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What can data-driven linguistics tell us about culture?. Three directions of research. Content. Theory- vs. data-driven linguistics Three directions of research Corpora and the meaning of verbal categories Discourses about languages and ideology Language, web and identity Conclusion. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Elisabeth Burr
What can data-driven linguistics tell What can data-driven linguistics tell us about culture?us about culture?
Three directions of research
Elisabeth Burr
ContentContent
Theory- vs. data-driven linguistics
Three directions of research
– Corpora and the meaning of verbal categories
– Discourses about languages and ideology
– Language, web and identity
Conclusion
Elisabeth Burr
Theory- vs. data-driven linguisticsTheory- vs. data-driven linguistics
Elisabeth Burr
Theory-driven linguisticsTheory-driven linguistics
language– is looked upon from an exclusively
theoretical point of view
– is forced into models constructed a priori • very small number of isolated phrases• in the majority of cases invented• constructed to illustrate the rules in question• invention is considered the only effective way
to reach a comprehensive description of language
Elisabeth Burr
theory-driven linguisticstheory-driven linguistics
justification
– the native speaker is capable of producing an unlimited number of phrases in their own language by drawing on the registers and styles which a certain type of education has put at their disposal
– using naturally occurring language data would mean restricting one's own native speaker competence to the stylistic registers present in a corpus
Elisabeth Burr
theory-driven linguisticstheory-driven linguistics
dualistic conception of language– functional oppositions:
• homme / uomo / hombre / man [+ masculine]• femme / donna / mujer / woman [- masculine]
– linguistic levels:• Saussure: langue - parole • Chomsky: competence – performance
– hierarchies:• competence / langue = centre of attraction • performance / parole = secondary manifestation of
language
Elisabeth Burr
theory-driven linguisticstheory-driven linguistics
another binary opposition
– core = homogeneity
– periphery = all the facts which disturb it
Elisabeth Burr
but ...but ...
speaking is much too complex to be studied as a mere realisation of systematic possibilities or relations
severe implications for– the type of speech which is studied– for corpus building– for the linguistic knowledge taken into
account– for the speakers
Elisabeth Burr
Data-driven linguisticsData-driven linguistics
language
– is studied "in der verbundenen Rede"
– naturally occurring spoken & written speech
non-dualistic theory of speech
– Dell Hymes (1972)
– Eugenio Coseriu (1988)
Elisabeth Burr
theory of speechtheory of speech
real language not an idealisation
opposition to Chomsky and 'common core'– speaking is a complex activity– speaking is based on different spheres of
knowledge– real speech communities are heterogeneous– people
• are not mono- but plurilingual• possess a socio-culturally determined knowledge of
languages and language varieties• varieties and languages cannot be related to a common
grammar
Elisabeth Burr
language varietieslanguage varieties
sociolects
styles
styles
styles
dialects
Elisabeth Burr
VarietätenketteVarietätenkette
Dialect Sociolect Style
Elisabeth Burr
homogeneityhomogeneity
functional language
virtual technique
realised technique
4 - language type 3 - language system 2 - language norm
1 - discourse
Elisabeth Burr
homogeneityhomogeneity
system– functional oppositions– elements– procedures– of possibilities
norm– social– traditional realisations– system of traditional constraints– formed by (influential) people / institutions
Elisabeth Burr
knowledge of the speakersknowledge of the speakers
does not correspond to variety's synchrony– thou– udire – sentire– usage of older forms– revitilisation of older forms / procedures
does not comprise just one variety– speakers know & use several varieties / languages– have rudimentary knowledge of other varieties /
historical languages• languages of imitation
