What is an Animal? Characteristics of All Animals 1. Animals are Multicellular 2. Animals are...
If you can't read please download the document
What is an Animal? Characteristics of All Animals 1. Animals are Multicellular 2. Animals are Eukaryotic 3. Animals are Heterotrophs 4. Animal cells lack
What is an Animal? Characteristics of All Animals 1. Animals
are Multicellular 2. Animals are Eukaryotic 3. Animals are
Heterotrophs 4. Animal cells lack cell walls
Slide 2
Evolutionary/Developmental Milestones in Animals 1. Cell
specialization and levels of organization 2. Development of body
symmetry and segmentation 3. Development of an internal body cavity
and tissue layers
Slide 3
Levels of Organization
Slide 4
Cell Specialization Cells throughout a multicellular organism
can develop in different ways to perform different tasks.
Slide 5
Body Segmentation Segmentation of the body allows development
of various specialized limbs, such as antennae, pincers, walking
legs, claws, wings, etc. Cephalization is the concentration of
nervous tissues in one location which eventually produces a head
region with sensory organs and a brain.
Slide 6
Tissue Layers & Body Cavity A body cavity, called a coelom,
increases the efficiency of food intake and waste removal. Tissue
LayerDevelops Into Endodermdigestion and respiration structures
Mesodermmuscles, bones, blood, skin, reproductive organs
Ectodermskin, brain, nervous system
Slide 7
Porifera
Slide 8
Slide 9
ANIMAL BODY SYSTEMS Body systems are all interrelated and work
together to perform their functions in animals. Body systems can be
organized and studies by these functions: REGULATION: Excretory
& Nervous Systems NUTRIENT ABSORPTION: Respiration, Digestion,
& Circulatory Systems DEFENSE: Immune, Integumentary,
Lymphatic, Skeletal, & Muscular Systems REPRODUCTION:
Reproductive & Endocrine Systems
Slide 10
FACT OF THE DAY: * Messages travel along the nerves as
electrical impulses. They travel at speeds up to 248 miles per
hour!
Slide 11
The Nervous System
Slide 12
Regulation requires homeostasis- the ability of the body or a
cell to seek and maintain stability within its internal environment
when dealing with external changes Nervous System The nervous
system maintains homeostasis by controlling and regulating all
other parts of the body.
Slide 13
Function of The Nervous System 1. Sensory 1. Detect change
inside and outside of body 2. Interpret 1. Interpret the change
with the brain and spinal cord 3. Response 1. Control and
coordinate functions throughout the body 2. Respond to internal and
external stimuli
Slide 14
Evolutionary Trends of the Nervous System Simple Complex
Slide 15
Slide 16
Structure of Nervous System Neuron - Message sending unit of
the nervous system Cell body- the largest part of the neuron;
contains the nucleus and organelles Axon - Carries nerve impulse
away from the cell body Dendrite - Carries nerve impulse to the
cell body
Slide 17
cell body muscle tissue TYPICAL MOTOR NEURON Axon dendrite
synapse cell body
Slide 18
Because neurons never touch, chemical signalers called
neurotransmitters must travel through the space called synapse
between two neurons to continue the electrical signal (impulse).
Neurotransmitters Synapse (gap) The message is transferred when
RECEPTORS receive neurotrans- mitters. (pink spheres)
Slide 19
How Impulses Are Carried Flow of Impulse: dendrite nucleus axon
jumps synapse next dendrite
Slide 20
Slide 21
Types of Neurons 1. Sensory - Conduct impulses from sense
organs to the brain ( CNS) 2. Motor - Conduct impulses from
brain/spinal cord (CNS) to muscle/organs 3. Interneurons - Conduct
impulses within the brain/spinal cord (CNS)
Slide 22
Divisions of the Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Slide 23
Divisions of the Nervous System 1. Central Nervous System Brain
and spinal cord 1. Integrates information 2. Derived from the
dorsal nerve cord
Slide 24
Main Parts of the Brain 1. Forebrain = Cerebrum Controls
muscles Jobs that are voluntary It stores messages Studying
Thalamus, Hypothalamus (biological clock) Controls thought, reason,
and the senses Controls homeostasis temperature, hunger, thirst,
flight or fight response 2. Midbrain (middle region of brainstem)
Regulation of auditory and visual reflexes (peripheral vision) 3.
