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What Makes Up A Cell? Biochemistry and Biochemical
Molecules
What is a cell made of?
• Almost all biological molecules contain at least one atom of the element of carbon.
• If a molecule contains carbon, it is called an organic molecule.
• Many carbon atoms could be bonded together to make larger carbon molecules.
Carbon Macromolecules
• Macromolecules are large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together.
• There are 4 common macromolecules of the cell:
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
– Proteins
– Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom – CH2O
• They provide a quick source of energy
• Types of Carbohydrates: – Monosaccharides
– Disaccharides
– Polysaccharides
Types of Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides
– Simple sugars used for energy, usually with between 3-7 carbons in it in a ring formation
– Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Types of Carbohydrates
• Disaccharides
– When 2 monosaccharides are bound together
– A sugary compound used for energy
– Examples: Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose
Types of Carbohydrates • Polysaccharides
– A longer chain of more than 2 sugar subunits
– Usually in the form of complex sugars or starch
– Used in long term energy storage
– Examples: Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen (stored energy for animals)
Lipids • Molecules made mostly of carbon and
hydrogen (with few oxygen than carbs)
• These molecules make up fats, oils, and waxes
• Used for long term energy storage
• Types of Lipids: – Saturated Fats
– Unsaturated Fats
– Phospholipids
– Steroids
Lipids – Saturated Fats • Have tail chains with only single bonds
between the carbon atoms
• On one end of the chain, there is a carbon double bonded to oxygen
• These are solid, animal fats
Here it is!!
Lipids – Unsaturated Fats
• Have at least one double bond between the carbon atoms in the tail chain
• These are liquid, plant based fats
Here it is!!
Other Lipids • Phospholipids
Proteins
• Compounds made of small carbon compounds called amino acids
• Used in structural parts of cells
• Amino Acids are made of: – Carbon
– Nitrogen
– Oxygen
– Hydrogen
– Sulfur (rarely)
Proteins • Amino acids have:
– A central carbon atom
– One of the four carbon bonds is with hydrogen
– The other three bonds are with a(n):
• Carboxyl group (COOH)
• Amino group (H3N)
• Variable group (R-group)
– There are 20 different amino acids
The 20 Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids
• Macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information
– Made of smaller repeating subunits called nucleotides
Nucleic Acids • Nucleotides are made of:
– A phosphate group
– A sugar
– A nitrogen containing base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil)