Upload
hillary-goodman
View
229
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
2
Ecology ! • The scientific study of relationships between
organisms and their environment
• life histories, distribution, and behavior of individual species, populations, communities, ecosystems, and landscapes
• think holistically about interconnections that make whole systems (its more than just the sum of their individual parts)
• how and why materials cycle between the living and nonliving parts of our environment
Land masses warm and cool faster than water.
The spin of the earth, and the temperature differences lead to currents and winds.
Climate and Terrestrial BiomesClimate has an impact on the distribution of organisms
Desert Temperate grassland Tropical forest
Temperatebroadleafforest
Coniferousforest
Arctic andalpinetundra
Annual mean precipitation (cm)
Ann
ual m
ean
tem
pera
ture
(ºC
)
100 200 300 400
30
15
0
15
Bodies of Water• Oceans and their currents, and large lakes
– Moderate the climate of nearby terrestrial environments
SUMMER DAY CYCLES
(WINTER IS REVERSE WHEN THE OCEAN IS WARMER THAN THE
LAND )
Coolerair sinksover water.
3
Air cools athigh elevation.
2 1 Warm airover land rises.
4 Cool air over watermoves inland, replacingrising warm air over land.
Hot air holds more water than cold air, so air masses forced over mountain ranges are forced to
drop their water.
• Lakes
Figure 50.17An oligotrophic lake in Grand Teton, Wyoming
A eutrophic lake in Okavango delta, Botswana
LAKES
– Are sensitive to seasonal temperature change– Experience seasonal turnover
Lakes
In spring, as the sun melts the ice, the surface water warms to 4°Cand sinks below the cooler layers immediately below, eliminating thethermal stratification. Spring winds mix the water to great depth, bringing oxygen (O2) to the bottom waters (see graphs) andnutrients to the surface.
2In winter, the coldest water in the lake (0°C) lies justbelow the surface ice; water is progressively warmer atdeeper levels of the lake, typically 4–5°C at the bottom.
1
In autumn, as surface water cools rapidly, it sinks below thethe water until the surface beginsto freeze and the winter temperature profile is reestablished.
4 In summer, the lake regains a distinctive thermal profile, with warm surface water separated from cold bottom water by a narrowvertical zone of rapid temperature change, called a thermocline.
3
Winter Spring
High
Medium
Low
O2 concentration
O2 (mg/L)
Lak
e de
pth
(m)
0 4 8 12
8
16
24
8
16
24
Lak
e de
pth
(m) O2 (mg/L)
O2 (mg/L)
Lak
e de
pth
(m)
0 4 8 12
8
16
24
O2 (mg/L)
Lak
e de
pth
(m)
0 4 8 12
8
16
24Autumn Summer
4C4
44
44
4C4
44
20
4C4
44
44
4C
68
1820
22
5Thermocline
0 4 8 12
Levels of organization - Terms
• Population – one species live in one place at one time
• Community – All populations (diff. species) that live in a particular area.
Habitat: Place or type of place an organism lives (it’s location)
Niche: The role of a species in an ecosystem (its “occupation”)
Niches include all physical, chemical , and biological conditions a species needs to live and reproduce in an
ecosystem
Living interactions• Ecology views each place as an integration of many
interdependent parts that function as a “living” unit.
Nonlivingdead organic matternutrients in the soil and water.
Producers green plants
Consumers herbivores and carnivores
Decomposersfungi and bacteria
Each species has …
an ability/or not to tolerate certain environmental conditions.
What are those conditions?
•The Physical Environment
•The Biological Environment
Ecology is study of interactions between • non-living components in the environment…
– Sun light – water– wind– nutrients– temperature– gases– ph, etc.
21
Tolerance Limits
Each environmental factor (temperature, nutrient supply, etc.) has both minimum and maximum levels beyond which a species cannot survive or is unable to reproduce.
22
• For many species the interaction of several factors, rather than a single limiting factor, determines biogeographical distribution.
West Duwamish Greenbelt Salamander pond
Fungus threatens state's frogs, salamandersDead frogs rarely tell tales. The delicate corpses usually decompose or are gobbled up so quickly researchers never find them. .By Sandi Doughton
Seattle Times science reporter
Most insects can only eat leaves of one or a few related plant species; for example:
Spruce Budworm Moth lays eggs on leaves
39
• Organism (species)• Population• Biological • Community• Ecosystem• Biosphere
Energy & Matter in the Environment
51
AntarcticMarine FoodWeb
Complexity - the number of species at each trophic level and the number of trophic levels in a community
THE 10% RULE
Each time food moves up a trophic level, only 10% of the energy remains (90% is lost as heat or wastes)
54
Most energy in most ecosystems is stored in the bodies of primary producers. Only about 10 percent of the energy at one energy level passes to the next highest trophic level.
Energy Pyramid
ADD FIG. 2.18
60
The nodules on the rootsof this plant contain bacteria that help convertnitrogen in the soil to a form the plant can utilize.
Nitrogen Fixation