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Indoor & Outdoor Air Quality. What’s all the fuss about “indoor” air pollution? I always thought “outdoor” air pollution was the main problem?. VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) Are a large group of carbon based chemicals that easily evaporate Most people can smell high levels of some VOCs - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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• If too little outdoor air enters a building without dilution, pollutants can accumulate to levels that can pose health and discomfort problems.
POOR VENTILATION
• Building materials and furnishings; biological products for household cleaning, personal care, or hobbies; central heating and cooling systems; pesticides; oil, gas, kerosene, wood combustion sources and people (CO2).
POLLUTANT SOURCES
What’s all the fuss about “indoor” air pollution? I always thought “outdoor” air pollution was the main problem?
green building resource center
What Causes Indoor Air Quality Problems?
MERV RATING 1-4 NOT GOOD FOR filtering the air because they will not stop particles smaller than 10 microns.
MERV RATING 5-8 better choice are commonly found
in commercial buildings. Collects particles as small as 3
microns.
MERV RATING 9-12 Stops particles in the 1 to 3 micron range. Clean or replace them when recommended because
they will have a negative affect on the air flow.
MERV RATING 13-20 Will stop particles as small as .3
microns. These filters are used in hospitals and other super clean environments.
MER
V Ra
ting
5-8
1-4
13-16
9-12
1031-3.3
Used to rate the ability of an air conditioning filter to remove dust from the air as it passes.
WHAT DOES MERV STAND FOR?Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value
MERV RATING CHART
All Combustion smokeCarbon DustVirus (unattached)<0.3 pm particle size
Welding FumesAuto EmissionsMilled FlourLead Dust Humidifier DustLegionella1.0-3.0pm Particle Size
Pudding MixCement DustDusting AidsFabric ProtectorHair SprayMold Spores3.0-10.0 pm Particle Size
Carpet FibersTextile FibersSpray Paint DustSanding DustDust Mites, Pollen>10.0 pm Particle Size
16-20151413
1211109
8765
4321
General Surgery
Hospital Inpatient Care
Smoking Lunges
Superior Commercial Buildings
Superior Residential
Better Commercial Buildings
Hospital Laboratories
Commercial Buildings
Better ResidentialIndustrial Workplace
Paint Booth Inlet
Minimal Filtration
Residential
Window A/C Units
Bag Filter- Nonsupported microfine fiberglass or synthetic media, 12-36 in. Deep,6-12 pockets. Box Filters-Rigid -Syle Cartridge 6 to 12” deep may use lofted or paper media
Bag Filter- Nonsupported microfine fiberglass or synthetic media, 12-36 in. Deep,6-12 pockets. Box Filters-Rigid Syle Cartridge 6 to 12” deep may use lofted or paper media
Pleated Filters- Disposable, extended surface area, thick with cotton-polyester blend media, cardboard frame
Cartridge Filter-Graded density viscous coated cube or pocket filters, synthetic media. Throwaway- Disposable fiberglass or synthetic panel filter.
Throwaway- Disposable fiberglass or synthetic panel filter.
Washable- Aluminum MeshElectrostatic- Self charging woven panel filter.Washable- Aluminum Mesh
VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds)
Are a large group of carbon based chemicals that easily evaporate Most people can smell high levels of some VOCsSome VOCs have no odor
MERV Rating 9-12 stops particles in the 1-3 micron range.
MERV FILTER 1-4 will not stop particle smaller than 10 microns.
MERV 10 Micron
1 Micron 0.3 Micron13 99%
89% 49%
MERV 10 Micron
1 Micron 0.3 Micron10 99%
30% 19%
MERV 10 Micron
1 Micron 0.3 Micron6 85-90%
0 0
MERV 10 Micron
1 Micron 0.3 Micron8 98%
12% 2%
HOSPITAL INPATIENTMERV 15 OR BETTER
RECOMMENDED BY LEEDCOMMERCIAL BUILDING
MERV 13 OR BETTER
COMMERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL, SUPERIOR HOMES NOT RECOMMENDED NOT RECOMMENDED
MERV FILTER EFFICIENCY AT 10, 1, & 0.3 MICRON LEVELS
MERV 10 Micron
1 Micron 0.3 Micron15-20 99%
98% 78%
Interesting Facts
Indoor air pollution is estimated to cause approximately 2 million premature deaths per year mostly in developing countries. Almost half of these deaths are due to respiratory conditions in children under 5 years of age.
Urban outdoor air pollution is estimated to cause 1.3 million deaths worldwide per year.
Many construction materials offgas for five or more years following manufacture.
In homes where biomass fuels and coal are used for cooking and heating, particulate levels may be 10–50 times higher than the standard guideline values.
Air pollution is the single greatest environmental threat
to human health!Word Health Organization
MERV Rating
Microns
USGBC LEED Rating System INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
(IEQ)A green building should provide its occupants with superior indoor air quality to support their health, comfort and well-being.
