Tribes of the Great Plains Sioux Cheyenne Crow Arapaho
Kiowa
Slide 4
Slide 5
Diverse Cultures Geography influenced the cultural diversity of
Indians. Pacific Northwest- Klamaths, Chinooks, and Shastas
benefited from the forests and fishing. New Mexico and Arizona-
Pueblos irrigated land to grow corn, beans and squash, build adobe
homes. Plains Indians- Sioux, Blackfeet, Crows, Cheyenne, Comanches
were great hunters and horsemen. Buffalo provided them with food,
clothing, shelter, and tools. All Native American groups saw
themselves as a part of nature and viewed nature as sacred while
whites saw nature as a resource to make money.
Slide 6
Chinooks PueblosSioux
Slide 7
Advancing Settlers Threaten Way of Life In the early 1880s the
government began a policy of moving Native Americans off their
land. ( Trail of Tears, Andrew Jackson) By the 1850s gold and
silver had been discovered in the Great Plains and many whites
wanted to settle and build railroads to the plains. In 1851, the
government began restricting Indians to smaller areas and by 1860s
were forced to reservations. Reservation = Specific areas set aside
by the government for Indians use. This restriction caused poverty
and suppression.
Slide 8
2 More Crushing Blows to Indians Whites brought diseases to
Indians which they had no immunity for. White hunters slaughtered
thousands of buffalo only to get the hide and left the bodies
behind. This caused the decline in buffalo which was the major
source of food, clothing, and shelter for the Plains Indians.
Slide 9
Differences in land ownership Railroad Settlers trespassing on
Indian Land Discovery of gold Slaughter of the buffalo Broken
treaties clash
Slide 10
Promontory, Utah
Slide 11
May 10, 1869 at Promontory, Utah The Wedding of the Rails
Central Pacific and Union Pacific May 10, 1869 at Promontory, Utah
The Wedding of the Rails Central Pacific and Union Pacific
Slide 12
Negotiate treaties to sell land to US Americanization or
assimilation Adopt Christianity White education Individual land
ownership Adopt agriculture Take away food source to force to
Reservations = tracks of land
Slide 13
Map 13 of 45
Slide 14
Mining in the West
Slide 15
Rebellion and Tragedy on the Plains 1862 group of Sioux Indian
resisted land threats by attacking nearby white settlements in
Minnesota. The result = war. Other Plains Indians also saw their
rights slipping away and wanted to take part in rebellion. Indians
attacked villages and stagecoach lines.
Slide 16
Sand Creek Massacre Fall 1864 Band of Colorado militia came
upon a camp of unarmed Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians at Sand Creek.
The troops opened fire and killed many men, women, and children
despite the Indians attempt at friendship by holding up the U.S.
flag. The massacre caused another round of warfare to break out.
After Civil War ended, troops were sent out West to subdue the
Indians.
Slide 17
Slide 18
Peace Plans Fail Indians tried to continue to make peace but a
road that was to go directly through Sioux hunting ground to
connect gold mining towns in Minnesota, caused more problems. 1886-
Red Cloud and followers lured in militia troop and killed them all.
Debate was raised on whether to allow Indians to live the way they
were without interference or to force them to adapt to the white
culture. It was concluded that Indians must adapt to white culture
if peace was to ever happen.
Slide 19
Red River War 1874-1875 Was a series of major and minor
incidents and led to the defeat of the Southern Plains Indians.
Marked the end of southern buffalo herds and opened up the
panhandle of Texas to white settlement. Causes: White hunters were
not kept off Indian hunting land, food and supplied from government
were not delivered to Natives, and whites were not punished for
their actions.
Slide 20
Little Big Horn River, Montana - 1876 George Armstrong Custer
was sent to force the Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho back to their
reservations. He was in command of the 7 th Calvary. June 26, 1876
George Armstrong Custer was sent to force the Sioux, Cheyenne and
Arapaho back to their reservations. He was in command of the 7 th
Calvary. June 26, 1876
Slide 21
Sitting BullCrazy Horse Sioux Leaders
Slide 22
The Battle of Little Big Horn 1876 Custer went ahead a day
early and was not prepared for battle. He was heavily outnumbered
and trapped. Custer & all 220 of his men died. Custers Last
Stand outraged Americans and led to govt. retribution. The Sioux
and Cheyenne were crushed within a year. Custer went ahead a day
early and was not prepared for battle. He was heavily outnumbered
and trapped. Custer & all 220 of his men died. Custers Last
Stand outraged Americans and led to govt. retribution. The Sioux
and Cheyenne were crushed within a year.
Slide 23
Little Bighorn
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
Memorial-Little Bighorn
Slide 28
Chief Joseph, Nez Perce Refused to recognize the authority of a
2 nd treaty with the US Government reducing his tribal land.
Refusing to go to the reservation, he led his tribe on a 1,400
march trying to get to Canada. Trying to meet up with Sitting Bull.
