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Outline Mushroom species belonging to Amanita genus
- Toxin Species of Amanita
General Information- Poisonous vs. Regular Mushrooms- Parts of the mushroom that are poisonous
Common Toxins found in Amanita- Amatoxin - Phallotoxin- Virotoxins - Ibotenic acid
General Information, Mechanism of Action and Structural Comparison -Amatoxin -Phallotoxin
-Ibotenic Acid
Extraction Methods
Amanatin Poisoning - Symptoms - Treatment
Mushroom species belonging to Amanita genus A. virosa (amatoxin)
A. phalloides (phallotoxin)
A. pantheria (Ibotenic acid)
Morchella (edible)
Characteristic of Poisonous Mushroom
Cap is wide, smooth, come with different colorful
Usually sticky or slippery
White spore powder Gill size is narrow or
surface is smooth
Characteristic of Edible Mushroom
Is has odor like almond
Spore print is black or brown or chocolate
Gill size is broad Mushroom must has
no bruises
Which parts of mushroom that are most poisonous?
All parts of amatoxin
containing mushrooms are poisonous.
AmatoxinGenernal information: Found in virosa and
commonly known as “Destroying Angels”.
Mechanism of actions: This mushroom can cause liver
and kidney damage. Toxin invades nucleus of liver
cells. Then it destroys nucleolus and inhibits mRNA
Polymerase. The toxin circulates to kidneys and attack
kidney cells then re-enter blood stream and back to
liver. Amatoxins are LETHAL.
PhallotoxinsGenernal information: Found in phalloides
commonly known as “Death Cap”. This mushroom
was discovered by Lynen and Ulrich Wieland in 1938.
Mechanism of actions: Attack plasma membrane and
bind to protein receptors. Cells leak Ca++ and then K+ .
Toxin enters cytoplasm and attacks organelles by
rupturing lysosome membrane.
Ibotenic AcidGenernal information: Found in pantheria andcommonly known as “Panther”.
Mechanism of actions: Toxins act by mimicking thenatural transmitters glutamic acid on neurons in thecentral nervous system with specialized receptors for amino acids. These toxins may also cause selectivedeath of neurons sensitive to Excitatory Amino Acid(EAAs).
General Structures Continue
Ibotenic acid Amatoxin and Phallotoxin are more similar in structure than Ibotenic in that they both are huge cyclic structures. Both also contain a sulfur group in the center of the cyclic structure.
Methods: Dried specimens of Amanita foetidissima and A.
pleropus were rehydrated in KOH, then rinsed w/ distilled water. Diced, weighed, then suspended in extraction medium containing methanol: distilled water. Suspended tissues are then incubated then centrifuged. Supernatants were collected and HPLC analysis were than performed. Peaks identified by HPLC were confirmed by FAB mass spectroscopy of the eluted fractions in A. reidii and A. phallodies f. umbrina, two other species known to contain amatoxin and phallotoxin.
One Extraction Method for Amatoxin and Phallotoxin
Methods: Ibotenic acid ([alpha]-amino-3-hydroxy-5-isoxazole
acetic acid) was separated from spores and caps of Amanita muscaria by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography and identified by flow injection analysis with mass spectrometric detection.
One Extraction Method for Ibotenic Acid
Amanatin: Symptoms & Treatments
Within 5 to 24 hours - diarrhea, vomiting, and pain (typically 6 to 12 hours)
Short remission and apparent improvement
4 to 11 days later - severe liver damage - acute kidney failure
- coma and death
Supportive care - pump stomach, restore fluid balance
Activated charcoal to absorb toxins in stomach
Liver transplant High dose penicillin G milk thistle
Symptoms Treatments
Works cited http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/Bot430/Lect24_Edible%20an
d%20Poisonous%20Mushroom.htm Source Citation: "Mushroom poisoning." World of Health. Ed. Brigham
Narins. Detroit: Gale, 2000. Science Resource Center. Thomson Gale. 18 April 2006
Source Citation: Kaminstein, David, MD. "Mushroom poisoning." Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Ed. Jacqueline L. Longe and Deirdre S. Blanchfield. 2nd ed. Detroit: Gale, 2002. Science Resource Center. Thomson Gale. 18 April 2006
http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/amanita/amapeptides.html#toxins2
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=248683
http://www.msu.edu/user/hallenhe/SAJB%20amatoxin.pdf