What Is Science???What Is Science???What Is Science???What Is Science???

•An organized way to observe and collect An organized way to observe and collect data to learn about the natural worlddata to learn about the natural world

•The study of something in a manner that can The study of something in a manner that can be testedbe tested

•An organized way to observe and collect An organized way to observe and collect data to learn about the natural worlddata to learn about the natural world

•The study of something in a manner that can The study of something in a manner that can be testedbe tested

Why is Science important?Why is Science important?Why is Science important?Why is Science important?

• It gives us a means to study nature.• It allows us to explain events in nature• It allows us to make predictions about the

natural world.– Example: what will the long term affects of

global warming be? – Another example: How would losing one

species in a food web affect the other species in that food web.

• It gives us a means to study nature.• It allows us to explain events in nature• It allows us to make predictions about the

natural world.– Example: what will the long term affects of

global warming be? – Another example: How would losing one

species in a food web affect the other species in that food web.

Welcome to sc. methodWelcome to sc. method

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=KZaCy5Z87FA

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific MethodThe Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method

1. Identify the Problem

2. Collect Background Info.

3. Form a Hypothesis

4. Perform experiments

5. Collect Data

6. Analyze Data

7. Form a Conclusion

8. Re-test Hypothesis

1. Identify the Problem

2. Collect Background Info.

3. Form a Hypothesis

4. Perform experiments

5. Collect Data

6. Analyze Data

7. Form a Conclusion

8. Re-test Hypothesis

Observation TypesObservation TypesObservation TypesObservation Types

• Qualitative: involve characteristics or traits that cannot be easily counted or measured

• For example, The dog’s fur is black

• Quantitative: involves characteristics that can be easily counted or measured

• For example, The dog has two eyes.

• Qualitative: involve characteristics or traits that cannot be easily counted or measured

• For example, The dog’s fur is black

• Quantitative: involves characteristics that can be easily counted or measured

• For example, The dog has two eyes.

What is Data?What is Data?

• The information gathered through observations and/or experimentation.– Sometimes referred to

as evidence.

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Defining an InferenceDefining an Inference

• An inference is a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and experience.– An example would be if you see an eagle with

a white head, you might infer that it is a bald eagle.

– Based on the way people dress we make inferences all the time. I. e. if a person wears nice clothes they have lots of money, or if they pierce their nose they like punk rock.

HypothesisHypothesisHypothesisHypothesis

• A hypothesis is an explanation for a set of observations or an answer to a scientific question.

• ALL HYPOTHESES HAVE TO BE ABLE TO BE TESTED OTHERWISE IT IS USELESS TO SCIENCE!!!!!

• A hypothesis is an explanation for a set of observations or an answer to a scientific question.

• ALL HYPOTHESES HAVE TO BE ABLE TO BE TESTED OTHERWISE IT IS USELESS TO SCIENCE!!!!!

3 Ways Hypotheses arise3 Ways Hypotheses arise3 Ways Hypotheses arise3 Ways Hypotheses arise

1. Prior Knowledge

2. Logical inferences

3. Imaginative guesses

1. Prior Knowledge

2. Logical inferences

3. Imaginative guesses

What is a Theory???What is a Theory???What is a Theory???What is a Theory???

• It is a well tested hypothesis that has not been refuted by scientific observation or experimentation.

• I. e. The Theory of Evolution, Geologic Time, or Plate Tectonics.

These are all well established Scientific Theories.

• It is a well tested hypothesis that has not been refuted by scientific observation or experimentation.

• I. e. The Theory of Evolution, Geologic Time, or Plate Tectonics.

These are all well established Scientific Theories.

Spontaneous generationSpontaneous generationSpontaneous generationSpontaneous generation

• Aristotle originated idea 2300 years ago

• This idea was not scientifically tested until 1668.

• Redi proposed a new hypothesis for how life originates– Maggots from flies hypothesis.

• Aristotle originated idea 2300 years ago

• This idea was not scientifically tested until 1668.

• Redi proposed a new hypothesis for how life originates– Maggots from flies hypothesis.

Controlled ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsControlled Experiments

• An experiment in which there is only one manipulated or independent variable.

