Institute for Transport StudiesFACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT

Environmental and technological dimensions to visually impaired people’s mobility

Where are we now?

Bryan Matthews

June 2014

Institute for Transport StudiesFACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT

Visual Impairment and Mobility• Approx. 285m visually impaired people worldwide • Approx. 65% over 65• In the UK, 46% have contact with someone from the outside

world less than once a week!

As the population ages …• Approx. 50% would like to go out more often• 29% feel they cannot go out unaccompanied• Independence and consequent health problems caused by – lack of exercise, – poor access to health services and – poor nutrition due to difficulties getting to shops.

Institute for Transport StudiesFACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT

Components of Wayfinding• Getting information and using it - R;• Orientation (knowing current location) - R&L;• Navigating (making route decisions) - R&L;• Mental mapping (using cues to predict the best next step) -

L; and• Exit and entrance identification (locating and moving

through accesspoints) - R; • Closure (detecting and arriving at the right place - L.

Institute for Transport StudiesFACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT

Understanding Visually Impaired People’s Methods of Wayfinding

VIPs quite capable of formulating spatio-cognitive maps (Passini et al,1990)

Evidence that VIPs: “prepared journeys in more detail, made more decisions during the journey, and relied on more units of information” (Passini and Proulx, 1988). Need to develop an “environmental information system” accessible to all   “a coherent ensemble of architectural and graphic cues that provides the decision-making user with adequate wayfinding information at the appropriate place in a form that is both accessible and understandable” (Passini, 1984). 

Institute for Transport StudiesFACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT

But better understanding needed of:

• what spatial information should be given;

• in what form that information should be given;

• at what locations information should be given; and

• how these vary with key parameters, e.g. visual impairment and time.

Institute for Transport StudiesFACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT

Inclusive Design• An inclusive process; • Led by accredited professionals;

• Involving users;

• With appropriate consultee training

• Addressing cases on their merits

Institute for Transport StudiesFACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT

Tactile Paving

Source: DfT, 2010

Institute for Transport StudiesFACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT

Follow the yellow-brick road

Source: travelinghero.blogspot.com

Institute for Transport StudiesFACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT

Shared Space• Removing the demarcations

between pedestrian space and vehicle space

• Sharing leads to greater freedom for pedestrian and greater caution from motorist

• Generally controversial • Specifically problematic for

visually impaired mobility

Photo: Exhibition Road, London (source: www.dailymail.co.uk)

Institute for Transport StudiesFACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT

Road CrossingsRange of formal and informal crossing-types Visual, audio and tactile indicators Current work for Guide Dogs – searching for evidence of:1. The importance of road crossings for pedestrians

2. The extent of use or reliance on crossings 3. pedestrians' preferences between crossing-types 4. How pedestrians use crossings (independently or accompanied) 5. thoughts on informal crossings provided in shared space.

Institute for Transport StudiesFACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT

Walk this way…

route

Institute for Transport StudiesFACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT

Talk this way…

Institute for Transport StudiesFACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT

Technology

Can technology be the answer?• GPS and mapping technology• Augmented reality• Personal Positioning Systems• Triggered information (Beacons)• Electronic leadlines?• Exciting but not alternative to inclusively designed built

environment

Institute for Transport StudiesFACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT

The Mobility Opportunities of ICT

Websites, Assistive Technologies and Apps

Design

Cost

Training

Take-up

The digital sub-divide?