What follows are all the multiple choice questions from quizzes through chapter 14. They constitute the majority of the questions that will be on the semester final.

1. Which of the following is a correct statement about the use of slave labor in colonial Virginia?

A. Slave ownership was forced on reluctant White Virginians by profit-minded English merchants and the mercantilist officials of the crown.

B. It was the first case in which Europeans enslaved blacksC. It fulfilled the original plans of the Virginia CompanyD. It first occurred after Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin, which greatly

stimulated the demand for low-cost laborE. It spread rapidly in the late seventeenth century, as blacks displaced white

indentured servants in the tobacco fields.

2. In the eighteenth century, colonial Virginia and colonial Massachusetts were most alike in that both

A. relied on the marketing of a single cropB. were heavily dependent on slave laborC. had an established Anglican churchD. were royal colonies E. administered local government through justices of the peace

3. Which of the following statements about Africans brought as slaves to the British North American colonies is true?

A. They were the primary labor force for plantations in the Chesapeake by 1630B. They had much lower life expectancy in the Chesapeake than in South

Carolina or the West IndiesC. They greatly outnumbered Europeans in every colony south of the Mason-

Dixon line by 1776D. They maintained cultural practices brought from Africa E. They were the primary labor source in Pennsylvania until 1720

4. Which of the following was true of a married woman in the colonial era?

A. She would be sent to debtor’s prison for debts incurred by her husbandB. She could vote as her husband’s proxy in electionsC. She generally lost control of her property when she married D. She had no legal claim to the estate of her deceased husbandE. Her legal rights over her children were the same as her husband

5. The First Great Awakening was:A. a religious revival that occurred throughout the American colonies B. a slave rebellion in colonial South CarolinaC. an eighteenth century religious movement among Native AmericansD. the flowering of Enlightenment political thought in North AmericaE. and early colonial protest against British imperialism

6. The mercantilist system of the eighteenth century led to A. the restriction of governmental intervention in the economyB. the protection of Native Americans from European economic exploitationC. the expansion of colonial manufacturingD. the subordination of the colonial economy to that of the mother country E. noncompetitive commercial relations among nations

7. The North American colonies took advantage of Great Britain’s policy of salutary neglect to

A. establish religious freedom as a fundamental rightB. work out trade arrangements to acquire needed products from other countries C. introduce the practice of slavery to the new worldD. establish a standing armyE. make favorable territorial settlements with France

8. The Navigation Acts were part of the British policy of A. isolationismB. capitalismC. mercantilism D. monopolismE. imperialism

9. The mercantilist system of the eighteenth century led to F. the restriction of governmental intervention in the economyG. the protection of Native Americans from European economic exploitationH. the expansion of colonial manufacturingI. the subordination of the colonial economy to that of the mother country J. noncompetitive commercial relations among nations

10. Colonial cities functioned primarily as A. mercantile centers for collecting agricultural goods and distributing imported

manufactured goodsB. places were poor immigrants settled and worked as independent artisansC. centers where large-scale financial and banking operations were conductedD. places to which wage earners commuted from numerous surrounding

communitiesE. centers of light manufacturing

11. The North American colonies took advantage of Great Britain’s policy of salutary neglect to

F. establish religious freedom as a fundamental rightG. work out trade arrangements to acquire needed products from other countries H. introduce the practice of slavery to the new worldI. establish a standing armyJ. make favorable territorial settlements with France

12. The Navigation Acts were part of the British policy of F. isolationismG. capitalismH. mercantilism I. monopolismJ. imperialism

13. By the 1750’s, the British colonies on the North American mainland were characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

A. disdain for British constitutional monarchy B. many religious denominationsC. a society without a hereditary aristocracyD. a growing number of non-English settlersE. acceptance of slavery as a labor system

14. The First Great Awakening led to all of the following EXCEPTA. separatism and secession from established churchesB. the renewed persecution of witches C. the growth of institutions of higher learningD. a flourishing of the missionary spiritE. a greater appreciation of the emotional experiences of faith

15. The wealthiest people in pre-Revolutionary America were primarily(A) lawyers, doctors, and other professionals(B) northern merchants and southern planters(C) inland farmers(D) industrialists(E) local government officials

