When are the middle ages?When are the middle ages?What defines their ending?What defines their ending?

Development of nation-states in W. EuropeDevelopment of nation-states in W. EuropeConstantinople Constantinople

14921492RenaissanceRenaissance

Middle Ages 500-1500Middle Ages 500-1500

Roughly three periods Roughly three periods Early Middle AgesEarly Middle Ages 500- 500-1000 nicknamed Dark Ages in W. Europe1000 nicknamed Dark Ages in W. Europe

Little political unification…little intellectual or Little political unification…little intellectual or engineering accomplishment engineering accomplishment

High Middle Ages High Middle Ages growth in population, more growth in population, more towns develop, technological innovation and towns develop, technological innovation and increased trade with worldincreased trade with world

Late Middle AgesLate Middle Ages defined by development of defined by development of nation state concept and Renaissancenation state concept and Renaissance

TechnologyTechnology

Extensive amounts of new labor saving devices Extensive amounts of new labor saving devices for farmingfor farming

New heavy plow allows much better farming and New heavy plow allows much better farming and better use of field rotationbetter use of field rotation

Improved roads and transportation systems Improved roads and transportation systems allow cities to grow…..burg-walled cityallow cities to grow…..burg-walled city

Increasing specialization of work and permanent Increasing specialization of work and permanent trade or industriestrade or industries

Connections to world increase as W. Europe Connections to world increase as W. Europe connects to mediterranean caravan routes connects to mediterranean caravan routes across silk roads to India and Chinaacross silk roads to India and China

ClergyClergy

Clerical life brings prestige, secure life, Clerical life brings prestige, secure life, education, decent diet, good housingeducation, decent diet, good housing

Clergy shares in governing society as they Clergy shares in governing society as they define the ideology and have good define the ideology and have good connections with nobility and share connections with nobility and share outlook of life with nobilityoutlook of life with nobility

Clergy critical figures in medieval Clergy critical figures in medieval society…there at all critical moments of life society…there at all critical moments of life including being the teachers of societyincluding being the teachers of society

Culture of Middle AgesCulture of Middle Ages

Rise of universities with faculty, students, and degreesRise of universities with faculty, students, and degrees Theology main science at universityTheology main science at university Prominent cathedrals built throughout Europe-focus of Prominent cathedrals built throughout Europe-focus of

people toward religionpeople toward religion All community builds toward churchesAll community builds toward churches Concentration of farmers near castles as presence of Concentration of farmers near castles as presence of

water, wood , iron, church anchor populations to one water, wood , iron, church anchor populations to one spotspot

Majority of Europeans serfs work on and live on manorsMajority of Europeans serfs work on and live on manors Feudal estates or manors where one part of the estate Feudal estates or manors where one part of the estate

benefits the noble owner of the land and one part benefits the noble owner of the land and one part benefits the people who work therebenefits the people who work there

CrusadesCrusades

1095-1200’s four successive crusades to win 1095-1200’s four successive crusades to win back and possess and defend the holy landback and possess and defend the holy land

Rally Christian warriors of Europe against Rally Christian warriors of Europe against MuslimsMuslims

Byzantine emperor asks for help from Roman Byzantine emperor asks for help from Roman Catholic PopeCatholic Pope

Initial success met by famous failureInitial success met by famous failure Italian city states become close connection to Italian city states become close connection to

crusaderscrusaders Increased trade and knowledge with outside Increased trade and knowledge with outside

world is resultworld is result

English HistoryEnglish History

Angles and Saxons immigrate into England in 400’s and Angles and Saxons immigrate into England in 400’s and 500’s500’s

Viking attacks prominent into British Isles in 700 and Viking attacks prominent into British Isles in 700 and 800’s800’s

French King offers land to Vikings to mollify their French King offers land to Vikings to mollify their efforts….gives land in Normandy in 913 becomes efforts….gives land in Normandy in 913 becomes ChristianChristian

1066 attack into Southern England William the 1066 attack into Southern England William the Conquerer and Normans attack and defeat Anglo-Conquerer and Normans attack and defeat Anglo-Saxons and King Harold…Battle of HastingsSaxons and King Harold…Battle of Hastings

Bayeaux Tapestry tells story of battleBayeaux Tapestry tells story of battle Domesday BookDomesday Book first census of England first census of England

English GovernmentEnglish Government

Development of ParliamentDevelopment of Parliament Magna Carta first efforts at not absolute Magna Carta first efforts at not absolute

power for King 1215power for King 1215 Nobles force King John to sign Magna Nobles force King John to sign Magna

CartaCarta

Black DeathBlack Death

Trade connections with crusadesTrade connections with crusades 1347 first shows up from ship coming from 1347 first shows up from ship coming from

east to Veniceeast to Venice Easy to track as perception that world is Easy to track as perception that world is

truly ending over five yearstruly ending over five years Spread by rats though at the time no idea Spread by rats though at the time no idea

what is causing terrible and infectious what is causing terrible and infectious deathsdeaths

