Where is Transportation Going?

Conventional Engines

Biofuels

Electricity

Hydrogen

George Crabtree

Materials Science Division

Argonne National Laboratory

Big Picture: Major Energy Challenges

EIA Intl Energy Outlook 2004http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html

0

10

20

30

40

50

%

World Fuel Mix 2001oil

gas coal

nucl renew

85% fossil

2100: 40-50 TW 2050: 25-30 TW

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

1970 1990 2010 2030

TW

World Energy Demandtotal

industrial

developing

US

ee/fsu

Hoffert et al Nature 395, 883,1998

Energy DemandFuel Security / Sustainability

2

Big Picture: Greenhouse Gases

Relaxation timetransport of CO2 or heat to deep

ocean: 400 - 1000 years

J. R. Petit et al, Nature 399, 429, 1999 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001

http://www.ipcc.chN. Oreskes, Science 306, 1686, 2004

D. A. Stainforth et al, Nature 433, 403, 2005

Climate Change 2001: T he Scientific Basis, Fig 2.22

12001000 1400 1600 1800 2000

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

Year AD

Atm

osph

eric

CO

2(p

pmv) Tem

perature (°C)

- 1.5

- 1.0

- 0.5

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

-- CO2-- Global Mean Temp

300

400

500

600

700

800

- 8

- 4

0

+ 4

400 300 200 100Thousands of years before present

(Ky BP)

0

∆T

relative

to

pres

ent

(°C)

CH4(ppmv)

-- CO2

-- CH4

-- ∆T

325

300

275

250

225

200

175

CO2(ppmv)

CO2 in 2004: 380 ppmv

3

Consumer Picture: Buying Priorities

Fuel Economy: 16th on the list

CO2: not on the list

Survey of 55,000 Buyers of 2007 New Carsfrom Strategic Vision's 2007 New VehicleExperience Study (bought Oct 06 - Mar '07,surveyed after 3 months of ownership)

Courtesy John GermanAmerican Honda Motor Co

4

Consumer Picture: Gasoline Price

Courtesy John GermanAmerican Honda Motor Co

5

Consumer Picture: Cost of Driving

Courtesy John GermanAmerican Honda Motor Co

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Options for Transportation

Conventional Engines

Alternative Liquid Fuels

Electricity

Hydrogen

7

Conventional Gasoline Engines: Efficiency

Combustion and transmission of power: 20% - 35%

Most of the energy: “waste heat”

Thermoelectrics: use waste heat

8

Thermoelectric Conversion

thermal gradient ⇔ electricity

figure of merit: ZT ~ (σ/κ) TZT ~ 3: efficiency ~ heat engines

no moving parts

TAGS

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400RT

2.5

1.5

0.5

ZT

CsBi4Te6

Bi2Te3

LaFe3CoSb12

Zn4Sb3

Si Ge

�PbTe

Temperature (K)

Bi2Te3/Sb2Te3superlattice

PbTe/PbSesuperlattice

LAST-18AgPbAgPb1818SbTeSbTe2020

Scientific Challengesincrease electrical conductivitydecrease thermal conductivity

nanowire superlattice

nanoscale architecturesinterfaces block heat transport

confinement tunes density of statesdoping adjusts Fermi level

Mercouri Kanatzidis

9

Biomass to Fuel

Courtesy Seth Snyder, Argonne

10

Biomass Fuel Research

• Renewable Diesel– Oils are hydrotreated with the introduction of hydrogenand are co-fed with diesel in the presence of a catalyst– End products are propane and renewable diesel.– Typical renewable diesel is paraffinic (C13-C18).- No oxygen, no double bonds, in the heart of diesel fuel (C10-

C22), high cetane, feedstock independent

• Cellulosic biomass to liquid fuels– Pyrolysis- Can create a thick black tarry fluid with viscosity as heavy oil- Hydrotreat to create renewable diesel

– Gasification, followed by Fischer-Tropsch process

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Projected Cost of Alternatives

Gasolinepredictions

2004 2007

BrazilSugar cane

Corn ethanolUS EU

CellulosicEthanol

Fischer-Tropsch

Production cost in 2012$/

gal g

asol

ine

equi

vale

nt

A. Farrell and D. Sperling, May 2007

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Electricity as an Energy Carrier

communication

digital electronics

lightingheating

refrigeration

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coalgas

heat mechanicalmotion electricity

hydrowind

fuel cells

solar

power grid

transportation

industrynuclearfission

35% of primary energy34% of CO2 emissions

63% of energy lost

Transportation29% of primary energy31% of CO2 emissions73% of energy lost

Electricity for Transportation Alternatives

Hybrid 3-4 mile range on pure electricityReduced gasoline useReduced CO2Higher cost