16. France’s support for the United State’s during the American Revolutionary War was motivated primarily by(A) enthusiasm for the revolutionary principles espoused by the Americans(B) a desire to weaken its rival, Great Britain(C) a desire to regain Canada and the Florida’s(D) pressures from its ally, Spain(E) the hope of converting the United States into a French dependency

17. By the time of the revolution, the American colonists had generally come to believe that creation of a republic would solve the problems of monarchical rule because a republic would establish(A) a highly centralized government led by a social elite(B) a strong chief executive(C) a small, limited government responsible to the people(D) unlimited male suffrage(E) a society in which there were no differences of rank and status

18. After 1763, changes in the British imperial system threatened the interests of which of the following groups of American colonists?I. Land speculators with interests west of the AppalachiansII. Newspaper editors and lawyersIII. Farmers wishing to settle in the Ohio River valleyIV. Boston smugglers

A. III onlyB. IV onlyC. I and III onlyD. I, II, and IV onlyE. I, II, III, and IV

19. During the War for Independence, the principal reason the American government sought diplomatic recognition from foreign powers was toA. rally all the states behind a common causeB. convince the British of the justice of the American causeC. make it easier to levy taxes on the citizens of the several statesD. facilitate the purchase of arms and borrowing money from other nationsE. allow Von Steuben, Lafayette, and other Europeans to join the American army

20. Which of the following contributed most to the American victory in the Revolution?A. French military and financial assistanceB. The failure of Loyalists to participate in military actionC. A major American military victory at Valley ForgeD. Support from the French CanadiansE. The British failure to capture Philadelphia

21. The Declaration of Independence did all of the following EXCEPTA. appeal to the philosophy of natural rightsB. call for the abolition of the slave tradeC. appeal to the sympathies of the English peopleD. Criticize the provisions of the Quebec Act of 1774E. accuse George III of tyranny

22. All of the following contributed to the discontent among soldiers in the Continental Army EXCEPT:A. Most soldiers were drafteesB. The soldiers feared for the welfare of their families back homeC. The army had inadequate arms and ammunitionD. The army paid soldiers in depreciated paper moneyE. The army was inadequately fed and clothed

23. A major defect in the national government established by the Articles of Confederation was that it lackedA. a means of amending the ArticlesB. the authority to taxC. the power to declare warD. the authority to make treatiesE. a legislative branch

24. In 1787-1789 which of the following groups was most likely to oppose the ratification of the Constitution?A. Farmers in isolated areasB. Export MerchantsC. Former officers in the Continental ArmyD. Southern plantersE. Urban artisans

25. The principal motivation for drafting the Bill of Rights was the desire toA. test the new process of amendment described in the ConstitutionB. protect rights not specified in the ConstitutionC. strengthen the powers of the federal governmentD. restore to the states the powers they had enjoyed under the Articles of ConfederationE. clarify the federal relationship among the states

26. As originally ratified, the U.S. Constitution provided forA. political partiesB. a presidential cabinetC. the direct election of senatorsD. an electoral collegeE. a two-term presidential limit

27. The greatest achievement of the government under the Articles of Confederation was its establishment of A. a bicameral legislatureB. a system for orderly settlement of the WestC. general postwar prosperityD. a standardized length for the school yearE. federal financing of secondary education

28. After the Revolution, the concept of the "republican mother" suggested that A. women would be responsible for raising their children, especially their sons, to be virtuous citizens of the young republicB. voting would soon become a privilege granted to educated and/or married womenC. the first duty of mothers was to serve the needs of the governmentD. wives and mothers would be welcome in the emerging political partiesE. women's virtues had been the inspiration for the ideals of the Revolution

29. Which of the following was true of the U.S. Constitution as adopted at the Constitutional Convention?A. It was built on a series of compromisesB. It provided exact specifications covering all aspects of governmentC. It was a revised version of the English ConstitutionD. It included a Bill of RightsE. It allowed all male citizens over the age of twenty-one to vote

30. Under the Articles of Confederation the U.S. central government had no power to A. levy taxesB. make treatiesC. declare warD. request troops from the statesE. amend the articles

31. Thomas Jefferson opposed some of Alexander Hamilton’s programs because Jefferson believed that(A) the common bond of a substantial national debt would serve to unify the different states(B) the French alliance threatened to spread the violence of the French Revolution to America(C) the federal government should encourage manufacturing and industry(D) Hamilton’s programs were weakening the military strength of the nation(E) Hamilton’s programs favored wealthy financial interests

32. Early American diplomats to European nations often gained advantages for the United States byA. sending America’s strong military and naval forces against those of European powersB. convincing the people of European nations to exert pressure on their governmentsC. using confidential information effectivelyD. exploiting European rivalriesE. using America’s vast wealth in order to obtain favorable diplomatic settlements.