Eventually surrendered. In 3 months, the band of about 700, 200 of
whom were warriors, fought 2,000 U.S. soldiers in 4 major battles
and skirmishes Nez Perc tribal retreat (1877)
Slide 29
The Ghost Dance Movement - 1890 Paiute medicine man Wovoka
promised the return of the buffalo and Indian way of life. The
religion prophesied the end of the westward expansion of whites and
a return of Indian land. The ritual lasted five successive days,
being danced each night and on the last night continued until
morning. Hypnotic trances and shaking accompanied this ceremony,
which was supposed to be repeated every six weeks. Paiute medicine
man Wovoka promised the return of the buffalo and Indian way of
life. The religion prophesied the end of the westward expansion of
whites and a return of Indian land. The ritual lasted five
successive days, being danced each night and on the last night
continued until morning. Hypnotic trances and shaking accompanied
this ceremony, which was supposed to be repeated every six
weeks.
Slide 30
Ghost Dance 4 Telegram to Washington, D.C. Nov. 15, 1890
"Indians are dancing in the snow and are wild and crazy. I have
fully informed you that the employees and the government property
at this agency have no protection and are at the mercy of the Ghost
Dancers.... We need protection and we need it now...nothing [short]
of 1000 troops will stop this dancing." Dr. Daniel F. Royer, Agent,
Pine Ridge Agency Telegram to Washington, D.C. Nov. 15, 1890
"Indians are dancing in the snow and are wild and crazy. I have
fully informed you that the employees and the government property
at this agency have no protection and are at the mercy of the Ghost
Dancers.... We need protection and we need it now...nothing [short]
of 1000 troops will stop this dancing." Dr. Daniel F. Royer, Agent,
Pine Ridge Agency
Slide 31
Ghost Shirt Indian warriors fighting against the US wore Ghost
Shirts which were to stop the penetration of American soldiers
bulletsIt gave them supernatural powers as was believed Ghost
Shirt
Slide 32
The Ghost Dance Movement - 1890 Ghost Dance movement spread to
Sitting Bull and the Sioux They religiously danced even after they
were told to stop by reservation authorities. Military went to
arrest Sitting Bull, where he was killed. Many Sioux followers left
the reservation and became hostile Ghost Dance movement spread to
Sitting Bull and the Sioux They religiously danced even after they
were told to stop by reservation authorities. Military went to
arrest Sitting Bull, where he was killed. Many Sioux followers left
the reservation and became hostile
Slide 33
Battle of Wounded Knee Dec.1890 7 th Calvary rounded up
starving and freezing Sioux and took them to Wounded Knee camp.
They attempted to confiscate all weapons. 7 th Calvary rounded up
starving and freezing Sioux and took them to Wounded Knee camp.
They attempted to confiscate all weapons.
Slide 34
Battle of Wounded Knee Dec.1890 Violence erupted, 300 Indians
and 25 whites lay dead. This is the last of the Indian conflicts.
Violence erupted, 300 Indians and 25 whites lay dead. This is the
last of the Indian conflicts. Chief Big Foot
Slide 35
The dead of Big Foot's people were buried in a mass grave. The
still frozen stiff bodies were dumped unceremoniously into the
hole. The United States handed out over twenty Congressional Medals
of Honor to soldiers of the Seventh Cavalry who had participated in
the battle. The dead of Big Foot's people were buried in a mass
grave. The still frozen stiff bodies were dumped unceremoniously
into the hole. The United States handed out over twenty
Congressional Medals of Honor to soldiers of the Seventh Cavalry
who had participated in the battle. Battle of Wounded Knee
Dec.1890
Slide 36
Indian Assimilation Attempts Native American children were
taken to off- reservation Indian schools where they would be taught
white mans ways.
Slide 37
Reformers Criticize Government Policy Many did disagree with
how the Indians were treated. Helen Hunt Jackson wrote A Century of
Dishonor Many others wrote and spoke about how Natives should be
treated.
Slide 38
Century of Dishonor Helen Hunt Jackson (1830-1885), activist
for Native American rights and author of Century of Dishonor was
published in 1881. Jackson also began work on a book condemning the
governments Indian policy and its record of broken treaties. "Look
upon your hands: they are stained with the blood of your
relations." When Jackson sent a copy to every member of Congress
with the following admonition printed in red on the cover: "Look
upon your hands: they are stained with the blood of your
relations." To her disappointment, the book had little impact.
Slide 39
Dawes Act of 1887 Americanization Quicker Americanization
Assimilate, mainstreamed and absorbed into US society A dopt
Christianity and White education Individual land ownership Abandon
tribe, culture and become farmers Male claimed 160 acres of land
Children would be sent to Indian schools Farm land for 25 years.
1924 gain citizenship and right to vote Failed policy Indian
resistance and corruption