What do these words mean?

Polygons

Polygamy

Polyester

Polymer….

A PolymerA PolymerHere are some analogies to better

understand what polymers and monomers are….

EXAMPLE of POLYMER

MONOMER

A TRAIN ?

A PEARL NECKLACE ?

Now you and a neighbor come up with 2 of your own!

Macromolecules

Large Molecules Macromolecules are formed when

monomers are linked together to form longer chains called polymers.

The same process of making and breaking polymers is found in all living organisms.

Consider some generic monomers with OH groups on their ends.

These monomers can be linked together by a process called dehydration synthesis (also called a condensation reaction) in which a covalent bond is formed between the two monomers while a water molecule is also formed from the OH groups.

This reaction is catalyzed by a polymerase enzyme. This same type of condensation reaction can occur to

form many kinds of polymers, from proteins to carbohydrates, nucleic acids to triglycerides.

Condensation Reaction

Hydrolysis Reactions

Polymers of all sorts can be broken apart by hydrolysis reactions. In hydrolysis the addition of a water molecule (with the help of a hydrolase enzyme) breaks the covalent bond holding the monomers together.

Four major types of Macromolecules

Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Proteins

Diverse groups of molecules in nonpolymorphic form Lipids

Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Proteins

SugarsNucleotides

Amino Acids

Four major types of Macromolecules

Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found in foods.

The 3 biochemical moleculesfound on a nutrition label are:

1____________________

2____________________

3____________________

(0 grams in this product)

(13 grams in this product)

(9 grams in this product)

Proteins Proteins consist of one or more polymers

called polypeptides, which are made by linking amino acids together with peptide linkages.

Peptide linkages are formed through condensation reactions.

All proteins are made from the same 20 amino acids.

Different amino acids have different chemical properties.

Proteins

Protein’s primary structure largely determines its secondary, tertiary (and quaternary) structure.

Proteins subjected to extreme conditions (large changes in pH, high temperatures, etc.) often denature.

They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them

They make up antibodies in the immune system

They make up enzymes for speeding chemical reactions

They makeup non-steriod hormones which

THINK: Proteins= membranes, enzymes, antibodies, non-steriod hormones, structural molecules, “MEANS”

Proteins

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are always composed of

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen molecules Monosaccharides typically have five or

six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides can, such as the ribose

and deoxyribose of RNA and DNA, can serve very important functions in cells. Ex. Glucose- blood sugar

Fructose- sugar in fruit

They are the main source for the body to gain energy. They are our fuel!

They make up the cell wall in plants which allow them to grow tall, without this carbohydrate, a plant would be a mushy mess! This type of carbohydrate is called Cellulose.

Monosaccharides are the monomers for the larger polysaccharides. Polysaccharides play various roles, from energy storage (starch, glycogen) to structure (cellulose).

Nucleic Acid Two types of nucleic acids:

DNA RNA

DNA stores the genetic information of organisms; RNA is used to transfer that information into the amino acid sequences of proteins.

DNA and RNA are polymers composed of subunits called nucleotides.

Nucleotides consist of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.

Five nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides: the purines

adenine (A) guanine (G)

the pyrimidines cytosine (C) thymine (T) (DNA only) uracil (U) (RNA only)

Nucleic Acid

DNA is transmitted from generation to generation with high fidelity, and therefore represents a partial picture of the history of life.

Nucleic Acid

Lipids Fatty acids, which make up fats and

oils, can be saturated or unsaturated, depending on the absence or presence of double bonded carbon atoms.

Other types of lipids are used for a other purposes, including pigmentation (chlorophyll, carotenoids), repelling water (cutin, suberin, waxes) and signaling (cholesterol and its derivatives).

They are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we have it in the future.

They INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs for protection.

They produce hormones for the body called STERIODS

They waterproof surfaces of animals,plants, and fruits- these are waxes!

Lipids

Triglyceride is composed of 3 fatty acid and 1 glycerol molecule

Long hydrocarbon chain of each fatty acid makes the triglyceride molecule nonpolar and hydrophobic

Lipids