What is the next step?

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WHAT IS THE NEXT STEP?DNV GL SUMMER PROJECT 2015

Offshore production of renewable hydrogen.

02 DNV GL SUMMER PROJECT 2015 Offshore production of renewable hydrogen

Energy enables human development and has helped lifting millions of people into a global middle class. However, the energy mix today is dominated by fossil fuels, and this strains the earth’s climate and limited resources.

Continued growth and development requires cleaner alternatives. Recent technological advances and cost reductions are making renewable energy sources more accessible, but the pace at which we are moving is not fast enough.

Being young today, we have benefited from the developments driven by our parents’ generation. Now, it is our turn to take responsibility for the next era.

By building on existing knowledge from the oil & gas, maritime, and energy sectors, we are exploring new ways of incorporating renewable energy sources into the global energy system.

Shipping800 GWh/day

Heavy transportation 4,700 GWh/day

The internet5,000 GWh/day

Energy consumption

The next step

Offshore production of renewable hydrogen DNV GL SUMMER PROJECT 2015 03

04 Hydrogen

06 Japan

08 Jidai

10 Process

12 Platform

14 Figures

15 Benefits

16 New Era

Cars11,000 GWh/day

Industry25,000 GWh/day

Residential18,000 GWh/day

Content


*Based on the fuel consumption of Toyota Mirai

10L

130 km*Hydrogen gasSeawater

1.1 kg

Travel 130 km on a bucket of water!


Using hydrogen as a fuel was imagined by the visionary French writer, Jules Verne, who also described subma-rines and space travel almost 150 years ago. Hydrogen is an excellent energy carrier with a high energy density, and now it is finally ready to unleash its full potential.

Developments in fuel cell technology, led by the auto-motive industry, have made hydrogen an attractive fuel for transportation as well as for residential use. Further, the energy needed for production of hydrogen can be supplied by renewable sources, which are becoming increasingly cost-efficient.

Offshore wind energy is developing rapidly and global installed capacity has doubled from 2011 to 2014. The emergence of floating wind technology provides even more opportunities. Still, only 2.4% of the world’s wind power production is done offshore.

The energy contained in the powerful ocean winds is almost unlimited. Hydrogen enables us to take the energy from remote locations and integrate it with society.

I believe that water will one day be employed as fuel, that hydrogen and oxygen, which constitute it, will furnish an inexhaustible source of heat and light. […] Water will be the coal of the future.

– Jules Verne, 1874

“


Combining natural resources, technological expertise, and a strong drive for new energy solutions, Japan is set to become the world’s first hydrogen society.

Politics Today, Japan’s energy supply is dominated by expensive import of fossil fuels, contributing to high CO2 emissions and low energy self-sufficiency. Moving into the future, the Japanese government is dedicated to increase the share of renewable energy.

OffshoreThe exclusive economic sea zone of Japan is the world’s 6th largest, a big contrast to the limited space and densely populated areas on land. The large ocean areas have provided Japan with extensive experience and expertise in the maritime sector.

“Japan is back!*

– Shinzō Abe, Prime Minister of Japan

Japan is back


HydrogenJapan has a vision of becoming a carbon-neutral hydrogen society by 2040. Fuel cell vehicles have already made a successful entry into the Japanese market, and within 15 years, hydrogen is foreseen to be an integrated part of the Japanese society.

TechnologyJapan is the world’s third largest economy, and has for many years been a main driver in technological development. Combining innovation with experience in manufacturing and industry, Japan has all the prerequisites needed to develop new and clean energy technology.

Wind Strong and stable winds offshore provide Japan with an abundant source of renewable energy. Because of this, Japan is investing heavily in the development of floating wind turbine technology, which will enable better utilization of the vast offshore wind resources.

Adding one idea …



JIDAI The concept name Jidai is Japanese, meaning “New Era”.