33. Which of the following most accurately describes the attitude of the Founding Fathers toward political parties?A. Parties are vehicles of ambition and selfish interest that threaten the existence of republican governmentB. Parties are engines of democracy that provide citizens with a voice in governmentC. Parties are necessary evils in any republic.D. In a large republic, parties are the best means of creating effective coalitions of interest groups.E. A two-party system is essential to a stable republic.

34. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions took the position thatA. only the U.S. Supreme Court had the power to restrict freedom of speech and the pressB. the authority of state governments included the power to decide whether or not an act of Congress was constitutionalC. only fiscal measures initiated by state legislatures could be acted on by CongressD. Congress was responsible for maintaining the vitality of a "loyal opposition" political partyE. the "supremacy clause" of the constitution applied only to foreign affairs

35. President Washington's Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 was issued in response toA. Spanish expansion in the SoutheastB. Dutch economic activity in the Mid-Atlantic statesC. Canadian alliances with northern American IndiansD. French diplomatic overtures to invoke the Franco-American AllianceE. English boycotts of selected American manufacturers

36. The financial programs of Alexander Hamilton included all of the following EXCEPTA. funding of a national debtB. nullification of all private debts to the statesC. imposing of a tax on liquorD. establishment of the Bank E. assumption of all state debts

37. In the United States, the Haitian rebellion of the 1790s promptedA. the acquisition of Puerto Rico for colonization by emancipated slavesB. a movement of free African Americans to HaitiC. the passage of a federal law increasing the severity of punishments for slave rebellionD. an increased fear of slave revolts in the SouthE. a military expedition of southern slaveholders to restore French rule in Haiti

38. Which of the following did NOT contribute to the United States’ decision to declare war against Britain in 1812?

A. American military and economic preparedness for war B. American concern for national honorC. The impressment of American seamenD. British interference with United States commerceE. American fears of British aid to Native Americans on the frontier

39. Marbury v. Madison (1803) is famous for establishing the principle ofA. the sancity of contractsB. the supremacy of the executive over the legislative branchC. judicial reviewD. due process of lawE. equal access by any citizen to federal courts

40. An important reason for the proclamation of the Monroe Doctrine was toA. end the United States alliance with FranceB. displace England as the chief creditor of the Latin American countriesC. counter British objections that would arise in any future United States effort to

annex Canada or the West IndiesD. protect republican institutions of government in the Western Hemisphere E. prevent French interference in the internal affairs of Mexico

41. Which of the following is correct about tariffs passed between the period 1816-1828?

A. They reduced barriers to free tradeB. They were supported by all sections of the nation.C. Their constitutionality was tested in the courtsD. They were primarily intended as revenue-raising measures E. They were the first tariffs whose major purpose was protection

42. Which of the following had the greatest effect on the institution of slavery in the United States in the first quarter of the nineteenth century?

A. Demands of Southern textile manufacturers for cottonB. Introduction of crop rotation and fertilizersC. Use of more stringent techniques of slave controlD. Invention of the cotton gin E. The “three-fifths” compromise

43. The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 was important because itA. established the role of the federal government in internal improvementsB. strengthened the ties between the eastern manufacturing and western agricultural

regionsC. made the invention of the steamboat economically viableD. spurred innovation in the railroad industryE. was the last major canal project before the Civil War

44. Which of the following moved in the greatest numbers into Appalachia as the Native Americans of the region were defeated?