– giorgia, seseo, yeísmo– spaghetten, mangiaren– uno momento, picco bello, dalli dalli, alles paletti
Elisabeth Burr
knowledge of the speakersknowledge of the speakers
does not correspond to historical language– no speaker knows all the varieties– not all know the same varieties– not all know the varieties in the same way
communicative adequacy
prestige – sanctions
judgement of languages / stereotypes
Elisabeth Burr
state of the artstate of the art
Systematic investigation into culturally bound linguistic knowledge of the speakers is scarce
despite our very elaborate linguistics of varieties we do not yet really know what is spoken, when and by whom
solution
– theory of speech has to be combined with data- and / or corpus-driven linguistics
– new technologies have to be exploited to the full
Elisabeth Burr
Corpora and the meaning of verbal Corpora and the meaning of verbal categoriescategories
Elisabeth Burr
CorporaCorpora
Paper Editions Tokens_____________________________________________________Italian Newspapers “German Unification 1989”
Corriere della Sera 19., 20., 21.10.1989 258.287Il Mattino 20., 21.10.1989 171.501La Repubblica 20., 21.10.1989 174.958 La Stampa 20., 21.10.1989 119.771
Total 724.517
French, Italian, Spanish Newspapers “European Elections 1994”
Le Monde 12./13., 14., 15.06.1994 236.236Corriere della Sera 13., 14., 15.06.1994 303.641La Vanguardia 13., 14., 15.06.1994 261.133
Elisabeth Burr
CorporaCorpora
corpora try to respect the knowledge of the speakers– complete editions– no reduction to core– "complete experience, that permits distinction but
excludes selection"– components are a portrait of the combination of
varieties in newspapers– reliable representation
• of what readers are presented with• of knowledge expected from them
knowledge needs to be differenciated
Elisabeth Burr
Mark-up „Bibliographical“Mark-up „Bibliographical“
Variable Code (Example) Value_____________________________________________________
paper <Z> <Z La Vanguardia>edition <E> <E 130694>section <S> <S Politica>origin of the text <A>signed <A firmato>anonymous <A non firmato>editorial <A Redazione>name of author <N> <N Tapia Juan>page <C> <C 01>language <L> <L Inglese>
Elisabeth Burr
Mark-up „Texttype“ <T>Mark-up „Texttype“ <T>head-line <T Occhiello>slugline <T Titolo>sub-title <T Sottotitolo>abstract <T Sommario>in between title <T Catenaccio>announcement <T Civetta>article <T Articolo>front-page story <T Spalla>TV-, cinema program <T Programma>film content <T Film>commentary <T Corsivo>interview <T Intervista>column <T Rubrica>criticism <T Critica>stop press <T Flash>news in brief <T Breve>leading article <T Fondo>letter to the editor <T Lettera>listings <T Elenco>news <T Notizia>weather report <T Tempo>title of book, film, song etc. <T Nome>picture caption <T Foto>
Elisabeth Burr
Mark-up „Type of Speech“ <P>Mark-up „Type of Speech“ <P>
running text <P Prosa>
quote from written source <P Citazione>
quote from oral source <P Discorso>
interview question <P Domanda>
interview response <P Risposta>
Elisabeth Burr
Corpora onlineCorpora online
Paper Edition Tokens_____________________________________________________________________________________
Corriere della Sera 21.10.89 91.099
Corriere della Sera 15.06.94 98.224
Il Mattino 21.10.89 89.399
Le Monde 15.06.94 75.514
La Vanguardia 15.06.94 80.414
Elisabeth Burr
Elisabeth Burr
Elisabeth Burr
Elisabeth Burr
Elisabeth Burr
Elisabeth Burr
Corpus-based researchCorpus-based research
Varieties of Italian newspaper language
Presence and representation of women in Italian newspapers
the meaning of verbal categories
Phraseology – usage of patterns
Elisabeth Burr
The meaning of verbal categoriesThe meaning of verbal categories
personal names
– do not say anything about the qualities of the person
– do not normally possess positive or negative connotations
– cannot be used in generic terms
– always refer to concrete persons of female or male gender
Elisabeth Burr
the meaning of verbal categoriesthe meaning of verbal categories
co-occurrence of personal names with contextual features
– grammatical
– lexical
– semantic
Elisabeth Burr
