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What is cloud computing ?
Cloud :- A cloud is a collaboration of networks, hardware, services, storage, and interfaces
that helps in delivering computing as a service. It has three users:
1. End users
2. Business management users
3. Cloud service provider
Cloud refers to network or internet, present at distant location. Applications such as email,
web-conferencing, Customer relationship management (CRM), social networking, Online file
storage, all run in cloud
Cloud computing is a shared pools of configurable computer resources and higher level
services that can be rapidly provisioned with minimal management effort, often over on the
internet. It allows us to develop, configure and modify applications online.
Characteristics of Cloud Computing
1. On demand self services: computer services such as email, applications, network or
server service can be provided without requiring human interaction with each service
provider. Cloud service providers providing on demand self services include Amazon Web
Services (AWS), Microsoft, Google, IBM and Salesforce.com. New York Times and
NASDAQ are examples of companies using AWS (NIST). Gartner describes this
characteristic as service based.
2. Broad network access: Cloud Capabilities are available over the network and accessed
through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client
platforms such as mobile phones, laptops and PDAs.
3. Resource pooling: Cloud computing allows multiple tenants to share a pool of resources.
4. Rapid elasticity: Services can be scaled larger or smaller. It is very easy to scale up or
down the resources any time.
5. Measured service: use of services is measured and customers are billed accordingly.
6. Dynamic provisioning: Allows for the provision of services based on current demand
requirements. This is done automatically using software automation. This dynamic scaling
needs to be done while and security maintaining high level of reliability.
Advantages of cloud computing
1. Availability over internet: One can access applications utilities, over the internet.
2. Anytime availability: Application may be configured and manipulated anytime over
internet.
3. Installation not required: it is not required to install specific software access or
manipulate cloud applications.
4. Platform as a service : Cloud computing offers online development and deployment tools,
programming runtime environment through platform as a service model.
5. Platform independency: Cloud resources are available over the network in manner that
provides platform independent access to any time of clients. Cloud computing removes
platform dependency issues. So, it is making our computer usage mobile and collaborative.
6. On-demand self service: Cloud computing offers on-demand self service . The resources
can be used without interaction with cloud service provider.
7. Load balancing : It offers load balancing that makes it more reliable.
8. Cost effective: Cloud computing is highly cost effective because operates at higher
efficiencies with greater utilization. It just requires an internet connection. This technology
offers lower cost due to multiple reasons. The billing model is pay as per usage; the
infrastructure is not purchased thus lowering maintenance, initial expenses and recurring
expenses are much lower than traditional computing.
9. Increased Storage: Due to massive infrastructure made available by cloud provides,
storage and maintenance of larger volume of data is a reality.
Cloud Computing Applications
Data storage and back-up: Dropbox.com & box.com, These are example of
Two websites which provides storage space.
Mailchimp: This Services is to manage businesses efficiently. This has facility to keep
subscribers records like contacts, details, one-to-one conversation with subscriber or clients.
Google apps: Google offers creating text document, spreadsheet Presentation on Google drive
which allows business users to share them in collaborative manner.
Audio box: FM
Google: Google app engine lets the user build, run and maintain their applications on
Google’s infrastructure. It provides high reliability, availability and scalability.
Windows Azure: This is enterprise-level on-demand capacity builder. Azure API may be
used to work with infrastructure offered by Microsoft.
Amazon EC2 : It is large complex web service. Ec2 provided an API instantiating computing
instances with any of the operating systems supported facilities computations through
Amazon Machine Images (AMI’s)
Quick books: Online software for entrepreneurs to organize business finances anywhere. It
helps in creating and in voices.
Facebook : It’s a serial network service. User can share photos, videos, make friends, join
groups and communities.
Twitter: It is a kind of media to internet directly with public. One can follow any celebrity ,
organization or friends.
Cloud Computing in Educational Institutes
Usage Models Five different cloud usage models have been introduced to the
educational institutes:
Cloud-based storage
Virtual Hands-on Laboratories (VHLs)
Software as a Service (SaaS)
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Cloud Based Storage
Cloud Advantages to Farmers
• No capital investment by farmer
– No Servers
– No Software
– No Maintenance
– No Data backups
– No Infrastructure
– Share his information with farmers planting the same crops to exchange
expertise.