A. immigrants from SwedenB. Slaveholders, indentured servants, and slaves from coastal plantationsC. Puritans from New EnglandD. Scotch-Irish, German, and English immigrants E. White immigrants from the West Indies

45. Which of the following describes the “Lowell System” in early nineteenth century New England?

A. A plan to promote and expand textile manufacturing activities B. An agreement among the New England states to secede and form a New England

confederacyC. A reform eliminating property-holding as a qualification for votingD. A strategy to defend New England during the War of 1812E. A congressional reapportionment plan during the 1820s.

46. In the first half of the 19th century, Cherokee efforts to retain their tribal lands in Georgia received direct support from

A. the white residents of OklahomaB. President Andrew JacksonC. The United States Supreme Court D. The Democratic pressE. The United States Congress

47. Of the following, which was the principal issue on which the U.S, sought settlement with Great Britain at the outset of the War of 1812?

A. A guarantee of New England fishing rights off NewfoundlandB. Free navigation of the Mississippi RiverC. Cancellation of pre-Revolutionary War debtsD. Access to trade with the British West IndiesE. An end to impressment

48. According to Alexis de Toqueville in Democracy in America, American individualism arose as a result of

A. the absence of an aristocracy B. limited geographic mobilityC. the uneven distribution of wealthD. urbanizationE. the Enlightenment

49. When Thomas Jefferson said in 1801, “We are all republicans—we are all federalists,” he meant that

A. Americans would never ally themselves with monarchical governmentsB. Federalists would be appointed to his cabinetC. The two parties’ platforms were identicalD. The principles of American government were above party politics E. He admired Hamilton’s policies

51. The Hartford Convention was a manifestation of A. New England Federalist opposition to the War of 1812 B. New England’s desire to end United States trade with Great BritainC. Northern gratitude to General Jackson for his victory at New OrleansD. The War Hawks’ impatience with President Madison’s conduct of foreign policyE. Western resentment against British-backed American Indian attacks

52. Jefferson’s purchase of Louisiana had its origins in his desire to A. remove the French from forts along the Mississippi valleyB. acquire a port to provide an outlet for western crops C. acquire territory for the expansion of slaveryD. oppose New England FederalismE. demonstrate friendship for the French in the Napoleonic Wars

53. In Marbury vs. Madison, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmedA. its right to determine the constitutionality of state court decisionsB. its right to determine the constitutionality of state lawsC. its right to determine the constitutionality of congressional enactments D. the sanctity of property rights against harassment by unfriendly state legislaturesE. the broad scope of the federal government’s commerce power

54. The issuance of the Monroe Doctrine did which of the following?A. Reaffirmed George Washington’s goal of American neutrality in the AmericasB. Helped Secretary of State John Quincy Adams secure the presidency in 1824C. Established the U.S. as the dominant economic power in Latin AmericaD. Provided the basis for resolving Anglo-American border disputesE. Asserted American independence in the area of foreign policy

55. The Jefferson administration advocated which of the following changes as a means of restoring republican ideals?

A. Abolishing the Bank of the United StatesB. Reducing the scope of activities of the federal government C. Discontinuing the funding of state debtsD. Increasing the size of the U.S. militaryE. Adopting the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions on the national level

56. The Missouri Compromise did which of the following?A. Prohibited slavery in all of the Louisiana PurchaseB. Provided for admission to the Union of all future states in pairs of one free, one

slaveC. Allowed Maine to enter as a free state D. Provided for the annexation of TexasE. Finally settled the question of congressional power over slavery in the territories

57. The Embargo Act of 1807 had which of the following effects on the U.S.?A. It severely damaged American manufacturing B. It enriched many cotton plantation ownersC. It disrupted American shippingD. It was ruinous to subsistence farmersE. It had little economic impact

58. The development of the early nineteenth century concept of “separate spheres” for the sexes encouraged all of the following EXCEPT

A. accepting women as intellectual equals of men B. idealizing the home as a haven in a competitive worldC. designating the home as the appropriate place for a womanD. emphasizing childrearing as a prime duty of a womanE. establishing a moral climate in the home

59. President Jackson’s Native American policy resulted in which of the following?

A. Jackson’s loss of popularity in the countryB. The first efforts to grant citizenship to Native AmericansC. The division of tribal lands into small units and their allotment to heads of

families in each tribeD. Widespread uprisings among the Sioux in Dakota territoryE. The removal of the Cherokee from the Southeast to settlements across the