500MW

Offshore, seawater is abundant. However, the process needs water with very high purity, and seawater is therefore desali-nated in three energy-efficient steps. First, the water is passed through a sand filter, before it undergoes a double-pass reverse osmosis. Finally, electrodeionization is used to remove remaining salts. The ultra-pure water is then fed to the electrolysers.

Producing hydrogen

1. Water purification 2. Electrolysis 3. CompressionMultiple stacks of polymer exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysers produce high-purity hydrogen and oxygen gas from water, and gives the plant enough capacity to match the maximal power output of the wind farm. The PEM electrolysers are compact and flexible, responding to the intermittent power supply on a second to second basis.

Produced hydrogen gas is compressed to 700 bar in an ionic compressor to reduce storage volume. The pressure of the gas is gradually increased in five steps, keep-ing the energy loss close to zero. With minimal maintenance requirements, the compressors are well suited for offshore operation.

Water purification CompressionElectrolysis


500MW

Handling intermittency

4. Storage

Where does the energy go?

Hydrogen

Electrolysis losses

Compression

Offloading

Platform operation

Water purification

Pumps, cooling systems

High-pressure hydrogen gas is stored in a module-based tank system, waiting to be offloaded. By using lightweight composite tanks, both weight and cost are reduced. The storage capacity is 400 tonnes of hydrogen at 700 bar, equivalent to three days of average production.

All system components have been specifically chosen to with-stand the intermittent power supply from the wind turbines as well as frequent start-stop cycles without undue delay or wear. In addition, a combined battery and fuel cell backup system provides the necessary power for keeping critical equipment in operation when wind power is unavailable. This evens out power fluctuations during production cut-in and cut-out. The backup system also supplies enough energy to restart and de-ice the wind turbines after production shutdowns.

Storage


Designing the layout of the platform with easy access for humans and machines, the maintenance and surveillance

can be automated when the technology for smarter autonomous systems matures.

In case of failure or shutdown of the windfarm, internal power production using stored hydrogen and fuel cells

keeps the integrity of the platform.

Storing purified water in the pontoons works as an integral part of the ballast water system, and frees space on the

upper decks for production and storage.

A semi-submersible platform combines a small waterline area and deep draft with a high moment of inertia, giving it both stability and small responses to waves. This ensures a

safe operation even in harsh weather conditions.

Platform layout


Overpressurization in the production and storage areas is relieved by cold vents.

The liquid displacement shuttle system secures a steady and efficient offloading of the compressed hydrogen.

The transfer of hydrogen to the shuttle tanker is made via a buoy, allowing safe offloading and a high operational window.

The storage area is filled with inert gas, preventing ignition in case of hydrogen leakage, creating a safer system.

The production system consists of several modules that can be changed or repaired individually, adding flexibility to the overall system.


Key figures

€/k

g

0

5

10

15

20

JidaiSolarPV

Onshorewind

Gridelectricity

H2 break-even price in Japan €/kg

Cost breakdown

42,000 tonnes/yearProduction Commuters Petrol equivalent

400,000, 30 km/day 1.17 €/l *

EUR/year

Hydrogen produced from renewable sources will play a vital role in the future energy market, ensuring self-sufficiency and lowering CO2 emissions. Jidai offers a cost-competitive solution and reduces the need for electrical infrastructure. Challenges with limited space on land, a restricted grid capacity and seismic activities make Jidai an attractive solution for Japan.

0 20 40 60 80 100

OffloadingSupporting systems

Wind park

TransportPlatform

Compression and storageElectrolysis

*Delivered to port


Provides workopportunitiesEstimated creation of

40,000 work years

ReducesCO2 emissions

300,000 tonnes CO2 avoided each year

Frees landspace

To produce the same amount of hydrogen would requirea land area of 20 km2 with

solar energy (PV)

Secures energy supply

Reduces dependencyon imported fossil fuels

Maintains safety

Less exposed to earthquakes and tsunamis

Improvesair quality

The only emission fromfuel cell vehicles is water

Social benefits


Industry

Shipping

Cars

The internet

Heavy transportation

Residential

JIDAIJapan has made a brave commitment to become a renewable hydrogen society by 2040, and they have the need, will, and competence to do it. We believe that Jidai has the potential to play a vital role in Japan’s hydrogen vision. The technology is available today, and by 2030 we believe it will be cost-efficient.