the meaning of verbal categoriesthe meaning of verbal categories
not retrieved– names of firms (la Barilla)– names of criminal or court cases (il caso Renzi)– personal names in literary works (La morte di
Danton)– personal names in the plural (i Neri) were not
retained
retrieved– 13.612 personal names– 90,97% refer to men, 9,03% to women
Elisabeth Burr
personal namespersonal names
reference to man woman total
personal name
absolutee
% absolute % absolute %
surname 6904 55,76 183 14,89 7087 52,06
name 477 3,85 297 24,17 774 5,69 name & surname
5002 40,39 749 60,94 5751 42,25
total 12383 100,00 1229 100,00 13612 100,00
gender sensitive
– name
– name & surname
gender non sensitive
– surname
Elisabeth Burr
definite articledefinite article
surname– not neutral– refers to male person
reference to man woman total personal name + definite article
absolute % absolute % absolute %
name & surname
0 0 0 0 0 0,00
name 0 0 1 0,34 1 0,13
surname 51 0,74 62 33,88 113 1,59
masc. article– freed from systemic
function– famous / notorious
Elisabeth Burr
the meaning of verbal categoriesthe meaning of verbal categories
speech is not an imperfect realisation of the system
the socio-cultural norm determines the meaning of certain verbal categories
the socio-cultural norm is bound up with the dominant 'world view'
Elisabeth Burr
Print-based researchPrint-based research
Language & ideology
– gender in grammars of Romance languages
– data collection for linguistic atlases
– discourses about languages
– lay-linguistics and gender
Elisabeth Burr
Discourses about languagesDiscourses about languages
Elisabeth Burr
discourses about languagesdiscourses about languages
Ludovico Antonio Muratori (1706): Della perfetta poesia italiana, Vol. 3. Venezia
– chapters IX & X
• “Si difende la lingua italiana dalle opposizioni di un certo scrittore di Dialoghi. [...]”
• “[...] S’ella sia molle ed effeminata. Dolcezza virile d’essa. Conformità della lingua italiana e latina.”
Elisabeth Burr
discourses about languagesdiscourses about languages
Dominique Bouhours
controversy Orsi-Bouhours • Les entretiens d’Ariste et d’Eugène (1671)
• La manière de bien penser dans les ouvrages d’esprit (1691)
entretien “Langue française”
Elisabeth Burr
LL’’entretienentretien
Eugène and Ariste
– sea-front promenade in Dunkirk
– France had just reconquered Dunkirk from the English
– isolated from other people
– do not know Flemish
Elisabeth Burr
ll’’entretienentretien
Introduction: French is spoken nearly everywhere
two parts governed each by a topos• Les langues suivent d’ordinaire la fortune et
la réputation des Princes
• Le langage suit d’ordinaire la disposition des esprits
Elisabeth Burr
discourses about languagesdiscourses about languages
Les langues suivent d’ordinaire la fortune et la réputation des Princes
– “Ibi namque romanum imperium est ubicumque romana lingua dominatur.” (Lorenzo Valla 1471).
– “la fabla comunemente, mas que otras cosas, sigue al imperio” (Gonzalo García de Santa María 1484).
– “siempre la lengua fue compañera del imperio” (Antonio de Nebrija 1492).
Elisabeth Burr
discourses about languagesdiscourses about languages
Les langues suivent d’ordinaire la fortune et la réputation des Princes– frame
• Que doit faire présentement pour une langue polie et parfaite la grandeur d'un monarque comme le nôtre, qui réunit en sa personne le bonheur de Charles-Quint et le mérite de François Ier? (Bouhours 1671 / 1920: 37)
• Les rois doivent apprendre de lui [Louis XIV] à régner; mais les peuples doivent apprendre de lui à parler. Si la langue française est sous son règne ce qu'était la langue latine sous celui d'Auguste, il est lui-même dans son siècle ce qu'Auguste était dans le sien. Entre les grandes qualités qui lui sont communes avec cet empereur si célèbre, il a l'avantage d'être né éloquent, comme il faut qu'un prince le soit. (Bouhours 1671 / 1920: 147).
Elisabeth Burr
discourses about languagesdiscourses about languages
Muratori
– does not defend Italian against this claim
– concentrates on the second part• “[...] S’ella sia molle ed effeminata. Dolcezza
virile d’essa. Conformità della lingua italiana e latina. [...]”