Hindbrain = Cerebellum: Makes movements more smooth and graceful;
balance (hand-eye coordination) Jobs are involuntary Medulla
Oblongata & Pons Controls heartbeat, breathing and blood
pressure Jobs that are involuntary (breathing, swallowing,
vomiting, digestion)
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/stm0.html
Slide 25
Reflexes Controlled by the spinal cord They are involuntary
They happen very quickly Take place without the brain receiving the
message They protect you by triggering an involuntary response to
stimuli (stepping on a tack)
Slide 26
Divisions of the Nervous System 2. Peripheral Nervous System
All other nerves 1. Sensory division (impulses from sense organs to
CNS) 2. Motor division (impulses from CNS to muscles) 1. Somatic NS
(regulates voluntary activities - lift a finger, wiggle a toe) 2.
Autonomic NS (regulates involuntary activities heart rate, sweat
glands, muscles in your digestive tract) 1. Parasympathetic Rest
and Digest 2. Sympathetic Fight or Flight; pupil dilates
Slide 27
Autonomic Functioning Sympathetic Fight-or-flight Response to
unusual stimulus Takes over to increase activities Increases heart
rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels, dilates the bronchioles
of the lungs, and dilates the pupils Remember as the E division =
Exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment
Slide 28
Autonomic Functioning Sympathetic Fight-or-flight The effects
of sympathetic nervous system activation continue for several
minutes until its hormones are destroyed by the liver. Helps
explain why we need time to calm down after an extremely stressful
situation.
Slide 29
Autonomic Functioning Parasympathetic Housekeeping activites
Resting and digesting system Chiefly concerned with promoting
normal digestion and elimination of feces and urine and with
conserving body energy Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory
rates are at low normal levels; pupils are constricted; skin is
warm; digestive tract is actively digesting food Remember as the D
division - Digestion, defecation, and diuresis (urination)
Slide 30
Slide 31
Levels of Organization Nerves Brain & Spinal Cord Nervous
Neurons
Slide 32
Coackroach Beatbox TED Video
http://www.ted.com/talks/the_cockroach_beatbox.ht ml
http://www.ted.com/talks/the_cockroach_beatbox.ht ml
Slide 33
Brainstem
Slide 34
Slide 35
the Cerebrum
Slide 36
Lobes of the cerebrum Reasoning, logic, language, etc.
Processes sensory impulses from the body Visual images Hearing,
smell, memories
Slide 37
Speech Logic/reasoning
Slide 38
Language and Speech strokes, tumors, injuries Brocas Area:
Primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe that controls muscles
Damage to area means you can understand language but are unable to
speak it Responsible for speech generation Ex stroke patients
Wernickes Area: The posterior part of temporal lobe Damage to area
means you can speak but unable to comprehend speech Responsible for
hearing speech http://www.hulu.com/watch/3 39577/greys-anatomy-one-
step-too-far Go to 21 min mark
Slide 39
Interaction with other systems for Regulation Bones of the
skeletal system protect the spinal cord and brain. The brain
controls heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing via the
circulatory and respiratory systems. Glands in the brain control
the release of hormones of the endocrine and reproductive systems.
The brain controls muscles both in digestion and movement.
Slide 40
Reticular Formation neurons in the core of the brainstem
(midbrain -arousal, pons & medulla-sleep) Sleep &
wakefulness produces patterns of electrical activity in the brain
Recorded as an ElectoEncephaloGram (EEG) Most dreaming during REM
(rapid eye movement sleep)
Slide 41
Did You Know Bottlenose Dolphins swim while sleeping, rising to
the surface to breathe air regularly! Their forebrain is divided
into two halves. Since they sleep with one eye open and one closed
they are able to sleep with one brain hemisphere at a time.
Slide 42
The amygdala is responsible for determining what memories are
stored and where the memories are stored in the brain The
hippocampus sends memories out to the appropriate part of the brain
for long-term storage and retrieves them when necessary. Damage to
this area of the brain may result in an inability to form new
memories.
Slide 43
Lobotomy Phineas Gage, 1848 was a loving, caring father until
the accident and then became detached, impatient & erratic
Later in the 20 th century, surgical procedures were done to remove
portions of the frontal lobe in attempt to cure severe behavioral
and psychiatric behaviors
Slide 44
Fun Facts A human body contains more nerve cells than there are
stars in the Milky Way Neurons are the largest cell in the body and
do NOT undergo mitosis Nerve impulses move at 100 meters per second
or more Longest axon of a neuron is 15 ft! (in the giraffe)