Mississippi

60. In the first half of the 19th century, Cherokee efforts to retain their tribal lands in Georgia received direct support from

F. the white residents of OklahomaG. President Andrew JacksonH. The United States Supreme Court I. The Democratic pressJ. The United States Congress

61. Henry Clay’s “American System” called for all of the following EXCEPTA. A tariff for the protection of industryB. Internal improvements at national government expenseC. Sale of federal lands to finance higher education D. Greater reliance on domestic financial resourcesE. Increased trade among the sections of the nation

62. Which of the following resulted from the policies of the Jackson Administration?

A. A central bank was established. B. The value of paper currency issued by individual banks became uniform.C. The number of banks, each issuing its own paper currency, increased D. A nationwide banking system was begunE. Federal fiscal activities became linked to a system of federal banks.

63. Andrew Jackson supported all of the following EXCEPTA. Indian removalB. The right of nullification C. The removal of federal deposits from the Bank of the United StatesD. Annexation of new territoryE. Use of the presidential veto power

64. Jacksonian Democracy was distinguished by the belief that A. an aristocracy posed no danger to the RepublicB. the National Republicans alone new what was right for the peopleC. political participation by the common man should be increased D. political rights should be granted to womenE. franchise restrictions should be racially neutral

65. The nullification crisis of 1832-1833 was significant, in part, because itA. Signaled the triumph of pro-tariff forcesB. Strengthened support for the Missouri CompromiseC. Weakened the Whig party throughout the SouthD. Enhanced Andrew Jackson’s reputation as a strong president E. Cemented the alliance between Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun

67. The Whigs of the 1830s and 1840s differed from the Jacksonian Democrats in that the Whigs A. won the support of Irish immigrantsB. secured the removal of Native Americans to lands west of the MississippiC. Supported the American System of Henry Clay D. Favored a laissez-faire economyE. Urged the annexation of Texas

68. Which of the following describes the “Lowell System” in early nineteenth century New England?

A. A plan to promote and expand textile manufacturing activities B. An agreement among the New England states to secede and form a New England

confederacyC. A reform eliminating property-holding as a qualification for votingD. A strategy to defend New England during the War of 1812E. A congressional reapportionment plan during the 1820s.

69. The majority of white families in the antebellum South ownedA. more than 100 slavesB. 50 to 100 slavesC. 10 to 50 slavesD. 5 to 10 slavesE. No slaves

70. The development of the early nineteenth century concept of “separate spheres” for the sexes encouraged all of the following EXCEPT

F. accepting women as intellectual equals of men G. idealizing the home as a haven in a competitive worldH. designating the home as the appropriate place for a womanI. emphasizing childrearing as a prime duty of a womanJ. establishing a moral climate in the home

71. The idea of Manifest Destiny included all of the following beliefs EXCEPT:

A. Commerce and industry would decline as the nation expanded its agricultural base

B. The use of land for settled agriculture was preferable to its use for nomadic hunting

C. Westward expansion was both inevitable and beneficialD. God had selected America as a chosen land and peopleE. The ultimate extent of the American domain was to be from the tropics to

the Arctic

72. Which of the following most likely increased Mexican suspicion of American territorial objectives of the 1830s and 1840s?

A. Abolitionist agitation in the NorthB. Jackson’s policy toward the annexation of Texas (1836-1837)C. The Webster –Ashburton TreatyD. Clay’s speeches in the campaign of 1844E. Rhetoric on “manifest destiny” in the American press

73. A proposal for the uncompensated emancipation of American slaves was advanced by

A. Thomas Jefferson in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787B. James Madison in The Federalist in 1788C. The American Colonization Society in 1817D. William Lloyd Garrison in The Liberator in 1831 E. The Republican party platform of 1860

74. Which of the following had the greatest effect on the institution of slavery in the United States in the first quarter of the nineteenth century?

