What pieces of evidence do scientists use to What pieces of evidence do scientists use to back up the theory of Evolution?back up the theory of Evolution?

Why do we care about the history of the Earth? We’re curious…We’re curious… We can learn about things that have We can learn about things that have

happened in the past in order to predict happened in the past in order to predict where we will be in the future?where we will be in the future?

This may relate to resources we are able to This may relate to resources we are able to obtain (oil etc…)obtain (oil etc…)

What scientists began to notice..There were fossils (preserved traces of living There were fossils (preserved traces of living

organisms trapped in sediment)organisms trapped in sediment)

Some types of rocks formed as layers of matter Some types of rocks formed as layers of matter piled on top of each other.piled on top of each other.

Some radio active elements decay at a known Some radio active elements decay at a known rate and these are present in some rocks…rate and these are present in some rocks…

How do you think Scientist’s might use these tools to predict how old the earth is?

Chat with the person next to you…Chat with the person next to you…

Sedimentary Rocks

Sedimentary Rocks(Are rocks formed when rain, Sedimentary Rocks(Are rocks formed when rain, heat, wind and cold break down existing rock into heat, wind and cold break down existing rock into smaller particles.)smaller particles.)

Particles will collect in lakes and streamsParticles will collect in lakes and streams Over time these layers will turn into rocks because Over time these layers will turn into rocks because

of being compressed, and other chemical reactions of being compressed, and other chemical reactions that occur. that occur.

Organisms will often be trapped in these rocks and Organisms will often be trapped in these rocks and will become fossils will become fossils

If someone was going to look through your locker, could they estimate the date you put certain items in ? How?How? What is lying on top? Middle? Bottom?What is lying on top? Middle? Bottom? Do you think some of the same papers might be in Do you think some of the same papers might be in

some one else’s locker who is taking the same some one else’s locker who is taking the same classes you are?classes you are?

Have you ever spilled food or coffee on a paper?Have you ever spilled food or coffee on a paper? Could you remember the date that happened?Could you remember the date that happened?

Law of super-position states

If rock layers are undisturbed then younger If rock layers are undisturbed then younger rocks lie above older rocks.rocks lie above older rocks.

Youngest

Oldest

Can you see the different layers?

Which layer is the oldest? Youngest?

Index Fossils

Easily identified fossil that occurred over a Easily identified fossil that occurred over a small period of time that scientists are small period of time that scientists are pretty sure of its age. Ex:ollenellus lived for pretty sure of its age. Ex:ollenellus lived for 100 million year period.100 million year period.

Thus when scientists see this fossil in a rock bed they assume it is from the same time period when this creature existed!

If different rocks found in different areas had similar rock patterns and similar index fossils scientists could conclude. They are probably the same age…They are probably the same age…

We are going to practice using the law of super-position and using index fossils.

You will match up similar fossils found in You will match up similar fossils found in 6 different locations in order to see how 6 different locations in order to see how scientists determine the relative age of scientists determine the relative age of specific areas.specific areas.

Purpose: To use the law of super-postion and index fossil to determine the relative age of each and compare different samples in regard to age

What is Radioactive dating?

Some chemicals are more stable than othersSome chemicals are more stable than others Less stable chemicals are called isotopesLess stable chemicals are called isotopes They will change into other chemicals at an They will change into other chemicals at an

individual rate under specific conditions.individual rate under specific conditions. These chemicals have a “half life” These chemicals have a “half life” A half life is the amount of time that will A half life is the amount of time that will

pass until pass until halfhalf of the chemical has changed of the chemical has changed into another form.into another form.

Carbon 14 has a half life of 5730 years! It changes into Nitrogen 14 as it decays.It changes into Nitrogen 14 as it decays. Thus if I have 10,000 Carbon 14 atoms, Thus if I have 10,000 Carbon 14 atoms,

after 5730 years I will have 5,000 Carbon after 5730 years I will have 5,000 Carbon 14 atoms14 atoms

After 5730 more years I will have 2,500 After 5730 more years I will have 2,500 atomsatoms

After 5730 years I will have 1250 atoms After 5730 years I will have 1250 atoms etc..etc..

Why do scientists care?

If they can determine the amount the If they can determine the amount the decayed element left in a rock they can decayed element left in a rock they can predict the age of the rock.predict the age of the rock.

This is how this works… scientists burn a small piece of the sample to scientists burn a small piece of the sample to

convert it into carbon dioxide gas. convert it into carbon dioxide gas. Radiation counters are used to detect the Radiation counters are used to detect the

electrons given off by decaying Carbon-14 as it electrons given off by decaying Carbon-14 as it turns into nitrogen.turns into nitrogen.