Challenges of Cloud Computing
1. Security and privacy
2. Lock-in
3. Isolation failure
4. Interoperability
5. Computing performance
6. Reliability and availability
7. Insecure or incomplete data deletion
8. Compliance concerns
9. Continuously evolving
10. Lack of standards
Very Short & Short Answer type Questions :-
1. What is Cloud ?
2. What is a Cloud Computing ?
3. What are benefits of cloud computing?
4. Give the best example for open source Cloud Computing.
5. What are challenges of cloud computing?
Long answer type questions:-
1. What are the advantages of cloud computing ?
2. What are the applications of cloud computing?
2. SAAS:
Software as a service (SaaS) is a software distribution model in which a third-party provider
hosts applications and makes them available to customers over the Internet. SaaS is one of
three main categories of cloud computing, alongside infrastructure as a service (IaaS) and
platform as a service (PaaS).
It is also known as ‘on-demand software’ , Software and associated data are hosted on the
cloud Using a web browser saas is accesed by users.
SaaS Examples: Google Apps, Salesforce, Workday, Concur, Citrix GoToMeeting, Cisco
WebEx. Common SaaS Use-Case: Replaces traditional on-device software. ...
Enterprise PaaS Examples: Apprenda. ...
IaaS Examples: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Cisco Metapod, Microsoft Azure, Google
Compute Engine (GCE), Joyent.
PAAS
Platform as a Service (PaaS) or Application Platform as a Service (aPaaS) or platform-based
service is a category of cloud computing services that provides a platform allowing customers to
develop, run, and manage applications without the complexity of building and maintaining the
infrastructure typically associated with developing and launching an app.
Consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages, libraries,
services, and tools supported by the provider.
The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including
network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed
applications and possibly configuration settings for the application-hosting environment.
Example: enterprise paas Apprenda
IAAS
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a form of cloud computing that provides
virtualized computing resources over the internet. IaaS is one of the three main categories
of cloud computing services, alongside software as a service (SaaS) and platform as a
service (PaaS).
The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and
other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run
arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does
not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating
systems, storage, and deployed applications; and possibly limited control of select
networking components (e.g., host firewalls).
Example; Amazon web services(AWS), Microsoft Azure, Joyent,ect.
The advantages of the Public cloud are:
1. Flexible
2. Reliable
3. High Scalable
4. Low cost
5. Place independence
This type also holds some disadvantages such as:
1. Less Secured
2. Poor Customizable
Private Cloud also termed as 'Internal Cloud'; which allows the accessibility of systems and
services within a specific boundary or organization. The cloud platform is implemented in a
cloud-based secure environment that is guarded by advanced firewalls under the surveillance
of the IT department that belongs to a particular organization. Private clouds permit only
authorized users, providing the organizations greater control over data and its security.
Business organizations that have dynamic, critical, secured, management demand based
requirement should adopt Private Cloud.
The advantages of using private cloud are:
1. Highly private and secured: Private cloud resource sharing is highly secured.
2. Control Oriented: Private clouds provide more control over its resources than public cloud
as it can be accessed within the organization's boundary.
The Private cloud has the following disadvantages:
1. Poor scalability: Private type of clouds is scaled within internal limited hosted resources.
2. Costly: As it provides secured and more features, so it's more expensive than a public
cloud.
3. Pricing: is inflexible; i.e., purchasing new hardware for up-gradation is more costly.
4. Restriction: It can be accessed locally within an organization and is difficult to expose
globally.
Hybrid Cloud is another cloud computing type, which is integrated, i.e., it can be a
combination of two or more cloud servers, i.e., private, public or community combined as
one architecture, but remain individual entities. Non-critical tasks such as development and
test workloads can be done using public cloud whereas critical tasks that are sensitive such as
organization data handling are done using a private cloud. Benefits of both deployment
models, as well as community deployment model, are possible in a hybrid cloud hosting. It
can cross isolation and overcome boundaries by the provider; hence, it cannot be simply
categorized into any of the three deployments - public, private or community cloud.