F. Demands of Southern textile manufacturers for cottonG. Introduction of crop rotation and fertilizersH. Use of more stringent techniques of slave controlI. Invention of the cotton gin J. The “three-fifths” compromise

75. The dramatic increase in The South’s slave labor force between 1810 and 1860 was due to

A. an increase in the African slave tradeB. the importation of slaves from the West IndiesC. an increase in the severity of fugitive slave lawsD. the acquisition of LouisianaE. the natural population increase of American-born slaves

76. In the antebellum period, free African Americans were A. given the right to suffrage in most statesB. protected from kidnapping under stringent provisions of the Fugitive Slave ActC. educated in integrated schools in most northern statesD. able to settle in states in the Middle West without legal restrictionE. able to accumulate some property in spite of discrimination

77. The Missouri Compromise did which of the following?A. Prohibited slavery in all of the Louisiana PurchaseB. Provided for admission to the Union of all future states in pairs of one free, one

slaveC. Allowed Maine to enter as a free state D. Provided for the annexation of TexasE. Finally settled the question of congressional power over slavery in the territories

78. The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) heightened the sectional crisis because itA. Repealed the Missouri Compromise B. Repealed the Fugitive Slave ActC. Made Kansas and Nebraska free statesD. Stimulated Southern emigration to the territories taken from MexicoE. Signaled acceptance of the principle of the Wilmot Proviso

79. In the pre-Civil War era, the railroad’s most important impact on the economy was theA. Creation of a huge new market for railway equipmentB. Creation of the basis for greater cooperation between Southern planters and

Northern textile manufacturers C. Generation of new employment opportunities for unskilled workers D. Participation of the federal government in the financing of a nationwide

transportation networkE. Accessibility to Eastern urban markets provided to Midwestern farmers

80. In the presidential campaign of 1860, which of the following positions was asserted by the Republican Party platform with respect to slavery?

A. Slavery should be abolished immediately by the federal governmentB. The extension of slavery to other countries should be prohibitedC. The Missouri Compromise line (36◦ 30◦) should be extended to the Pacific Ocean,

and slavery should be prohibited in territories above that lineD. The gradual emancipation of the slaves should begin, and the federal government

should compensate slave owners for the loss of slave propertyE. The extension of slavery to United States territories should be prohibited by the

federal government, but slavery should be protected in the states where it already existed

81. The hostility of the Know-Nothing Party was primarily directed againstA. the growth of cities and industrial manufacturingB. Irish and German Catholic immigrants C. Free Masons and members of other fraternal ordersD. AbolitionistsE. Slaveholders

82. Which of the following states the principle of Popular Sovereignty?A. Congress has the right to decide where slavery shall and shall not existB. The settlers in a given territory have the sole right to decide whether or not

slavery will be permitted thereC. Individual citizens can decide for themselves whether or not to hold slavesD. The American people shall decide where slavery will exist through a national

plebisciteE. Individual states have the right to reject congressional decisions on slavery

83. In the 1850’s, the South differed from the North in that the South hadA. A better developed transportation systemB. A better educated white populationC. Less interest in evangelical religionD. Fewer European immigrants E. More cities

84. Which of the following statements about the Dred Scott decision is correct?A. It recognized the power of Congress to prohibit slavery in the territories, but

refused on technical grounds to free ScottB. It stated that black people were not citizens of the United States C. It upheld the constitutionality of the Missouri CompromiseD. It upheld the principle of Popular SovereigntyE. It freed Scott, but not other slaves in circumstances similar to Scott’s

85. Which of the following provisions of the Compromise of 1850 provoked the most controversy in the 1850’s?

A. the admission of California as a free stateB. The establishment of the principle of popular sovereignty in the Mexican

SecessionC. The ban on the slave trade in the District of ColumbiaD. The continued protection of slavery in the District of ColumbiaE. The strengthened Fugitive Slave Law

86. The Republican Party originated in the mid 1850’s as a sectional party committed to which of the following?

A. Opposition to further extension of slavery into the territories B. Immediate emancipation of all slavesC. Repeal of Whig economic policiesD. Restriction of immigrationE. Acknowledgment of popular sovereignty as the basis for organizing the federal

territories

87. The Wilmot Proviso specifically provided for A. the prohibition of slavery in the Louisiana TerritoryB. the primacy of federal law over state legislated Black CodesC. the abolition of the internal slave tradeD. the prohibition of slavery in lands acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War E. federal return of fugitive slaves

88. The goal of the American Colonization Society was to A. return freed slaves to Africa B. recruit immigrant labor for American factoriesC. assimilate recent immigrants into American societyD. extend U.S. influence to overseas coloniesE. promote western expansion by funding internal improvements

89. “Let Southern oppressors tremble. . . . I shall strenuously contend for immediate enfranchisement. . . . I will be as harsh as truth and as uncompromising as justice.”