• All other variables need to be controlled• A manipulated Variable is a variable that is

being changed• A controlled variable is a variable that is kept

constant throughout the experiment• A responding variable is a variable that

changes in response to the manipulated variable

• An experiment in which there is only one manipulated or independent variable.

• All other variables need to be controlled• A manipulated Variable is a variable that is

being changed• A controlled variable is a variable that is kept

constant throughout the experiment• A responding variable is a variable that

changes in response to the manipulated variable

Redi’s ExperimentRedi’s ExperimentRedi’s ExperimentRedi’s Experiment

• Controlled experiment

• Tested whether flies have anything to do with the emergence of maggots.

• What is the manipulated variable? Why?

• What are the controlled variables? Why?

• What is the responding variable? Why?

• Controlled experiment

• Tested whether flies have anything to do with the emergence of maggots.

• What is the manipulated variable? Why?

• What are the controlled variables? Why?

• What is the responding variable? Why?

OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.

HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots.PROCEDURE

Controlled Variables:jars, type of meat,location, temperature,time

Manipulated Variables:gauze covering thatkeeps flies away from meat

Uncovered jars Covered jars

Several days pass

Maggots appear No maggots appearResponding Variable: whether maggots appear

CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur.

Section 1-2Section 1-2

Figure 1-8 Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous GenerationFigure 1-8 Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation

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Gravy is boiled. Flask isopen.

Gravy is teeming with microorganisms.

Gravy is boiled. Flask issealed.

Gravy is free of microorganisms.

Section 1-2

Figure 1-10 Spallanzani’s ExperimentFigure 1-10 Spallanzani’s Experiment

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Broth is boiled. Broth is free ofmicroorganismsfor a year.

Curved neckis removed.

Broth is teeming with microorganisms.

Section 1-2

Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment

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Broth is boiled. Broth is free ofmicroorganismsfor a year.

Curved neckis removed.

Broth is teeming with microorganisms.

Section 1-2

Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment

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Broth is boiled. Broth is free ofmicroorganismsfor a year.

Curved neckis removed.

Broth is teeming with microorganisms.

Section 1-2

Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment

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Broth is boiled. Broth is free ofmicroorganismsfor a year.

Curved neckis removed.

Broth is teeming with microorganisms.

Section 1-2

Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment

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Pasteur Continued…Pasteur Continued…Pasteur Continued…Pasteur Continued…

• Why was Pasteur’s experiment so important?

• It allowed air into the flask ended the last debate over spontaneous generation.

• Why was Pasteur’s experiment so important?

• It allowed air into the flask ended the last debate over spontaneous generation.

Field Observation StudiesField Observation StudiesField Observation StudiesField Observation Studies

• Controlled experiments can not always be used

• Instead scientists sometimes use Field Observation studies.

• F. O. S. are when scientists observe nature and collect data without interfering in anyway.

• I. e. a scientist studying Gorillas in the wild.

• Controlled experiments can not always be used

• Instead scientists sometimes use Field Observation studies.

• F. O. S. are when scientists observe nature and collect data without interfering in anyway.

• I. e. a scientist studying Gorillas in the wild.

Section 1-3 Section 1-3 Living CharacteristicsLiving Characteristics

Section 1-3 Section 1-3 Living CharacteristicsLiving Characteristics

BiologyBiologyBiologyBiology

• The science that seeks to understand the living world.

• Types of biologists includes:

• Zoologists

• Botanists

• Marine biologists

• And more specific types

• The science that seeks to understand the living world.

• Types of biologists includes:

• Zoologists

• Botanists

• Marine biologists

• And more specific types

Characteristics of Living ThingsCharacteristics of Living ThingsCharacteristics of Living ThingsCharacteristics of Living Things1. Made of cells2. Have to reproduce3. Based on genetic code (contain DNA)4. Grow and develop5. Use materials and energy6. Respond to their environment7. Maintain homeostasis8. Change over time as a group (evolve)

1. Made of cells2. Have to reproduce3. Based on genetic code (contain DNA)4. Grow and develop5. Use materials and energy6. Respond to their environment7. Maintain homeostasis8. Change over time as a group (evolve)

Characteristic ExamplesLiving things are made up of units called cells.Living things reproduce.

Living things are based on a universal genetic code.

Living things grow and develop.

Living things obtain and use materials and energy.

Living things respond to their environment.Living things maintain a stable internal environment.