Increased Ventilation1 POINT
Intent:Provide additional outdoor air ventilation to improve indoor air quality for improved occupant comfort, will-being and productivity.
For more information:American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
www.ashrae(800) 527-4723
Construction IAQ Management Plan During Construction
1 POINT
Intent:Reduce indoor air quality problems resulting from the construction and/or renovation process in order to help sustain the comfort and well-being of construction workers and buildings occupants
For more information:Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors’ National Association
(SMACNA) www.smacna.org(703) 803-2980
Interesting FactsThere are 25,400 microns in one inch. A "micron" is an abbreviated term for "micrometer“A unit of length equal to one millionth of a meter Symbol: μ, mu
Construction IAQ Management Plan Before Occupancy
1 Point
Requirements:Develop and implement an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan for the preoccupancy phase .
Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Source Control
1 Point
Requirements:Design to minimize and control pollutant entry into buildings and later cross-contamination of regularly occupied areas.
Indoor & Outdoor Air Quality
Poster Design By Dianne Polo
green building resource center
Indoor & Outdoor Air Quality
Indoor Air Pollutants Sources
Home and Personal
Care Products
Air Fresheners
Air Cleaners that Produce
Ozone
Cleaning And
Disinfection
Chemicals
Cosmetics
Fuel Oil, Gasoline
Moth Ball BehaviorsCooking
Dry Cleaning
Hobbies
NewspaperNon-Electric
Space Heaters
Photocopiers
SmokingBuilding
MaterialsCarpet and Adhesive
Composite Wood
Products
Paint
Sealing Caulks
Solvents
Upholstery Fabrics
Vinyl Floor
Where Do VOCs Come from?Many products we have in our homes release or “off-gas” VOCs. Some examples of sources of VOCs are :
How Our Time Is Spent
Automobile Exhaust
Wood Smoke Emissions From Incinerators
Power Plants Cigarette Smoke
Plywood
Cosmetics Molding Plastic Foam Mattress Particle Board Cell Phone
Insulation Fumigant Dinnerware Disinfectants
Formaldehyde is found in
FORMALDEHYDEIt’s A Colorless GasPungent odorIt’s A VOCIt’s A Normal Metabolic Product Of Living Cells Probable CarcinogenLung & eye irritant
Formaldehyde800 ppb
The typical threshold for developing acute
symptoms.
Formaldehyde100 ppb
Some individuals demonstrate health
effects.
Formaldehyde50 ppb
Most people can detect levels of formaldehyde.
LEVELS OF FORMALDEHYDE IN A “BAD AIR DAY”World Health Organization (Minnesota Dept Health)
Indoor Air Quality Outdoor Air Quality
median formaldehyde level
12.6 ppb.012 ppm
maximum formaldehyde
120 ppb0.120 ppm
maximum formaldehyde base formaldehyde level
2.9 ppb.0029 ppm
Other indoor VOC sources that are known for their hazard to healthbenzenecarbon monoxideformaldehydenaphthalenenitrogen dioxidepolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (especially benzo[a]pyrene)trichloroethylene TetrachloroethyleneRadon is not a VOC but it’s extremely dangerous
WHO Guidelines For Indoor Air Quality World Health Organization
For each VOC substance, the WHO Guidelines chapter covers a general description, the sources and pathways of exposure, the indoor–outdoor relationship, kinetics and metabolism, the health effects, a health risk evaluation, the guidelines, a summary box and references.
http://www.who.int/en/
Interesting Facts
LEED CERTIFIED WOOD
1 POINTIntent:Encourage environmentally responsible forest management.
Forest Stewardship Council’s Principles and Criteria
www.fscus.org(877) 372-5646
LOW-EMITTING MATERIAL1 POINT
Requirements:All adhesives and sealants used on the interior of the building shall comply with the requirements of the reference standards: Adhesives, Sealants and Sealant Primers:
South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD)
www.aqmd.gov/rules/reg/reg11/r1168.pdf(909) 396-2000
The South Coast Air Quality Management District is a governmental organization in Southern California with the mission to maintain healthful air quality for its residents.
Green Guard Standard
Green Guard is an independent nonprofit organization that certifies products, materials, ,and chemicals emissions. GGTM.P066 Standard that sets VOC limits for Formaldehyde= 0.05 ppm
www.greenguard.com
WHO (World Health Organization) Air quality guidelines (AQGs) are designed to offer global guidance on reducing the health impacts of air pollution.
How We Measure Contaminant Concentrations? (What does parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb) mean?)
Poster Design By Dianne Polo
•Exhaust fumes from vehicles•Emissions from manufacturing facilities (i.e. factories) •Power generation (i.e. smoke stacks of coal fired power plants)•Residential use of coal and wood for cooking and heating. This pollution takes the form of Particulates and VOC’s (gases). Filters with high MERV ratings will capture many of the particulates (generally more dangerous), but not the gases. Ground level ozone (03) is unstable and ultimately breaks down to O2 oxygen in a short time, especially if it gets inside.