The Author of the statement above wasA. John C. CalhounB. Stephen A. DouglasC. Henry ClayD. Abraham LincolnE. William L. Garrison

90. Which of the following best characterizes the response of Great Britain and France to the American Civil War?

A. They saw advantages in a divided Union, but pursued cautious policies toward both sides

B. They favored restoration of the Union and actively worked to arbitrate the conflictC. They favored permanent separation of the Union and openly supported the SouthD. They favored restoration of the Union and openly supported the NorthE. They had no interest in the conflict and remained aloof from it

91. In part, President Lincoln refrained from taking action to emancipate slaves until the Civil War had been in progress for almost two years because

F. He sought to retain the loyalty of the border states G. Slavery still existed in most Northern StatesH. Congress had not granted him the authorityI. He was preparing a plan to send all of the slaves to LiberiaJ. He feared a hostile reaction on the part of the British and French

92. The North’s advantages over the South at the outbreak of the Civil War included all of the following EXCEPT

A. Greater agreement over war aims B. More substantial industrial resourcesC. A more extensive railroad systemD. Dominance in foreign tradeE. Naval supremacy

93. Which of the following statements about African American soldiers during the Civil War is correct?

A. They were primarily engaged in military campaigns west of the MississippiB. They were limited to non-combat dutyC. They were barred from receiving awards for valor in combatD. For most of the war, they were paid less than White soldiers of equal rank E. For most of the war, they were led by African American officers

94. At the beginning of the Civil War, Southerners expressed all of the following expectations EXCEPT:

A. The materialism of the North would prevent Northerners from fighting an idealistic war

B. Great Britain would intervene on the side of the South in order to preserve its source of cotton

C. Northern unity in the struggle against the Southern states would breakD. The south’s superior industrial resources would give it an advantage over the

NorthE. The justice of the South’s cause would prevail

95. The Battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862, is considered pivotal to the outcome of the Civil War because it

A. represented the Union’s deepest thrust into Southern territoryB. forestalled the possibility of European intervention C. resulted in the border states joining the ConfederacyD. marked the first use of Black troops by the Union armyE. Confirmed George McClellan’s status as the leading Union general

96. During Reconstruction, Southern Blacks typically did which of the following?A. Worked as day laborers in towns and citiesB. Migrated northward, exercising their new freedomC. Owned and worked small farmsD. Worked in mines and factoriesE. Tilled farms as renters and sharecroppers

97. All of the following elements of the Radical Republican program were implemented during Reconstruction EXCEPTA. provision of 40 acres to each freedmanB. enactment of the fourteenth amendmentC. military occupation of the SouthD. punishment of the Confederate leadersE. restrictions on the power of the President

98. The Reconstruction Acts of 1867 provided for:A. temporary Union military supervision of the ex-ConfederacyB. federal monetary support of the resettlement of American Blacks to AfricaC. denial of Black property-holding and voting rightsD. implementation of anti-Black vagrancy laws in the SouthE. lenient re-admission of the ex-Confederate states to the Union

99. Why did Congressional Reconstruction end in 1877?A. The freed slaves had been successfully integrated into Southern societyB. The treaty ending the Civil War had set such a time limitC. Most of the politically active Black people had left the South for Northern citiesD. The Republican and Democratic parties effected a compromise agreement after the 1876 presidential electionE. The United States needed the troops stationed in the South to confront the French in Mexico

100. The Black Codes passed in a number of southern states after the Civil War were intended to A. close public schools to the children of former slavesB. promote the return of former slaves to AfricaC. enable Black citizens to vote in federal electionsD. place limits on the socioeconomic opportunities open to Black peopleE. further the integration of southern society

101. The direct impact of the Civil War on the economy included all of the following EXCEPT A. the emergence of the trust as a form of business organizationB. the initiation of transcontinental railroad buildingC. runaway inflation in the southD. the creation of a more uniform national banking systemE. disruption of cotton exports to England