Taken as a group, living things change over time.

Many microorganisms consist of only a single cell. Animals and trees are multicellular.Maple trees reproduce sexually. A hydra can reproduce asexually by budding.Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs. Seeds from maple trees produce maple trees.Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots, and then become adult flies.Plants obtain their energy from sunlight. Animals obtain their energy from the food they eat.

Leaves and stems of plants grow toward light.

Despite changes in the temperature of the environment, a robin maintains a constant body temperature.

Plants that live in the desert survive because they have become adapted to the conditions of the desert.

Section 1-3

Characteristics of Living Things

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CellsCellsCellsCells

• Are the smallest units of an organism

• Unicellular- means to only have one cell– Examples are bacteria and paramecium

• Multicellular- means to have many cells– Examples include dogs, cats, and humans OH

MY!

• Are the smallest units of an organism

• Unicellular- means to only have one cell– Examples are bacteria and paramecium

• Multicellular- means to have many cells– Examples include dogs, cats, and humans OH

MY!

ReproductionReproductionReproductionReproduction

• Production of viable offspring

• Sexual reproduction- two cells unite to form the first cell of a new organism (egg and sperm)

• Asexual reproduction- the new organism is identical to the parent cell it came from.

• I. e. mitosis, binary fission

• Production of viable offspring

• Sexual reproduction- two cells unite to form the first cell of a new organism (egg and sperm)

• Asexual reproduction- the new organism is identical to the parent cell it came from.

• I. e. mitosis, binary fission

Grow and developGrow and developGrow and developGrow and develop

• All living things grow and develop

• This often occurs in stages, such as our own embryonic stages or like the metamorphic stages of a butterfly

• All living things grow and develop

• This often occurs in stages, such as our own embryonic stages or like the metamorphic stages of a butterfly

DNA- (deoxyribonucleic acid)DNA- (deoxyribonucleic acid)DNA- (deoxyribonucleic acid)DNA- (deoxyribonucleic acid)

• All living things have DNA in every cell that gives instructions to the cell.

• All living things have DNA in every cell that gives instructions to the cell.

MetabolismMetabolismMetabolismMetabolism

• Chemical reactions through which organisms builds up or breaks down materials.

• Determines amount of energy used/needed

• Chemical reactions through which organisms builds up or breaks down materials.

• Determines amount of energy used/needed

HomeostasisHomeostasisHomeostasisHomeostasis

• This is how organisms keep their internal conditions relatively stable.

• This homeostasis is constantly being threatened by the environment.

• Think about the movie Biodome.

• This is how organisms keep their internal conditions relatively stable.

• This homeostasis is constantly being threatened by the environment.

• Think about the movie Biodome.

EvolveEvolveEvolveEvolve

• Organisms change over time as a group• Remember the bacteria!• Over time organisms with useful characteristics

survive to reproduce while non useful characteristics do not. This causes the individuals w/ non useful characteristics to decrease and the individuals w/ useful char. to increase in number.

• Snake’s hind legs is a good example.

• Organisms change over time as a group• Remember the bacteria!• Over time organisms with useful characteristics

survive to reproduce while non useful characteristics do not. This causes the individuals w/ non useful characteristics to decrease and the individuals w/ useful char. to increase in number.

• Snake’s hind legs is a good example.

8 Levels of Organization8 Levels of Organization8 Levels of Organization8 Levels of Organization

1. Biosphere2. Ecosystem3. Community4. Population5. Organism6. Groups of cells7. Cells8. molecules

1. Biosphere2. Ecosystem3. Community4. Population5. Organism6. Groups of cells7. Cells8. molecules

Biosphere

Ecosystem

Community

Population

The part of Earththat contains allecosystems

Community and its nonliving surroundings

Populations thatlive together in a defined area

Group of organisms of onetype that live in the same area

Biosphere

Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air

Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass

Bison herd

Section 1-3Figure 1-21 Levels of Organization

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Organism

Groups ofCells

Cells

Molecules

Individual livingthing

Tissues, organs,and organ systems

Smallest functionalunit of life

Groups of atoms;smallest unit of most chemicalcompounds

Bison

Nervous tissue Nervous systemBrain

Nerve cell

Water DNA

Section 1-3

Figure 1-21 Levels of Organization continued

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