Plug-in Hybrid10-40 mile range on pure electricityTrades gasoline for electricityHigher cost

All Electric

Challenge: Batteries, Batteries, Batteries

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The Importance of Batteries

Conventional, Hybrid, Plug-In Hybrid

vs conventional vehiclevs hybrid

Courtesy John GermanAmerican Honda Motor Co

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Alternative Fuels

Energy Density of Fuels

30

Volu

met

ric

Ener

gy D

ensi

ty

MJ

/ L

syst

em 20

10

00 10 20 30 40

Gravimetric Energy DensityMJ/kg system

gasoline

liquid H2

chemical hydrides

complex hydride

s

compressed gas H2

batteries

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Battery Options

SystemNegativeelectrode

Positiveelectrode

OCV(V)

Th. Cap(Ah/kg)

Th En.(Wh/kg)

Lead – acid Pb PbO2 2.1 83 171

Ni-Cd Cd NiOOH 1.35 162 219

Ni-MH MH alloy NiOOH 1.35 ~178 ~240

Na-S (350°C) Na S 2.1-1.78 (2.0) 377 754

Na-MCl2(300°C)

Na NiCl2 2.58 305 787

Li-Ion LixC6 Li1-xCoO2 4.2-3.0 (4.0) 79for x=0.5

316 for x=0.5

(632 for x=1)

Li-polymer Li VOx ~3.0-2.0 (2.6) ~340 ~884

Courtesy Michael Thackeray, ANL

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Hydrogen Transportation

H2Oautomotivefuel cells

solarwindhydro

gas orhydridestorage

stationaryelectricity/heat

generation

consumerelectronics

nuclear/solar thermochemical

cyclesH2 H2

fossil fuelreforming

+carbon capture

bio- and bio-inspired

production storage use in fuel cells

9M tons/yr

150 M tons/yr(light trucks and cars in 2040) 9.72 MJ/L

(2015 FreedomCAR Target)

4.4 MJ/L (Gas, 10,000 psi)8.4 MJ/L (LH2)

$3000/kW

$30/kW(Internal Combustion Engine)

$200/kWmass production

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Hydrogen Storage Today: Gas and Liquid

gaseous storage5000 psi = 350 bar10000 psi = 700 bar

fiber reinforced composite containers

liquid storagestandard in stationary applications

portable cryogenics for auto30-40% energy lost to liquifaction

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within technological reach

Hydrogen Storage Challenges: Hydride MaterialsHydrogen Storage Challenges: Hydride Materials

Based on Schlapbach and Zuttel, Nature 414, 353 (2001)

LiAlH4

NH3BH3⇒ NHBH + 2H2

Mg(NH3)6Cl2

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Fuel Cell Challenges: CatalysisPure Pt-skin

Pt48Ni52Pt87Ni13

Pt3Ni crystalPt75Ni25

21

V. Stamenkovic et al, Science 315, 493 (2007)V. Stamenkovic et al, Nature Materials 6, 241 (2007)

Pure Pt crystal

Oxygen Reduction

1/2 O2 + 2 H + + 2 e- ⇒ H2O

+

+

+

+

++

+

+

e-H2

O2

H2O

Pt

(111) (100) (110)

Specific Activityin 0.1 M HClO4at 0.9 V vs RHE

Pt3Ni

Pt

Crystal Surface

I kki

neti

c cu

rren

t de

nsit

y

Requires catalysis

Pt is most effective

Expensive and limited supplyCourtesy Nenad Markovic, Argonne

Research ChallengesMaterials, Materials, Materials

• Advanced batteries for hybrids

• Energy capture from waste heat in exhaust and coolant

• New materials, including

– Methods to automate production of carbon fiber

– High-gloss plastic

- Lightweight metals

• Cellulosic feedstock to fuels compatible with existing vehicles

• Breakthrough energy storage for plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles

- e.g., supercapcitors

• Breakthrough hydrogen storage materials for fuel cells

• Catalysts for fuel cells

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