In order to date the fossil, the amount of Carbon-In order to date the fossil, the amount of Carbon-14 is compared to the amount of Carbon-12 (the 14 is compared to the amount of Carbon-12 (the stable form of carbon) to determine how much stable form of carbon) to determine how much radiocarbon has decayed. radiocarbon has decayed.

The ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-14 is the same The ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-14 is the same in all living things. However, at the moment of in all living things. However, at the moment of death, the amount of carbon-14 begins to death, the amount of carbon-14 begins to decrease because it is unstable, while the decrease because it is unstable, while the amount of carbon-12 remains constant in the amount of carbon-12 remains constant in the sample. sample.

More…

Half of the carbon-14 degrades every Half of the carbon-14 degrades every 5,730 years as indicated by its half-life.5,730 years as indicated by its half-life.

By measuring the ratio of carbon-12 to By measuring the ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-14 in the sample and comparing carbon-14 in the sample and comparing it to the ratio in a living organism, it is it to the ratio in a living organism, it is possible to determine the age of the possible to determine the age of the fossil.fossil.

A scrap of paper taken from the Dead Sea Scrolls was found to have a A scrap of paper taken from the Dead Sea Scrolls was found to have a 1414C/C/1212C ratio of 0.795 C ratio of 0.795 times that found in plants living today. Estimate the age of the scroll. times that found in plants living today. Estimate the age of the scroll.

The half-life of carbon-14 is known to be 5720 years. Radioactive decay is a first order rate The half-life of carbon-14 is known to be 5720 years. Radioactive decay is a first order rate process, which means the reaction proceeds according to the following equation: process, which means the reaction proceeds according to the following equation:

loglog1010 X X00/X = kt / 2.30 /X = kt / 2.30

where Xwhere X00 is the quantity of radioactive material at time zero, X is the amount remaining after is the quantity of radioactive material at time zero, X is the amount remaining after

time t, and k is the first order rate constant, which is a characteristic of the isotope undergoing time t, and k is the first order rate constant, which is a characteristic of the isotope undergoing decay. Decay rates are usually expressed in terms of their half-life instead of the first order rate decay. Decay rates are usually expressed in terms of their half-life instead of the first order rate constant, where constant, where

k = 0.693 / tk = 0.693 / t1/21/2

so for this problem: so for this problem: k = 0.693 / 5720 years = 1.21 x 10k = 0.693 / 5720 years = 1.21 x 10-4-4/year /year log Xlog X00 / X = [(1.21 x 10 / X = [(1.21 x 10-4-4/year] x t] / 2.30 /year] x t] / 2.30

X = 0.795 XX = 0.795 X00, so log X, so log X00 / X = log 1.000/0.795 = log 1.26 = 0.100 / X = log 1.000/0.795 = log 1.26 = 0.100

therefore, 0.100 = [(1.21 x 10therefore, 0.100 = [(1.21 x 10-4-4/year) x t] / 2.30 /year) x t] / 2.30 t = 1900 years t = 1900 years

loglog1010 X X00/X = kt / 2.30 /X = kt / 2.30

where Xwhere X00 is the quantity of radioactive material is the quantity of radioactive material

at time zero, X is the amount remaining after at time zero, X is the amount remaining after time t, and k is the first order rate constant, time t, and k is the first order rate constant, which is a characteristic of the isotope which is a characteristic of the isotope undergoing decay. Decay rates are usually undergoing decay. Decay rates are usually expressed in terms of their half-life instead of expressed in terms of their half-life instead of the first order rate constant, where the first order rate constant, where

k = 0.693 / tk = 0.693 / t1/21/2

so for this problem: so for this problem: k = 0.693 / 5720 years = 1.21 x 10k = 0.693 / 5720 years = 1.21 x 10 -4-4/year /year log Xlog X00 / X = [(1.21 x 10 / X = [(1.21 x 10-4-4/year] x t] / 2.30 /year] x t] / 2.30

X = 0.795 XX = 0.795 X00, so log X, so log X00 / X = log 1.000/0.795 / X = log 1.000/0.795

= log 1.26 = 0.100 = log 1.26 = 0.100 therefore, 0.100 = [(1.21 x 10therefore, 0.100 = [(1.21 x 10-4-4/year) x t] / /year) x t] /

2.30 2.30 t = 1900 years t = 1900 years

Try the problems on the packet…

Pg 742 27-30 and pg 738 8 & 9Pg 742 27-30 and pg 738 8 & 9