102. All of the following led Congress to impose Radical Reconstruction measures EXCEPT the A. Enactment of Black Codes by southern legislaturesB. outbreak of race riots in New Orleans and MemphisC. massive exodus of former slaves from the SouthD. election of former Confederates to CongressE. response of southern legislatures to the Fourteenth Amendment

103. Which of the following best describes the situation of freedmen in the decade following the Civil War?A. Each was given 40 acres of land and a mule by the Union governmentB. All were immediately granted political equality by the Emancipation ProclamationC. The majority entered sharecropping arrangements with former masters or other nearby plantersD. They were requires to pass a literacy test before being granted United States citizenshipE. They supported the passage of Black Codes to ensure their economic and political rights.

104. Which of the following was a serious constitutional question after the Civil War?A. The restoration of the power of the federal judiciaryB. The legality of the national banking systemC. The political and legal status of the former Confederate slavesD. The relationship between the United States and BritainE. The proposed annexation of Colombia

105. All of the following were objectives of W.E.B. DuBois EXCEPTA. the total enfranchisement of all eligible Black citizensB. the establishment of an organization to seek legal redress of Black grievancesC. The establishment of Black political powerD. cooperation of White people in obtaining Black progressE. the implementation of Booker T. Washington's program for Black progress

106. The Supreme Court decision in Plessy V. Ferguson (1896) did which of the following? A. Denounced business combinations in restraining of tradeB. Sanctioned separate but equal public facilities for African AmericansC. Declared that the Fourteenth Amendment applied principally to the protection of corporationsD. Defined the Constitution as color-blindE. Empowered Congress to cancel treaties with American Indian tribes unilaterally

107. In his Atlanta Compromise speech, Booker T. Washington called for which of the following? A. African American voting rightsB. An end to racial segregationC. Support for African American self-helpD. Educational equality for African Americans E. Racial integration of religious organizations

108. During the closing decades of the nineteenth century, farmers complained about all of the following exceptA. rising commodity pricesB. high interest chargesC. high freight ratesD. high storage costsE. large middleman profits

109. Which of the following is a correct statement about the Gilded Age?A. The average real wages of blue-collar workers declined.B. The average number of hours people worked increased.C. Prices of farm products rose sharply, causing the cost of living to rise steeply.D. Business activity expanded and contracted frequently.

E. The federal debt from the Civil War required heavy federal taxes.

110. Joseph Pulitzer achieved fame and wealth as a A. Radio commentatorB. Political cartoonistC. PhotographerD. Film producerE. Newspaper publisher

111. Which of the following was primarily responsible for the declining death rate in American cities at the end of the nineteenth century?A. Fewer poor people moved to the cities in the late nineteenth century.B. Cities began to provide free medical care to those who needed it.C. Doctors began to provide free medical care to poor people. D. Better transportation enabled more people to seek medical care. E. Cities built sewers and supplied purified water.

112. The second Sioux War (1875-1876), which saw the defeat of Custer at the Battle of the Little Big Horn, was caused by all of the following EXCEPTA. The extension of the route of the Northern Pacific RailroadB. The gold rush in the Black HillsC. A concentrated effort on the part of the major Protestant denominations to convert

the Sioux to ChristianityD. Corruption within the Department of the Interior E. Overland migration of settlers to the Pacific Northwest

113. All of the following are true of railroad expansion in the late nineteenth century EXCEPT that itA. Opened new territories to commercial agricultureB. Accelerated the growth of some older cities and created new onesC. Was financed by private corporations without government assistance D. Led to new managerial forms and techniquesE. Was often capitalized beyond what was needed

114. The intent of the Dawes Act of 1887 was toA. Assimilate American Indians into the mainstream of American cultureB. Recognize and preserve the tribal cultures of American IndiansC. Legally establish the communal nature of American Indian landholdingD. Restore to American Indians land seized unjustlyE. Remove all American Indians to the Indian Territory (Oklahoma)

115. Which of the following constitutes a significant change in the treatment of American Indians during the last half of the nineteenth century?A. The beginnings of negotiations with individual tribesB. The start of a removal policyC. The abandonment of the reservation systemD. The admission of all American Indians to the full rights of Unites States citizenshipE. The division of the tribal lands among individual members