Elisabeth Burr
discourses about languagesdiscourses about languages
Le langage suit d’ordinaire la disposition des esprits– proof of the superiority
• of French over Spanish and Italian• of French mentality over Spanish and Italian mentality
– 1. part• Spanish / Italian = negative extremes• French = juste milieu
– 2. part• Spanish / Italian are looked down upon from the superior
position of French• criteria
– language anecdotes, language judgements, language praise
– changed in accord with the aim
Elisabeth Burr
discourses about languagesdiscourses about languages
negative extremes
– Fernando Herrera (1580): Annotaciones to the work of Garcilaso de la Vega – Comparacion entre la lengua Toscana i Española
• Benedetto Varchi (1503-1565): ending of words in vowels, handling of consonants turn the Italian Volgare into a sweeter / softer language than Greek and Latin
Elisabeth Burr
discourses about languagesdiscourses about languages
negative extremes• Herrera– ending of words in vowels, handling of
consonants in Italian = downgraded
– aim: to use the positive judgement for Spanish
– gravidad – dulçura
– Italian is more than once said to be effeminate
Elisabeth Burr
discourses about languagesdiscourses about languages
Bouhours
– Herrera’s judgements
– Herrera’s method• Spanish: gravidad > faste and orgueil
• Italian– dulzura > mollesse
– ridicules the vowel ending of words and diminutives
Elisabeth Burr
discourses about languagesdiscourses about languages
“Ne dirait-on pas qu'elle ait dessein de faire rire avec ces fanciuletto fanciullino; bambino, bambinello, bambinellucio; huometto, huomicino, huomicello; dottoretto, dottorino, dottorello, dottoruzzo; vecchino, vecchietto, vecchiettino, vecchiuzzo, vecchiarello? Ajoutez à cela les mêmes terminaisons qui reviennent si souvent, et qui font une rime perpétuelle dans la prose. Le discours est quelque fois tout en A et quelquefois tout en O; ou du moins les O et les A se suivent de si près qu'ils étouffent le son des I et des E, qui de leur côté font aussi en quelques autres endroits une musique assez mal pleisante.”
Elisabeth Burr
Discourses about languagesDiscourses about languages
“Les Italiens et les Espagnols font à peu près le même: l'élégance de ces langues consiste en partie dans cet arrangement bizarre, ou plutôt dans ce désordre et cette transposition étrange de mots. Il n'y a que la langue française qui suive la nature pas à pas, pour parler ainsi; et elle n'a qu'à la suivre fidèlement pour trouver le nombre et l'harmonie que les autres langues ne rencontrent que dans le renversement de l'ordre naturel.”
Elisabeth Burr
discourses about languagesdiscourses about languages
2. part
Balant Itali, gemunt Hispani, ululant Germani, cantant Galli
“Les Chinois et presque tous les peuples de l'Asie chantent; les Allemands râlent; les Espagnols déclament; les Italiens soupirent; les Anglais sifflent. Il n'y a proprement que les Français qui parlent;”
Elisabeth Burr
discourses about languagesdiscourses about languages
Italian is not capable to be the language of love French is the langue du coeur Italian
– womanly language– adequate for talking with women– effeminate language– language = mentality
“car le langage suit d'ordinaire la disposition des esprits; et chaque nation a toujours parlé selon son génie. [...] les Italiens en ont une molle et efféminée, selon le tempérament et les moeurs de leur pays.”
Elisabeth Burr
discourses about languagesdiscourses about languages
j'entends celle qu'on parlait au temps d'Auguste, dans le siècle de la belle latinité; et je dis que notre langue, dans la perfection où elle est, a beaucoup de rapport avec la langue latine de ce temps-là. Pour peu qu'on les examine toutes deux, on verra qu'elles ont le même génie et le même goût, et que rien ne leur plaît tant qu'un discours noble et poli, mais pur, simple, naturel et raisonnable.
si bien que la langue française a tout ensemble la majesté de la langue latine et la douceur de la langue grecque. Ce qu'elle a de doux et de délicat est soutenu par ce qu'elle a de fort et de mâle [...] on peut la comparer à ces anciennes héroïnes, qui avaient toute la douceur de leur sexe et toute la force du nôtre [...].
