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Whatever Row and side you sit in/on in class … Sit in that group of seats. . A Nation in Reform. 1800’s Movements in America. Educational reform. Public schools began to open to create an educated population of voters Teacher’s began to be specially trained and their salaries increased - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Whatever Row and side you sit in/on in class…
Sit in that group of seats.
1800’s Movements in America
A Nation in Reform
Educational reformPublic schools began to
open to create an educated population of voters
Teacher’s began to be specially trained and their salaries increased
More schools openedSchool attendance
became mandatory through elementary school
High schools began to become more common
Horace Mann1796 – 1859President of the
Massachusetts SenateStepped down to head
the new Massachusetts School Board for 12 years
Established the standard other states would follow for creating public school systems and teacher-training programs
Calvin Wiley1819 – 1887North Carolina’s first
school superintendentChampioned creating
state standards for what should be taught in schools
More difficult to get children in school in the South because they were needed for farm work
Female EducationEmma Willard’s Troy
Female Seminary in NY (1821)
Mary Lyon’s Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in MA (1837)
Elizabeth Blackwell: 1st woman to earn a medical degree, built hospital for women and children staffed entirely by women
Prison reformInmates were not
separated by offense and prisons included the violent & mentally ill
Idea of rehabilitation rather than punishment began to take hold
States began to build modern prisons (penitentiaries) to house long-term prisoners
Mental health reformMentally ill received
no treatment, kept in prisons with common criminals where they received not even the most basic of medical care and were often tortured
The field of “mental health” didn’t exist yet
Dorothea Dix1802 – 1887Former teacher who
took up the plight of the mentally ill
Traveled and wrote articles to expose the abuses suffered by the mentally ill
Dorothea Dix Hospital in Raleigh was named after her in 1856
Labor ReformFirst labor unions
began to form – pushed for higher wages, shorter workdays
Early unions had little success – ignored by employers, not supported by the government who saw them as a threat to American industry
Abolitionist MovementMovement to end
slavery in the United States
Took on several different forms
Championed primarily by Northerners and women
Opposed slavery on moral grounds
GradualismEarliest form of
abolitionism called for the gradual freeing of the slaves – stop importing new slaves, then phase out slavery over time
Slave owners would be compensated for their lost property
South would have time to adjust its economy
American Colonization Society1816Called for freeing the
slaves but then sending them back to Africa
Helped establish country of Liberia in West Africa as a home for repatriated slaves
Too many slaves to be effective, too expensive to transport millions
Most slaves at this point had never seen Africa and didn’t want to go
David Walker1785 – 1830Free African-American
from Wilmington, NC who settled in Boston
Published “Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World”
Called for a violent rebellion by slaves;
pamphlet was banned throughout the South
Died under mysterious circumstances – murdered?
William Lloyd Garrison1805 – 1879Editor of the
Liberator – an abolitionist newspaper in Boston
Demanded immediate emancipation of the slaves rather than any kind of gradual end to slavery
Founded American Antislavery Society in 1833 – by 1838 the AAS had over 250,000 members
Harriet Beecher Stowe1811 – 1896Author of Uncle
Tom’s Cabin, a novel which
exposed conditions under which slaves lived in the South
Made real to many Northerners how brutal the slave system could really be
Sarah & Angelina GrimkéSarah: 1792 – 1873Angelina: 1805 –
79Grew up on
plantation in South Carolina but became avid abolitionists
Wrote and gave speeches on the realities of slavery
Frederick Douglass1818 – 1895Born a slave, but escaped at
age 20Became a speaker and writer –
his autobiography was a bestseller
Convinced many whites that Africans were intelligent and capable of learning (many in the South had made claims that Africans were not)
Second wife was white, which cost him support of fellow African-Americans in his later years
Sojourner Truth1797 – 1883Born a slave in NY,
gained her freedom when NY emancipated all slaves in 1827
Became a famous abolitionist speaker, especially after her “Ain’t I a Woman?” speech in 1851
Born into slavery to Elijah and Delilah Jacobs in 1813, the daughter of slaves owned by different families.
Harriet Ann Jacobs grew up in Edenton, N.C.
Harriet Jacobs
Obviously, most people in the South opposed the abolition movement
Many in North feared the divisiveness that the movement would cause between North and South; they would rather maintain the status quo and avoid conflict
Some in North feared that freed slaves would all move North, flooding the job market and driving down wages
Others feared that if the South’s economy collapsed, it would send the entire nation into a massive economic depression
Reaction to Abolition Movement
Temperance MovementMen who drank often
neglected their familiesMany bars and saloons,
high rate of alcoholism, especially along the frontier and in large Eastern cities
1833: American Temperance Union created
1851: Maine banned sale of alcohol; by 1855 12 other states had done so as well
Women’s Rights MovementWomen’s traditional roles in
the North began to change as fewer families worked on farms
As women began to take on more social roles and become active in reform movements, demand more political rights-
VoteDivorceown propertyAccess to birth control
Lucretia Mott1793 – 1880First American
“feminist” to push for women to gain access to a voice in politics
Like many women, began her social activism with the abolitionist movement
Elizabeth Cady Stanton1815 – 1902Argued for women’s
suffrage, right to divorce, own property, and access to birth control
Also strongly supported the abolitionist and temperance movements
Susan B. Anthony1820 – 1906Traveled Europe and
the US giving 75 – 100 speeches each year for over 40 years
Also a force in the abolitionist and temperance movements
Arrested in 1872 for illegally voting the presidential election
Seneca Falls Conference1848, Seneca Falls. NYOrganized by Mott and
StantonIssued the
“Declarations of Sentiments and Resolutions” which added “and women” to the Declaration of Independence’s “all men are created equal”
Began the call for suffrage for women