Where Mrs. Hall should go• Day 1(DNA) - slide 2

• Day 2 (mitosis) – slide 17

• Day 3 (meiosis) – slide 26

• Day 4 (punnett vocab)- slide 43

• Day 5 (co-dominance) -slide 57

• Day 6 (health)- slide 61

• Day 7 (genetic engineering)- slide 68

DNA

-    controls traits

deoxyribonucleic acid

1950’s Dr. Rosalind Franklin

• used techniques to determine what chemicals were in DNA

• couldn’t figure out how they went together

Dr. Watson and Dr. Crick

• figured out molecule was a twisted ladder , called it a double helix

• won a Nobel Prize • did not give Dr. Franklin any credit

Cool facts about DNA

• cell’s DNA is 5 ft long• 10 trillion cells per body (low

estimate)• 50 trillion feet of DNA• reach from Earth to Sun 50

times !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

To build DNA• A= Adenine• T= thymine• C= cytosine• G= guanine • S= sugars• P=

phosphates

Blob in center of cell is

•Nucleus

Nucleus is made of•Chromosomes

•Humans have 46 (23 pair)

Chromosomes have small sections called

•genes

Genes are made of•DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Genes control

•Traits

Karyotyping-

Kevin Van Aelst

Double helix (twisted ladder) shape discovered

by

•Watson and Crick (and Franklin)

DNA VIDEO CLIP

• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/program.html

Cell division is Mitosis

• Write in- cells are doubling• in one celled organisms it is

called Fission  • Occurs when cells need to grow

orRepairhttp://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna/DNAi_packaging_vo2.html

Name that cell game

• Who will be the last cell standing?

Interphase• Nuclear membrane disappears, chromosomes double• ? # chromosomes now???? • 92• http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/media/DNAi_replication

_schematic-lg.mov

• http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna/DNAi_replication_vo1.html

Prophase and

metaphase• Chromosomes line up in the

middle of the cell

Anaphase• Chromosomes separate and

move to the end of cells

Telophase• Nuclear membrane and cell membrane

reform• Cells pull apart• Don’t write!!!: started with a parent

cell and ended with 2 daughter cells

Art and Science  Kevin Van Aelst

Websites• Mitosis clips • http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm • http://www.johnkyrk.com/mitosis.html • mitosis animation using real cell• http://www.teachersdomain.org/

resource/tdc02.sci.life.stru.dnadivide/

My how big your teeth are…

• How did they get so big?

Meiosis

• Used to make reproductive cells

• Also called GAMETES• Gametes have half the number

of chromosomes as a body cell

Gametes:

• Males make sperm in the testes• Females make eggs in the ovaries

In plants

• Male part of the flower makes the pollen

• Female part of the flower makes the fruit and seeds

Sketch fertilization and label the sperm and

egg

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale/

Meiosis Video Clips

• Gamete formation (1/2way down)• http://www.contexo.info/DNA_Basics/

Meiosis.htm • Meiosis video clip• http://www.copernicusproject.ucr.edu/

ssi/HSBiologyResources.htm

Mutation

• Caused by a change in the DNA in the nucleus

• An error occurs in the chromosomes during mitosis or meiosis

• Can be caused by UV rays, chemicals, or

• No reason at all.

Mutations

• Not all mutations are harmful• Bigger beak in a bird, can eat

more and diff kinds of food• Parasite that can now infect a

human and not just a dog, • Good for the parasite!• Tulips mutate to make

different colors

Mutation- polydactyly

• Boy in china with 31 digits

CANCER• When mitosis is out of control, and

does not stop. Has many causes, some still unknown causes.

• “normal” cells have a point where they stop doing mitosis.

• Add this: causes: UV rays, drinking, drugs, nicotine (smoking, chewing), chemical exposure (asbestos)

• Cells are often bizarre and do not function.

• TUMOR: a mass of cancer cells in one spot

Tumor

Cancer from chew

Skin Cancer

cancer cam

• http://www.cellsalive.com/cam1.htm

Mendel• Monk from 1800’s in Austria• Worked in the garden• Noticed some peas were tall, some

pea plants were short• Said,”hmmm, I wonder why?”• Next year, Planted seeds from tall

in 1 garden• Planted seeds from short in

another garden

• Short garden, all the peas were short

• Tall garden some peas were tall, some were short

• Hmmmmm…….• Led to modern study of GENETICS

Punnett Squares

• Used to determine the percent chance of a trait being inherited by the offspring

Dominant Gene

• Always shows • Written with a capital letter

Recessive Gene

• Only shows when there is only recessive genes present

• Written with a lower case letter

B= brown hair b= blonde hair

• BB• Brown hair• Bb=• Brown hair• ..bb=• Blonde

Cross a brown haired father (BB) with a blonde mother (bb)

• ______% brown haired

• _______% blonde haired

Cross a brown haired father (Bb) with a brown haired mother (Bb)

• ______% brown haired

• _______% blonde haired

B = black fur and w = white fur, cross a black guinea pig (Bw) and a white guinea pig

(ww) • _____% black guinea pig

• _____ % white guinea pig

• _____% gray guinea pig

Baby gecko

• Mom = dad =

• SS which means• big scales• tt which means• short tongue• Mm which means• long tail• Nn which means • big nose

• Click on millie melonhead to demo recessive and dominant inheritance

• http://nature.ca/genome/04/041/041_e.cfm

Cross a Red flower (RR) x White flower (ww)

•Predict•% red•% white•% pink

Cross a Yellow seed (yy) x Green seed (Gy)

• Predict• _____ % green seed• _____ % yellow seed

• Zombies are nuts about brains

Co-dominant or Incomplete dominance

• Both genes share• Both written as 2 different capital

letters (RW)

RR= red cow WW= white cow RW= Roan cow

• Cross a roan cow with a white bull and predict

• _____% red• _____% white• _____% roan

Cross a red flower (RR) with a Pink flower (RW)

• Predict • % red• % white• % pink

Cross a male (XY) with a

female (XX)• _____% male• _____% female

Genes and our Health

• If a gene undergoes a mutation, you might get an unwanted trait.

• Recessive genetic disorders only have the disease if you get the recessive gene from both parents

Sickle Cell anemia• Pain, anemia( not enough rbc to

carry oxygen), serious infections, stroke (brain damage)

• Rbc’s get stuck in capillaries• Rbc have hemoglobin that carries

oxygen and carbon dioxide

Cross Ss x Ss

• Predict• %healthy• % disease• % carrier

Hemophilia

• Inherited on the X chromosome• Keeps you from clotting, so you

bleed easily

Cross XXh x XY

• Predict• %healthy• % hemophiliac (disease)• % carrier

Genetic Engineering

• Create stronger plants and animals by implanting genes that have the desired trait

• http://www.iptv.org/exploremore/ge/what/recombinant.cfm

Examples of genetic engineering

• Tomatoes are given stronger cell walls; don’t crush in grocery bag

Examples of genetic engineering

• Corn is made resistant to fungus or insect invasions

Examples of genetic engineering

• Bacteria can make PURE human insulin to treat diabetes

More examples• Grow arteries from the

patient to do heart surgery• Genetic engineering has

created a chicken with four legs and no wings

• Yikes…if a peanut gene is put into a corn plant so corn has higher protein….will kids allergic to peanuts get sick?

Rat with human ear on back (for transplant

purposes)

• http://www.feathersite.com/Poultry/CGA/Andal/BlueAndalGroup.JPEG blue chicken

• Black andalusian chicken http://www.feathersite.com/Poultry/CGA/Andal/Callie.JPEG

• http://nature.ca/genome/04/041/041_e.cfm activities to demo cloning,