Elisabeth Burr
discourses about languagesdiscourses about languages
Spanish = false masculinity (faste, orgueil) Italian = false femininity (molle et efféminée)
Muratori
– not interested in féminité
– interested only in latinità and virilità
Elisabeth Burr
discourses about languagesdiscourses about languages
The socio-cultural norm is at least partly formed by influential people in accord with their political and cultural value system (ordre naturel)
Stereotypical categorizations of languages and speakers– are handed down from generation to generation– are changed in this process in accord with
certain aims or value systems– influence the behaviour of the speakers
Elisabeth Burr
Web-based researchWeb-based research
Identity
– language, female identity and the web
–mountain dialects online
– globalization and identity
Elisabeth Burr
Language, web and identityLanguage, web and identity
Interplay of two strategies
– making women visible in language use
– creation of virtual spaces where political, social or professional topics related to women find a home
level = political institutions in France and Spain
Question: Does it lead to an autonomous identity of women?
Elisabeth Burr
language, web, identitylanguage, web, identity
occultation or secondarity of women in discourse
– dogma of the genericity or unmarkedness of the masculine gender • preeminence of the masculine over the
feminine“le genre plus noble”, “le masculin l’emporte sur le féminin”
Elisabeth Burr
language, web, identitylanguage, web, identity
preeminence of the masculine gender– historically the feminine gender is of secondary
nature (Meillet), – concordance rules: 99 femmes et un homme
sont venus,– description of feminine denominations as
secondary derivations from masculine terms• in dictionaries (accoucheur, euse; enfermero, ra)• grammars (Féminin des noms)
– attitudes towards the use of feminine professional names, titles, grades, functions
Elisabeth Burr
language, web, identitylanguage, web, identity
grammatical and natural gender– lexeme inherent: mère (f) / père (m), madre (f) / padre (m)
– choice of grammatical gender • alternating: gender-specific suffixes, endings,
determinants or specifiers:– vend-euse / vend-eur, ac-triz / ac-tor– herman-a / herman-o, marchand-e / marchand-Ø– la / le ministre, une / un journaliste; las / los
profesionales– ministre déléguée / ministre délégué
• derivation– -esse / -essa, -ina: prince / princesse, abad / abadessa,
zar / zarina– femme / mujer: femme maire, mujer periodista
Elisabeth Burr
language, web, identitylanguage, web, identity
a few stages
– France: discussion of the link between identity and denomination
« Comme on est mal dans sa peau, on peut se sentir mal dans ses mots. [...]tout se passe comme si on avait fini par autoriser les femmes à exercer des métier d’homme, mais à condition qu’elles adoptent l’uniforme des hom mes et ne le mettent pas à leurs mesures. Qu’elles portent en somme le signe du masculin, comme une défroque trop grande pour elles, comme le symbole visible de leur transgression. » (Groult 1984: 20).
– only by openly taking a stand on their femininity would the situation change
Elisabeth Burr
language, web, identitylanguage, web, identity
making women visible in language use
– language policy measures – two approaches• Instituto de la Mujer (1988): Recomendaciones para el uso no
sexista de la lengua • Circulaire du 11 mars 1986 relative à la féminisation des
noms de métier, fonction, grade ou titre.
– consequences in France• En l’absence d’un suivi actif et d’un volontarisme fort, cette
réforme qui n’avait pas de caractère contraignant, est restée lettre-morte.
• […]• les noms, notamment ceux des métiers, ont aujourd’hui une
existence en tant que noms masculins qui renvoient à des femmes exerçant la profession (Rignault / Richert 1997: 65).
Elisabeth Burr
language, web, identitylanguage, web, identity
change– 6 female ministers insisted with selfconfidence and
firmness on being addressed as Madame la Ministre– “Circulaire du 6 mars 1998 relative à la féminisation
des noms de métier, fonction, grade ou titre” • promulgated the realisation of first circulaire• asked the INaLF to elaborate a Guide
published 1999: Femme, j'écris ton nom...