Although designed for Japan, Jidai is not limited by geography or market. As a standardized system, the con-cept can easily be installed in other areas and adapted to specific local conditions. The modular process is scala-ble, the floating structure simple, and the offloading and

transportation system flexible. It is a particularly attractive solution in coastal regions where electric power is expen-sive, or where land resources are scarce.

Jidai offers a smart way of harvesting the abundant off-shore resources and facilitates a complete value chain of clean energy. Produced from wind power, hydrogen be-comes a zero-emission fuel from creation to consumption.

We believe renewable hydrogen is the next step. Jidai is how we propose to take it.

Project nameThe New Era


Industry

Shipping

Cars

The internet

Heavy transportation

Residential

JIDAI


From left, back row: Are Kaspersen (project manager DNV GL), Daniel Jakobsen, Adrian Mekki, Eirin Fjellanger, Morten Aslesen, Lars-Henrik Nysteen, Kristoffer Bjerkelund, Christian Carstensen, Egil Gustafsson. Front row: Katrine Storaker, Tadashi Uchihira, Karin Cederberg, Zhenying Wu, Elsa Härdelin, Kristina Dahlberg (DNV GL).

Thank you, DNV GLThe DNV GL Summer Project 2015 involves thirteen Master’s students, from eight universities and of five nationalities. The outcome of our project is developed by challenging each other’s ideas and building on each other’s competences. Seven amazing weeks have come to an end, and we would like to thank DNV GL for the

opportunity given to us and for an unforgettable time. We are grateful towards all DNV GL colleagues and external experts who have helped and enabled us to realize this project. Your availability, positivity and support have been highly appreciated.


Sources: Barath Raghavan, The energy and emergy of internet, ICSI and US Berkeley. EIA, Annual Energy outlook 2015 with projections to 2040, April 2015. METI, Strategic Energy Plan 2014, The Japanese Ministry of Economy, Technology and Industry, April 2014. Ministry of Economy, Technology and Industry, FY2013 Annual Report on Energy, METI, 2014. Mizuho Information & Research Institute, Study on current situation and future forecast of hydrogen demand and supply, New Energy and Industrial Technology Deveopment Organization, 2013. NEDO, Hydrogen White paper, NEDO, 2014. Siemens AG, What is the real cost of offshore wind?, Siemens AG, 2014. Y. Nagayama, T. Ohya & H. Ota, M. Sakai, K. Watanabe, Y. Kobayashi ,”Japan’s Largest Photovoltaic Power Plant —Turnkey Construction Contract and Commissioning of Oita Solar Power—,” in Hitachi Review, vol. 63, pp. 398–402, July 2014.

A rapid transition to a low carbon future requires new ideas. We need an inspiring vision of the future in order to create the new technologies and solutions needed. The green future represents plenty of opportunities for innovation.

– Bjørn K. Haugland, Chief Sustainability Officer, DNV GL

“

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DNV GL ASNO-1322 Høvik, NorwayTel: +47 67 57 99 00www.dnvgl.com

DNV GLDriven by its purpose of safeguarding life, property and the environment, DNV GL enables organisations to advance the safety and sustainability of their business. DNV GL provides classification and technical assurance along with software and independent expert advisory services to the maritime, oil & gas and energy industries.

It also provides certification services to customers across a wide range of industries. Combining leading technical and operational expertise, risk methodology and in-depth industry knowledge, DNV GL empowers its customers’ decisions and actions with trust and confidence. The company continuously invests in research and collaborative innovation to provide customers and society with operational and technological foresight. DNV GL, whose origins go back to 1864, operates globally in more than 100 countries with its 16,000 professionals dedicated to helping their customers make the world safer, smarter and greener.

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What is the next step?