What is popular culture?

Q1

Refers to cultural products produced for sale to the mass of ordinary people. These involve mass produced standardized short-lived products of no lasting value

What are the four different types of identity?

Q2

What is a stigmatised identity?

Q3

Refers to an identity that is in some way undesirable or demeaning and excludes people from full acceptance in society

What is secondary socialisation?

Q4

Refers to the socialisation which takes place outside the family and occurs instead in schools, media, friends and religious institutions

Identify the 5 distinct areas of secondary socialisation

Q5

The education systemPeer groupWorkplaceThe mass mediaReligious institutions

What does Jenkins (1996) argue about the socialisation and the social construction of self and identity?

Q6

Jenkins argues that identities are formed in the socialisation process

How does Mead see the identities of individuals?

Q7

Mead sees the identities of individuals as being in a state of flux. This is because they are changing and developing all the time as they go through daily life.

Identify one criticism of structural approaches and one criticism of social action approaches

Q8

Criticisms of structural approaches fail to recognise: free will; choice; challenges; disobedience

Criticisms of social action approaches include: not enough emphasis is placed on power inequalities; power of social institutions; social etiquette; need to work/earn money;

What does Bourdieu mean by ‘habitus’?

Q9

Habitus is the cultural possessed by a social class, into which people are socialized, which influences their cultural choices and tastes

What does Bourdieu mean by cultural capital?

Q10

Cultural capital is the education, knowledge, language, attitudes and values possessed by the upper and upper middle-class

Identify one key aspect of the new working-class

Q11

Home-centred lifestyle, with no involvement with neighbours and wider community

Work is for making money not friends or identity

No loyalty to their class Women more likely to be in paid

employment

What type of approach is Cooley’s?

What did he mean by the concept of ‘looking-glass self’?

1 mark for each point

Q12

Social action approachThe ‘looking-glass self’ is the idea that our image of ourselves is reflected back to us (like a mirror) in the view of others

Answer

What term did Bourdieu come up with when referring to the cultural framework and set of ideas possessed by a social class, into which people are socialised, initially by their families and which ultimately influence their cultural tastes and choices?

2 marks

Question 13

Habitus

Answer

Future time orientation and deferred gratification are two ideas which separate the middle-class from the working-class.1. What are future time orientation and

deferred gratification?2. Which of the two social-class identified in

the question have the above?

Question 14

Planning for the futurePutting off today’s pleasures for tomorrow’s gains

Middle-class

Answer

Which social-class has the following:1.Men are seen as breadwinners, women mainly housewives2.Getting a job with a skill and earning money, far more important than education and qualifications3.A strong commitment to old Labour Party

Question 15

Traditional working class

Answer

Define gender identity and provide one example

Question 16

Refers to how people see themselves and how others see them in terms of their gender roles and biological sex

Answer

In relation to gender and identity what did Mead (2001) uncover?

Question 17

She found from studying tribe in New Guinea that masculine and feminine characteristics are not based on biological differences but are a reflection of cultural conditioning within different societies. Therefore these differences are seen to be socially constructed.

Answer

What did Connell (1995) mean by the term ‘hegemonic identity’?

Question 18

Hegemonic identity is one that is so dominant that it makes if difficult for individuals to assert different identities

Answer

What does the statement ‘the social construction of hegemonic gender identities through primary socialization

Question 19

This means parents and relatives tend to hold stereotyped views of typical characteristics of boys and girls which are used as norms when socialising their children

Answer

While keeping the last question and answer in mind, what are the four process Oakley identified are evident during primary socialisation?

Question 20

ManipulationCanalizationVerbal appellationsDifferential activity exposure

Answer

What do you understand by the term new man?

Question 21

Is a man who is seen to be more caring, sharing, gentle, emotional etc

What is diaspora?

Q22

Diaspora is the dispersal of an ethnic population from its original homeland and its spreading out across the world while retaining cultural ties to the nation of origin

What is a hybrid identity?

Q23

A hybrid identity is a new identity formed from a mix of two or more other identities

What is ethnocentrism?

Q24

Ethnocentrism is a view of the world in which other cultures are seen through the eyes of one’s own culture

What is nationality?

Q25

More to follow……