– genericity of the masculine not questioned• measures to make women visible remain restricted to
terminology• feminine professional names continue to be
understood as derived
Elisabeth Burr
language, web, identitylanguage, web, identity
Spain– feminisation not the only question– presence / picture of women at least as important– “sexist language” always present in the title of
guidelines – generic use of masculine always considered to
be the main reason for sexism in language use• hombre / hombres „en un sentido universal“• los españoles• Los nómades se trasladaban con sus enseres,
mujeres, ancianos y niños de un lugar a otro
– señorita – las limpiadoras – los abogados
Elisabeth Burr
language, web, identitylanguage, web, identity
Virtual spaces– www-pages of the French government
• Féminisation and doubling of pronouns only when people are addressed
„N. Ameline, qui va, [...], animer cet observatoire avec madame Zimmermann et chacune et chacun d’entre vous“
(Raffarin 2003a) • when a concrete person is referred to
„Sur proposition de la ministre de la défense“
• all other contexts: generic use of the masculine is preferred
Elisabeth Burr
language, web, identitylanguage, web, identity
Observatoire de la parite entre les femmes et les hommes– 29 women and 4 men– particular instance of lack of commitment– continue to use the generic masculine– accept the dichotomy personne – individu
« Depuis son renouvellement par le décret du 25 novembre 2002, l'Observatoire de la parité comprend 33 membres, parlementaires, acteurs de la vie associative, universitaires (juristes, historiens, sociologues, politologues), tous reconnus comme experts sur le sujet, dont Mme Marie-Jo Zimmermann nommée Rapporteur général le 25 novembre 2002, succédant à Mme Catherine Génisson, qui occupait ces fonctions depuis le 1er octobre 1999. »
Elisabeth Burr
Elisabeth Burr
language, web, identitylanguage, web, identity
Féminisation– does not constitute a topic– relegated via links to the separate section on La
parité sur Internet– exceptional status of feminine professional
names is emphasised Observatoire– little more than an organ of information– contributes scarcely to the creation of an
autonomous feminine identity– identity is left to linked alternative organisations
Elisabeth Burr
Elisabeth Burr
Elisabeth Burr
Elisabeth Burr
Elisabeth Burr
language, web, identitylanguage, web, identity
Institutos de la Mujer
– have already created virtual spaces• professional, creative and informative
• further the development of an alternative complex
identity of women
– competition between the institutes• furthers greater creativity
• specialisation on different themes and areas of research
Elisabeth Burr
language, web, identitylanguage, web, identity
Instituto Aragonés de la Mujer– Lenguaje No Sexista
Instituto Andaluz de la Mujer– «meridiam»
„rescatar la obra y la memoria de nuestras antecesoras“.
Elisabeth Burr
Elisabeth Burr
language, web, identitylanguage, web, identity
plans of the regional institutes for equality of opportunity
– content and language are interesting• Cultura, imagen y medios de comunicación
• Coeducación
• Área de educación, cultura y medios de comunicación
– connections are established between• language usage
• the rendering visible of women
• the promotion of an alternative image of women
Elisabeth Burr
language, web, identitylanguage, web, identity
Plan Igualdad de Oportunidades entre Hombres y Mujeres (2001-2004)
3.2 Fomentar una imagen equilibrada y no discriminatoria de las mujeres, en los medios de comunicación social.
3.2.1 Realizar acciones de sensibilización dirigidas a los y las profesionales de los medios de comunicación, sobre el uso no sexista del lenguaje, así como sobre la utilización de una imagen no estereotipada del papel de las mujeres en la sociedad.
Elisabeth Burr
language, web, identitylanguage, web, identity
Language– double reference: familias monoparentales y
monomarentales, de los y las profesionales, a Jueces y Juezas
– splitting: alumnos/as, universitarios/as– genuine Epikoina: personas, población,
profesorado– @
[...]Talleres de Concordia de Género impartidos a alumn@s de 1º a 4º de [...]
Captar el interés de l@s alumn@s haciéndoles observar y reflexionar [...]
Elisabeth Burr
What does data-driven linguistics What does data-driven linguistics tell us about culturetell us about culture People know the linguistic norm and apply it
Norms are formed in accord with value systems
Norms can be changed
Technologies
– certainly inforce norms
– open up new ways of changing norms