11.5 ppb.011 ppm
FYI- FEMA Trailer Case
Avg formaldehyde level 77ppb= .077ppm
High formaldehyde level590 ppb=.59 ppm
Greenguard Limits
Surface Materials25 ppb= .025 ppm
Building Materials50 ppb=.05 ppm
green building resource center
Indoor & Outdoor Air Quality
The Clean Air Act requires EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for six common U.S. air pollutants: 1. Particle pollution (often referred to as particulate matter) 2. Ground-level Ozone3. Carbon monoxide 4. Sulfur oxides5. Nitrogen oxides 6. LeadThese pollutants can harm your health and the environment, and cause property damage. Of the six pollutants, particle pollution and ground-level ozone are the most widespread health threats.
Deaths from urban air pollution
Today’s AQI ForecastSaturday, August 27, 2011
The Air Quality Index (AQI) is an index for reporting daily air quality. It tells you how clean or polluted your air is, and what associated health effects might be a
concern for you.
While levels of many pollutants have been decreasing in recent years.
For every 75 deaths per year due to air pollution in the U.S. health scientists have estimated that there are
505 hospital admissions for asthma and other respiratory diseases3,500 respiratory emergency doctor visits 180,000 asthma attacks 930,000 restricted activity 2,000,000 acute respiratory symptom
USGBC LEED Rating SystemLeadership in Energy And Environmental Design
Redefining the way we think about the places. where we live, work and learn.
LEED works throughout a building's life cycle.
LEED certification provides independent, third-party verification that a building, home or community was designed and built using strategies aimed at achieving high performance in key areas of human and environmental health: sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection and indoor environmental quality.
LEED-certified buildings are designed to: Lower operating costs and increase asset value Reduce waste sent to landfills Conserve energy and water Be healthier and safer for occupants Reduce harmful greenhouse gas emissions Qualify for tax rebates, zoning allowances and other incentives in hundreds of cities
Average Savings Of Green BuildingsFour Certification Levels
Points
40-40 50-59 60-79 80+
Low-Emitting MaterialsPainting and Coating
1 Point
Requirements:Paints, coating, and primers applied to interior wall and ceilings; Anti-corrosive and anti-rust paints applied to interior ferrous metal substrates Do not exceed the VOC content limits established in Green Seal Standard .
Low-Emitting MaterialsCarpet Systems
1 Point
Requirements:All carpet and cushion installed shall meet the testing and product requirements of The Carpet and Rug Institute’s green Label Plus Program.
Carpet and Rug Institute Green Label Plus Testing Program
All carpet adhesive shall meet the requirements for EQ Credit 4.1: VOC limits.
Carpet and Rug Institutewww.carpet-rug.com
(800) 882-8846
Low-Emitting MaterialsComposite Wood & Agrifiber
Products1 Point
Requirements:Specify wood and agrifiber products that contain no added urea-formaldehyde resin. Specify laminating adhesives for field and shop applied assemblies that contain no added urea-formaldehyde resins.
An update on FormaldehydeConsumer Product Safety Commission
www.cpsc.gov
Interesting Facts
FOR THE FAMILY
VOC Concentrations in the airAnalysis of chemical concentration in residences,
daycare centers and school buildings indicate that VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) are the
most prevalent pollutants, with significantly higher levels in indoor air than in the
outdoor atmosphere.
Poster Design By Dianne Polo
What causes air pollution deaths?
StratosphereGood Ozone
TroposphereBad Ozone
Sunlight
NOX
VOC’s
Ozone
http://www.epa.gov/air/oaqps/gooduphigh/ozone.pdf
What is Happening to the “Good” Ozone Layer?Ozone is produced naturally in the stratosphere and reflects UV rays. But this “good” ozone is gradually being destroyed by man-made chemicals referred to as ozone-depleting substances. These substances are used in coolants, foaming agents, fire extinguishers, solvents, pesticides, and aerosol propellants and when broken down by the intensity of the sun’s UV rays release chlorine and bromine molecules, which destroy the “good” ozone. What Causes “Bad” Ozone? Ground-level or “bad” ozone is not emitted directly into the air, but is created by chemical reactions between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the presence of sunlight. Emissions from industrial facilities and electric utilities, motor vehicle exhaust, gasoline vapors, and chemical solvents are some of the major sources of NOx and VOC. At ground level, ozone is a harmful pollutant.
What is Ozone? Ozone is a gas that occurs both in the
level. Ozone can be “good” and “bad” for your health and the environment, depending on its location in the atmosphere.
Earth’s upper atmosphere and at ground
Air pollution from smoke and various chemicals kills 3 million people a year. In the United States alone about 3 million tons of toxic chemicals are released into the environment -- contributing to cancer, birth defects, immune system defects and many other serious health problems.