Advantages of Hybrid Cloud Computing are:
1. Flexible
2. Secure
3. Cost Effective
4. Rich Scalable
Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud are:
1. Complex networking problem
2. Organization's security Compliance
3. Community Cloud is another type of cloud computing in which the setup of the cloud
is shared manually among different organizations that belong to the same community
or area. Example of such a community is where organizations/firms are there along
with the financial institutions/banks. A multi-tenant setup developed using cloud
among different organizations that belong to a particular community or group having
similar computing concern.
Very Short & short answer type questions :-
1. What is Saas?
2. What is Paas?
3. What is Iaas?
4. Give the example of Saas,Paas,Iaas service model.
5. Explain different models for deployment in cloud computing?
6. Name fundamental resources of Iaas.
7. Give two benefits of iaas..
8. What is CRM?
9. Explain the different applications of Paas.
10. Explain SOA.
Long Answer type Questions :-
1. Explain IaaS Along with benefits, issues and characteristics.
2. Define SaaSIn detail along with its applications.
3. Explain cloud computing deployment models in details.
4. What is difference between public cloud, private cloud and hybrid cloud?
WHAT IS GRID COMPUTING?
Grid computing is a distributed architecture of large numbers of
computers connected to solve a complex problem. In the grid computing model,
servers or personal computers run independent tasks and are loosely linked by the
Internet or low-speed networks. Computers may connect directly or via scheduling
sys
Example:-
Grid Computing instances often have hundreds or maybe thousands of processors.
Desktop computers have an Operating System like Windows, Mac OS, or Linux.
Advantages/ Disadvantage of Grid Computing
Advantages:-
1. Grid -computing can solve larger, more complex problems in a shorter time
2. Grid- computing easier to collaborate with other organizations
3. Grid-computing make better use of existing hardware
4. Application of grid computing:-
1. Distributed supercomputing
2. High-throughput computing
3. On-demand computing
4. Data-intensive computing
5. Collaborative computing
Virtualization
. Virtualization is the creation of virtual servers, infrastructures, devices
and computing resources. ... It started as the ability to run multiple operating systems on one
hardware set and now it a vital part of testing and cloud-based computing
Virtualization is the process of creating a virtual environment on an existing server to run
your program.
The types of virtualization in cloud computing.:-
Hardware/Server Virtualization
. It is the most common type of virtualization and it provides advantages like optimum
hardware utilization and application. The basic idea is to combine many small physical
servers into one large physical server, so that the processor can be used more effectively. The
operating system that is running on a physical server gets converted into a well-defined OS
that runs on the virtual machine.
The hypervisor controls the processor, memory, and other components by allowing different
OS to run on the same machine without the need for a source code.
Type of Hardware virtualization:-
Full Virtualization – In it, the complete simulation of the actual hardware takes place to
allow software to run an unmodified guest OS.
Para Virtualization – In this type of virtualization, software unmodified runs in modified
OS as a separate system.
Partial Virtualization – In this type of hardware virtualization, the software may need
modification to run.
Network Virtualization
It refers to the management and monitoring of a computer network as a single managerial
entity from a single software-based administrator’s console. It is intended to allow network
optimization of data transfer rates, scalability, reliability, flexibility, and security. It also
automates many network administrative tasks. Network virtualization is specifically useful
for networks that experience a huge, rapid, and unpredictable traffic increase.
Network virtualization provides improved network productivity and efficiency.
Two categories:
Internal: Provide network like functionality to a single system.
External: Combine many networks, or parts of networks into a virtual unit.
Storage Virtualization
In Storage virtualization, multiple network storage resources are present as a single storage
device for easier and more efficient management of these resources. It provides various
advantages as follows:
Improved storage management in a heterogeneous IT environment
Easy updates, better availability
Reduced downtime
Better storage utilization
Automated management
Types of storage virtualization:
Block- It works before the file system exists. It replaces controllers and takes over at the
disk level.
File- The server that uses the storage must have software installed on it in order to enable
file-level usage.
Memory Virtualization
It introduces a way to decouple memory from the server to provide a shared, distributed or
networked function. It enhances performance by providing greater memory capacity without
any addition to the main memory. That’s why a portion of the disk drive serves as an
extension of the main memory.
Software Virtualization
It provides the ability to the main computer to run and create one or more virtual
environments. It is used to enable a complete computer system in order to allow a guest OS to
run. For instance letting Linux to run as a guest that is natively running a Microsoft Windows
OS (or vice versa, running Windows as a guest on Linux).