Hundred Years WarHundred Years War

1337-1453 France vs. England1337-1453 France vs. England Claim of English for French king dating Claim of English for French king dating

from Norman from Norman Development of nation statehood for Development of nation statehood for

England and France as nationalism and England and France as nationalism and national conciousness increasesnational conciousness increases

14531453 Attack by Ottoman Turks (Muslims) against Byzantines Attack by Ottoman Turks (Muslims) against Byzantines

centered in fortified city of Constantinoplecentered in fortified city of Constantinople Mehmut besieger of city brings 80,000 using cannonsMehmut besieger of city brings 80,000 using cannons Request for assistance from other Christians/Europeans Request for assistance from other Christians/Europeans

goes unheardgoes unheard City besieged eventually fallsCity besieged eventually falls Ends Eastern Roman empireEnds Eastern Roman empire Constantinople becomes Muslim becomes IstanbulConstantinople becomes Muslim becomes Istanbul Hagia Sofia becomes mosqueHagia Sofia becomes mosque Ottoman Empire gains in strengthOttoman Empire gains in strength Strength of Western Christian influence now increasingly Strength of Western Christian influence now increasingly

stronger in Weststronger in West

14921492

Great dynamics of Spanish medieval history involves Great dynamics of Spanish medieval history involves hundreds of years of effort called reconquista----winning hundreds of years of effort called reconquista----winning back Spain from the Muslim occupiersback Spain from the Muslim occupiers

January- crusading army entered Granada and the last January- crusading army entered Granada and the last Muslim stronghold fell to reconquistaMuslim stronghold fell to reconquista

March-Ferdinand and Isabella requiring Jews to convert March-Ferdinand and Isabella requiring Jews to convert or depart…beginning?or depart…beginning?

April- Christoforo Colombo commissioned to “discover April- Christoforo Colombo commissioned to “discover and acquire islands and mainlands in the ocean sea”and acquire islands and mainlands in the ocean sea”

Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella laid the foundation Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella laid the foundation for the unification of Iberia- Castile and aragon two great for the unification of Iberia- Castile and aragon two great realms of region….Spain and Portugal on horizonrealms of region….Spain and Portugal on horizon

First Faint Stirrings of state systemFirst Faint Stirrings of state system

Thousands of mini Germanys..no Thousands of mini Germanys..no centralized statecentralized state

Powerful Polish/Lithuanian powerPowerful Polish/Lithuanian power Russians finally able to throw off Mongols Russians finally able to throw off Mongols

and start to create Russian empireand start to create Russian empire Italy several city states Milan, Florence Italy several city states Milan, Florence

and Venice are prominent city-states able and Venice are prominent city-states able to build strong, centralized statesto build strong, centralized states

RenaissanceRenaissance

Perception amongst some that they are living Perception amongst some that they are living through a revived interest in the classical erathrough a revived interest in the classical era

Raphael: Painting School of AthensRaphael: Painting School of AthensRenaissance man: great confidence in possibilities Renaissance man: great confidence in possibilities

of man sense man can do many things wellof man sense man can do many things wellGreat emphasis on individualism and secularism: Great emphasis on individualism and secularism:

humanism-focus on worldly subjects not religionhumanism-focus on worldly subjects not religion• Begins in Italy: Why? (France)Begins in Italy: Why? (France)High level of education and literacy in ItalyHigh level of education and literacy in ItalyItalians clearly can not and do not want to escape Italians clearly can not and do not want to escape

from their pastfrom their pastGreater wealth, more urban society and less bound Greater wealth, more urban society and less bound

to feudal and chivalric ideals than northto feudal and chivalric ideals than north

How and Why and When did How and Why and When did it spread?it spread?

• Italians traveled frequently and were often Italians traveled frequently and were often teachers and courtiersteachers and courtiers

• Northern Europeans traveled often to Northern Europeans traveled often to Italy…scholars and painters and Italy…scholars and painters and intellectuals place to go!intellectuals place to go!

• Printing PressPrinting Press• Down to 1470’s we have a Florentine Down to 1470’s we have a Florentine

period where Renaissance centeredperiod where Renaissance centered• After 1500 Renaissance movement spreads After 1500 Renaissance movement spreads

to Northto North

Portraits of Renaissance Portraits of Renaissance NamesNames

PetrarchPetrarch- 1300’s often called the father of the - 1300’s often called the father of the Italian Renaissance…father of classical humanismItalian Renaissance…father of classical humanism

Great poet named poet laureate in Rome in 1341Great poet named poet laureate in Rome in 1341 Found works of Cicero, got Homer translated into Found works of Cicero, got Homer translated into

Latin and died with an unfinished life of Julius Latin and died with an unfinished life of Julius CaesarCaesar

Admired by many of great intellectual figures of Admired by many of great intellectual figures of the day for his interest in classical literaturethe day for his interest in classical literature

