yochem PK, Huber HR, DeLong RL, Jameson RJ, Sydeman WJ, Allen SG, Le Boeuf BJ. History and Present Status of the Northern Elephant Seal Population. In: Elephant Seals. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press; 1982. pp. 29–48.

Strong WR Jr, Murphy RC, Bruce BD, Nelson DR. Movements and Associated Observations of Bait-attracted White Sharks, Carcharodon carcharias: A Preliminary Report. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 1992;43:13–20.

Sulikowski JA, Williams LJ, Domeier ML. The Use of a Nonlethal Technique to Assess the Reproductive Biology of the White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias. In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2012. pp. 467–476.

Sydeman WJ, Allen SG. Pinniped Population Dynamics in Central California: Correlations with Sea Surface Temperature and Upwelling Indices. Marine Mammal Science. 1999;15(2):446–461.

Taylor L. White Sharks in Hawaii: Historical and Contemporary Records Sibley G, Seigel JA, Swift CC, editors. Biology of the White Shark, a Symposium. 1985;9:41–48.

Thomas CD. What Do Real Population Dynamics Tell Us About Minimum Viable Population Sizes? Conservation Biology. 1990;4(3):324–327.

Tirard P, Manning MJ, Follit I, Duffy C, Borsa P. Records of Great White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in New Caledonian Waters. Pacific Science. 2010;64(4):567–576.

Todd VLG, Grove JS. First records of golden trevally (Gnathodon speciosus, Carangidae), sharp-tail mola (Masturus lanceolatus, Molidae) and evidence for white shark (Carcharodon carcharias, Lamnidae) in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Marine Biodiversity Records. 2010;3:1–7.

Townsend CH. The Northern Elephant Seal and the Guadalupe Fur Seal. American Museum of Natural History. 1924;24(5):566–578.

Traill LW, Bradshaw CJA, Brook BW. Minimum viable population size: A meta-analysis of 30 years of published estimates. Biological Conservation. 2007;139:159–166.

Tricas TC. Feeding Ethology of the White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias Sibley G, Seigel JA, Swift CC, editors. Biology of the White Shark, a Symposium. 1985;9:81–91.

Tricas TC, McCosker JE. Predatory behavior of the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), with notes on its biology. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. 1984;43:221–238.

Turnbill SD, Dion D. White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) Attack on a Harbor Porpoise (Phocaena phocaena) in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Northeastern Naturalist. 2012;19(4):705–707.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife. Southern Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris nereis). Ventura, CA: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service; 2008 p. 11.

Uchida S, Toda M, Teshima K, Yano K. Pregnant White Sharks and Full-Term Embryos from Japan. In: Klimley AP, Ainley DG, editors. Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias . San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1996. pp. 139–155.

Velikanov AY. The Record of the White Shark Carcharodon carcharias (Lamnidae) from Aniva Bay, Sakhalin. Journal of Ichthyology. 2010;50(4):347–350.

Walker TI. Can shark resources be harvested sustainably? A question revisited with a review of shark fisheries. Marine and Freshwater Research. 1998;49:553–572.

Ward P, Myers RA. Shifts in Open-Ocean Fish Communities Coinciding with the Commencement of Commercial Fishing. Ecology. 2005;86(4):835–847.

Wcisel M, Chivell W, Gottfried MD. A potential predation attempt by a great white shark on an Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin. South African Journal of Wildlife Research. 2010;40(2):184–187.

Weng KC, Boustany AM, Pyle P, Anderson SD, Brown AC, Block BA. Migration and habitat of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Marine Biology. 2007;152:877–894.

Weng KC, Honebrink R. Occurrence of White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in Hawaiian Waters. Journal of Marine Biology. 2013;2013:1–7.

Weng KC, O’Sullivan JB, Lowe CG, Winkler CE, Blasius ME, Loke-Smith KA, Sippel TJ, Ezcurra JM. Back to the Wild: Release of Juvenile White Sharks from the Monterey Bay Aquarium. In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2012. pp. 419–446.

Werry JM, Bruce BD, Sumpton W, Reid D, Mayer DG. Beach Areas Used by Juvenile White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias, in Eastern Australia. In: Domeier ML, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2012. pp. 271–286.

Wiener JG, Krabbenhoft DP, Heinz GH, Scheuhammer AM. Ecotoxicology of mercury. In: Hoffman D, Rattner JBA, Burton GA, Cairns J, editors. Handbook of ecotoxicology, Second edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2003. pp. 409–463.

Wilson C, Patyten M. DFG Fact Sheet: White Sharks. California Department of Fish and Game; 2008 p. 4.

Worm B, Davis B, Kettemer L, Ward-Paige CA, Chapman D, Heithaus MR, Kessel ST, Gruber SH. Global catches, exploitation rates, and rebuilding options for sharks. Marine Policy. 2013;40:194–204.

Wroe S, Huber DR, Lowry M, McHenry C, Moreno K, Clausen P, Ferrara TL, Cunningham E, Dean MN, Summers AP. Three-dimensional computer analysis of white shark jaw mechanics: how hard can a great white bite? Journal of Zoology. 2008;276:336–342.

Zenger KR, Stow AJ, Peddemors V, Briscoe DA, Harcourt RG. Widespread utility of Highly Informative AFLP Molecular Markers across Divergent Shark Species. Journal of Heredity. 2006;97(6):607–611.