Types:
Operating system
Application virtualization
Service virtualization
Data Virtualization
Without any technical details, you can easily manipulate data and know how it is formatted or
where it is physically located. It decreases the data errors and workload.
Desktop virtualization
It provides the work convenience and security. As one can access remotely, you are able to
work from any location and on any PC. It provides a lot of flexibility for employees to work
from home or on the go. It also protects confidential data from being lost or stolen by keeping
it safe on central servers.
Very Short & short answer type Questions :-
1. What is grid computing?
2. How grid computing works?
3. Define full virtualization.
4. Give any two applications of grid computing.
5. What are the advantages of grid computing?
6. Define virtualization and hardware virtualization.
Long Answer type Questions:-
1. Explain in detail Grid computing.
2. Explain virtualization in details.
3. Define memory, Data & Storage virtualization.
4. Explain full and partial virtualization in details.
4.What is Cluster Computing
A computer cluster is a set of loosely or tightly connected computers that work together so
that, in many respects, they can be viewed as a single system. Unlike grid computers,
computer clusters have each node set to perform the same task, controlled and scheduled by
software.
Cluster computing or High-Performance computing frameworks is a form of computing in
which bunch of computers (often called nodes) that are connected through a LAN (local area
network) so that, they behave like a single machine. A computer cluster help to solve
complex operations more efficiently with much faster processing speed, better data integrity
than a single computer and they only used for mission-critical applications.
Peer to peer network
In a P2P network, the "peers" are computer systems which are connected to each other via
the Internet. Files can be shared directly between systems on the network without the need of
a central server. In other words, each computer on a P2P network becomes a file system.
Utility computing
Utility computing is a service provisioning model in which a service provider makes
computing resources and infrastructure management available to the customer as needed, and
charges them for specific usage rather than a flat rate. Like other types of on-demand
computing (such as grid computing), the utility model seeks to maximize the efficient use of
resources and/or minimize associated costs.
What is Ubiquitous computing
Ubiquitous computing is a concept in software engineering and computer science where
computing is made to appear anytime and everywhere. In contrast to desktop computing,
ubiquitous computing can occur using any device, in any location, and in any format. A user
interacts with the computer, which can exist in many different forms, including laptop
computers, tablets and terminals in everyday objects such as a refrigerator or a pair of
glasses. The underlying technologies to support ubiquitous computing include Internet,
advanced middleware, operating system, mobile code, sensors, microprocessors, new I/O and
user interfaces, networks, mobile protocols, location and positioning, and new materials.
Devices that use ubiquitous computing have constant availability and are completely
connected.
Ubiquitous computing focuses on learning by removing the complexity of computing and
increases efficiency while using computing for different daily activities.
Ubiquitous computing is also known as pervasive computing, everyware and ambient
intelligence.
Ubiquitous computing may be seen to consist of many layers, each with their own roles,
which together form a single system:
.
Layer 1: task management layer
Monitors user task, context and index
Map user's task to need for the services in the environment
To manage complex dependencies
Layer 2: environment management layer
To monitor a resource and its capabilities
To map service need, user level states of specific capabilities
Layer 3: environment layer
To monitor a relevant resource
To manage reliability of the resources
Comparision between Grid, Cluster and Cloud –Computing
Cluster Grid Cloud
Resource handling Centralized Distributed Both
Loosely coupling No Both Yes
Reliability No Half Full
Networking Type Private Private Public Internet
Virtualization Half Half Yes
Business model No No Yes
Task Size Single Large Single Large Small,Medium,Large
Heterogenity No Yes Yes
Security High Medium/High Low, Medium
Value
addedService
No Both Yes
Cost Very High High Low
Very Short & short Answer type Questions :-
1. Define cluster.
2. Define cluster computing.
3. What is the need of cluster?
4. What is P2P Network?
5. Define Hybrid model.
6. Define utility computing.
7. Give two advantage of utility computing.
8. Why grid we use?
9. What is the need of cluster computing?
10.What are the applications of cluster computing?
11. Comparison Between grid and Cluster computing.
Long Answer type Questions:-
1. Explain P2P Network with suitable examples and it’s applications.
2. Comparison Between grid cluster and cloud Computing.