Urges a return to classical education and focusUrges a return to classical education and focus Religious but not a slavish attachment to the Religious but not a slavish attachment to the

churchchurch

MediciMedici

Renaissance begins in Italian city statesRenaissance begins in Italian city states 1430’s Cosimo De’Medici takes control and 1430’s Cosimo De’Medici takes control and

leads the city during the Renaissanceleads the city during the Renaissance Family rises from pleb background through Family rises from pleb background through

trade to the banking industrytrade to the banking industry Family among the richest in Europe at timeFamily among the richest in Europe at time Pursued goal of making Florence the Pursued goal of making Florence the

cultural capital of Europe…spends half the cultural capital of Europe…spends half the state budget on books for the Medicean state budget on books for the Medicean academyacademy

Artistic RenaissanceArtistic Renaissance

Human beings become focus of Human beings become focus of attention…realistic portrayal of the human attention…realistic portrayal of the human nude typifies eranude typifies era

Realistic relationship between figures and Realistic relationship between figures and landscape improvedlandscape improved

Development of Development of perspectiveperspective- idea of - idea of painting with view of 3D..objects appear to painting with view of 3D..objects appear to the eye based on their spatial attributes the eye based on their spatial attributes pencil or finger should appear closer than pencil or finger should appear closer than bodybody

Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci Interested in almost everything..singing, Interested in almost everything..singing,

art, statues, inventionsart, statues, inventions 1482 works in Milan as military engineer1482 works in Milan as military engineer While there paints portraits, designed While there paints portraits, designed

stage sets, drew maps, proposed irrigation stage sets, drew maps, proposed irrigation plans, created a heating system and drew plans, created a heating system and drew sketches of which 5,000 remainsketches of which 5,000 remain

Genius for inventionGenius for invention Mona Lisa, The Last SupperMona Lisa, The Last Supper Ends up in France..greatest achievement is Ends up in France..greatest achievement is

in the structure and function of naturein the structure and function of nature

Michaelangelo BuonorattiMichaelangelo Buonoratti Wins favor of Medici family and supported in the academy…Wins favor of Medici family and supported in the academy…

many sided geniusmany sided genius Studies and focuses on studying realism of human bodyStudies and focuses on studying realism of human body 1496 receives commission for pieta1496 receives commission for pieta 1501 returns to Florence and sculpts David which shows 1501 returns to Florence and sculpts David which shows

harmony and grace of human bodyharmony and grace of human body Talented architect- designs St. Peter’s Cathedral in RomeTalented architect- designs St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome Pope wants him to paint the ceiling of the Pope wants him to paint the ceiling of the Sistine ChapelSistine Chapel Adam receiving the sparkAdam receiving the spark-greatness of man-greatness of man Noah drunk how man can fall all shows man’s choiceNoah drunk how man can fall all shows man’s choice Unveiled on Oct. 31, 1512 and art is changed forever 37 Unveiled on Oct. 31, 1512 and art is changed forever 37

goes on to live until 89goes on to live until 89 Good book called Good book called The agony and the ecstasyThe agony and the ecstasy

Machiavelli and other Machiavelli and other writerswriters

Boccacchio writes Decameron and Chaucer Boccacchio writes Decameron and Chaucer Canterbury TalesCanterbury Tales

Machiavelli writes Machiavelli writes The Prince The Prince which after study which after study of Roman history writes about leadership and of Roman history writes about leadership and power politics and how to get resultspower politics and how to get results

Ends justifies the means…better to be feared Ends justifies the means…better to be feared than loved as a rulerthan loved as a ruler

Use whatever means necessary to achieve Use whatever means necessary to achieve endsends

MachiavellianMachiavellian come to mean deceit in politics come to mean deceit in politics

Northern RenaissanceNorthern Renaissance

Background to Reformation different and much Background to Reformation different and much laterlater

Culture in North less urban, literate and affluentCulture in North less urban, literate and affluent Church more influential in intellectual life and Church more influential in intellectual life and

the scholastic tradition more deeply rootedthe scholastic tradition more deeply rooted To the sources----Greek and Latin classics in To the sources----Greek and Latin classics in

Italy in the North more likely to be the Bible and Italy in the North more likely to be the Bible and the old Church fathersthe old Church fathers

Compare Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales with Compare Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales with Boccaccio’s Decameron ten a day for ten daysBoccaccio’s Decameron ten a day for ten days

World in 1500World in 1500

Renaissance spreads through EuropeRenaissance spreads through Europe Sense of rationalism and glorification of Sense of rationalism and glorification of

science science Exploration will be key theme which will spread Exploration will be key theme which will spread

European culture around the worldEuropean culture around the world Scientific Revolution and enlightenment are Scientific Revolution and enlightenment are

around the corner which will create the around the corner which will create the conditions for the ascendency of European conditions for the ascendency of European culture around the worldculture around the world

Different era from medieval era or middle ages Different era from medieval era or middle ages