BioC 3021 Section 001

Third Exam Study Guide

Glycolysis: Be able to name and draw all atoms of all structures, know the names of all enzymes and

cofactors, and which steps involve energy and carbon gain or loss. Know the importance of

phosphorylating glucose and how key enzymes are regulated. Know how NAD+ is regenerated under

anaerobic conditions in both yeast and humans, and be able to draw fructose and galactose entry into

glycolysis. You dont need to draw our uridine diphosphate, you can abbreviate it as UDP.

TCA cycle: Be able to name and draw all atoms of all structures, know the names of all enzymes and

cofactors, and which steps involve energy and carbon gain or loss. Know how pyruvate dehydrogenase

works (bottom right slide on page 164). Understand the three conceptual phases and the chemical logic

of the cycle.

Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation: Know the functions of the complexes, electron

carriers, how compounds enter, how molecules move, understand the reaction. You dont need to know specific proteins within the complexes. Be able to draw e- transport and oxidative phosphorylation at

the blob level, as in the slide on page 181. Understand standard reduction potential, the significance of the proton gradient, and the working of ATP synthase.

Gluconeogenesis and Glycogen synthesis: Be able to name and draw all atoms of all structures, know

the names of all enzymes and cofactors, and which steps involve energy. Know the steps that differ

between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and understand why some enzymes are used for both pathways

and some are not. Understand energy charge and reciprocal regulation. Know how glycolysis,

gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis and glycogen breakdown are regulated by the metabolic state of the

cell and by hormones. Understand insulin, glucagon, and diabetes. Understand how one non-insulin

diabetes drug works (dont need to know names or structures.)

Lipid metabolism: Know the steps lipid mobilization and in -oxidation (be able to draw one round starting with a generic fatty acid as shown in the top left slide on 197), understand similarity to Krebs

cycle reactions. Understand the regulation of HMG-CoA reductase in cholesterol biosynthesis.

Understand prostaglandins and common analgesics.

Amino acid metabolism: Know the fate of the nitrogen groups, know how the carbon backbones enter

metabolism of any amino acids that were discussed individually (dont need to know all 20). Be able to draw all reactions on slides of page 204-5. Understand how excess nitrogen is converted to urea.

Case Studies, Metabolic Diseases, etc.: You should also know these, be able to describe a disease

causes by loss of a metabolic enzyme, as well as any case study we discussed.