PA RT 2

WHAT IS CRITICAL THINKING?

SUBJECTS TO EXAMINE

• Part 1• Distinctions between the brain and the mind• Critical thinking defined

• Part 2• Characteristics of critical thinkers• The role of intuition

• Part 3• Basic activities in critical thinking• Critical thinking and writing• Critical thinking and discussion

CRITICAL THINKERSWHAT ARE THEIR CHARACTERISTICS?

CHARACTERISTICS OF CRITICAL THINKERS

• As we have previously noted, one characteristic of a critical thinker is the ability to ask appropriate questions• Another is control of one’s mental activities• John Dewey once observed that more of our time than

most of us care to admit is spent “trifling with mental pictures, random recollections, pleasant but unfounded hopes, flitting, half-developed impressions.”

CHARACTERISTICS OF CRITICAL THINKERS (CONT.)

• Good critical thinkers have learned how to stop the casual, semiconscious drift of images when they wish and how to fix their minds on one specific matter, examine it carefully, and form a judgment about it• They have learned how to take charge of their

thoughts, to use their minds actively (problem solving) as well as passively (daydreaming)

CHARACTERISTICS OF CRITICAL THINKERS (CONT.)

Critical Thinkers• Are honest with

themselves, acknowledging what they don’t know, recognizing their limitations, and being watchful of their own errors

Uncritical Thinkers• Pretend they know

more than they do, ignore their limitations, and assume their views are error-free

CHARACTERISTICS OF CRITICAL THINKERS (CONT.)

Critical Thinkers• Regard problems and

controversial issues as exciting challenges

Uncritical Thinkers• Regard problems and

controversial issues as nuisances or threats to their ego

CHARACTERISTICS OF CRITICAL THINKERS (CONT.)

Critical Thinkers• Strive for understanding,

keep curiosity alive, remain patient with complexity, and are ready to invest time to overcome confusion

Uncritical Thinkers• Are impatient with

complexity and thus would rather remain confused than make the effort to understand

CHARACTERISTICS OF CRITICAL THINKERS (CONT.)

Critical Thinkers• Base judgments on

evidence rather than personal preferences, deferring judgment whenever evidence is insufficient; they revise judgments when new evidence reveals error

Uncritical Thinkers• Base judgments on

first impressions and gut reactions; they are unconcerned about the amount or quality of evidence and cling to their views steadfastly

CHARACTERISTICS OF CRITICAL THINKERS (CONT.)

Critical Thinkers• Are interested in other

people’s ideas and so are willing to read and listen attentively, even when they tend to disagree with the other person

Uncritical Thinkers• Are preoccupied with

themselves and their own opinions and are so unwilling to pay attention to others’ views. At the first sign of disagreement, they tend to think, “How can I refute this?”

CHARACTERISTICS OF CRITICAL THINKERS (CONT.)

Critical Thinkers• Recognize that extreme

views (whether “conservative” or “liberal”) are seldom correct, so they avoid them, practice fairmindedness, and seek a balanced view

Uncritical Thinkers• Ignore the need for

balance and give preference to views that support their established views

CHARACTERISTICS OF CRITICAL THINKERS (CONT.)

Critical Thinkers• Practice restraint,

controlling their feelings rather than being controlled by them, and thinking before acting

Uncritical Thinkers• Tend to follow their

feelings and act impulsively

SO?

• As the desirable qualities suggest, critical thinking depends on mental discipline• Effective thinkers • Exert control over their mental life• Consciously and intentionally direct their thoughts rather

than being directed by them• Withhold their endorsement of any idea, even their own,

until they have tested and confirmed it

SO? (CONT.)

• Dewey equated mental discipline with freedom:

“If a man’s actions are not guided by thoughtful conclusions, then they are guided by inconsiderate impulse, unbalanced appetite, caprice, or the circumstances of the moment. To cultivate unhindered, unreflective external activity is to foster enslavement, for it leaves the person at the mercy of appetite, sense, and circumstance.”

QUESTIONS TO PONDER

• Who is John Dewey, and why should you care?• What is the relationship between proper nutrition

and the ability to concentrate?• How does what we see and hear affect our ability

to be a critical thinker?• Why is being able to think critically important in

real life? Give at least three examples of where it would be useful• What is the relationship between reading, writing,

and thinking?

W H E R E D O E S I T F I T I N ?

WHAT ABOUT INTUITION?

THE ROLE OF INTUITION

• Intuition is commonly defined as immediate perception or comprehension of something – that is, sensing or understanding something without the use of reasoning• Another way to say it: quick and ready insight

THE ROLE OF INTUITION (CONT.)

• Some everyday experiences seem to support this definition• You meet a stranger and instantly “know” you will be

partners for life• When a car salesman tells you the quoted price is the

“rock bottom price,” your intuition may have told you she was lying

• Of the first day of a new job, you have a strong sense something will not go right with it

THE ROLE OF INTUITION (CONT.)

• Sometimes even important “discoveries” seem to have occurred instantaneously• The German chemist Kekule found the solution to a

difficult chemical problem by slipping into a daydream and seeing the image of a snake swallowing its tail

• This provided a clue to the structure of the benzene molecule, which is a ring of atoms rather than a chain of atoms

THE ROLE OF INTUITION (CONT.)

• This may suggest that intuition is very different from reasoning and not influenced by it• Should we accept this conclusion at face value?• Let’s look more carefully at this subject

THE ROLE OF INTUITION (CONT.)

• Breakthrough ideas favor trained, active minds• It is unusual for someone totally untrained in a subject to

make a significant new discovery about that subject• If Kekule had been a plumber, it is unlikely that he would

have received the intuition for which he is famous

THE ROLE OF INTUITION (CONT.)

• Some intuitions eventually prove to be mistaken and in error• The person you were instantly attracted to turns out to

be not your lifelong partner but someone for whom you develop a strong dislike

• The car salesman’s final price may have proved to be exactly that – the final price

• Instead of the job going poorly, it goes exceptionally well

THE ROLE OF INTUITION (CONT.)

• It is difficult to make an overall assessment of the quality of our intuitions because we tend to forget those that prove mistaken in much the same way a gambler forgets his losses• Experiment: Keep track of your “intuitions” in a journal,

and evaluate them to see which are actually accurate or come to pass

THE ROLE OF INTUITION (CONT.)

• These facts have lead some scholars to conclude that intuition is simply a consequence of thinking• Sometimes you make a quick decision without being

aware you’re thinking about something, causing you to experience “precognition”

• Sometimes your “unconscious problem solver” is at work and it brings you ideas from “out of the blue” – a delayed result of thinking

SO?

• Is intuition independent of and different from thinking? Or not? • The most prudent answer seems to be

“sometimes yes, sometimes no”• Therefore, because intuition is unreliable, it is not

prudent to rely on it in place of thinking• That is not to say it should be ignored! But rather

it should be properly evaluated

FOR NEXT TIME

• Part 1• Distinctions between the brain and the mind• Critical thinking defined

• Part 2• Characteristics of critical thinkers• The role of intuition

• Part 3• Basic activities in critical thinking• Critical thinking and writing• Critical thinking and discussion