WESTERN SOCIETY WESTERN SOCIETY AND EASTERN AND EASTERN EUROPE IN THE EUROPE IN THE

DECADES OF THE DECADES OF THE COLD WAR:COLD WAR:1945 - 19911945 - 1991

THE COLD WARTHE COLD WAR The origins of the cold war (1947-1990) The origins of the cold war (1947-1990)

Unlikely alliance between Britain, USSR, USA held up for duration of war Unlikely alliance between Britain, USSR, USA held up for duration of war Not without tensions: Soviet resented U.S.-British delays in European invasionNot without tensions: Soviet resented U.S.-British delays in European invasion Soviet Union and United States vied for nonaligned nationsSoviet Union and United States vied for nonaligned nations

Postwar settlement established at Yalta and PotsdamPostwar settlement established at Yalta and Potsdam Each Allied power to occupy and control territories liberated by its armed forces Each Allied power to occupy and control territories liberated by its armed forces Stalin agreed to support United States against Japan Stalin agreed to support United States against Japan Stalin's plans prevailed; Poland and east Europe became communist allies Stalin's plans prevailed; Poland and east Europe became communist allies President Truman took hard line at Potsdam, widened differencesPresident Truman took hard line at Potsdam, widened differences

Postwar territorial divisions reflected growing schism between USA, USSRPostwar territorial divisions reflected growing schism between USA, USSR Soviets took east Germany, while United States, Britain, and France took west Germany Soviets took east Germany, while United States, Britain, and France took west Germany Berlin also divided four ways; by 1950 division seemed permanent Berlin also divided four ways; by 1950 division seemed permanent Churchill spoke of an "iron curtain" across Europe, separating east and west Churchill spoke of an "iron curtain" across Europe, separating east and west Similar division in Korea: Soviets occupied north and United States the southSimilar division in Korea: Soviets occupied north and United States the south

Truman doctrine, 1947: USA would support "free peoples resisting Truman doctrine, 1947: USA would support "free peoples resisting subjugation"subjugation"

Perception of world divided between so-called free and enslaved peoples Perception of world divided between so-called free and enslaved peoples Interventionist policy, dedicated to "containment" of communismInterventionist policy, dedicated to "containment" of communism

The Marshall Plan, 1948: U.S. aid for the recovery of EuropeThe Marshall Plan, 1948: U.S. aid for the recovery of Europe Idea to rebuild European economies and strengthen capitalism Idea to rebuild European economies and strengthen capitalism Soviet response: Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) for its satellitesSoviet response: Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) for its satellites

NATO and the Warsaw Pact: militarization of the cold warNATO and the Warsaw Pact: militarization of the cold war 1949, United States created NATO, a regional military alliance against Soviet aggression 1949, United States created NATO, a regional military alliance against Soviet aggression 1955, Soviets formed the Warsaw Pact in response 1955, Soviets formed the Warsaw Pact in response Two global superpowers protecting hegemony with alliances Two global superpowers protecting hegemony with alliances United Nations, established 1945 to maintain international peace and securityUnited Nations, established 1945 to maintain international peace and security

CAN CAN YOU YOU

IDENTIFY IDENTIFY THESE THESE ITEMS?ITEMS?

COLD WAR COLD WAR IN EUROPEIN EUROPE

Postwar Europe Postwar Europe Divided into competing blocsDivided into competing blocs

NATO, European Economic CommunitiesNATO, European Economic Communities Warsaw Pact, COMECONWarsaw Pact, COMECON Neutral: European Free Trade Association; YugoslaviaNeutral: European Free Trade Association; Yugoslavia

Western Europe Western Europe U.S. allies supported by permanent presence of American armyU.S. allies supported by permanent presence of American army Parliamentary governments, capitalist economies Parliamentary governments, capitalist economies

Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Dominated by Soviet Union, Red Army, secret policeDominated by Soviet Union, Red Army, secret police Communist governments modeled after USSR dominate countriesCommunist governments modeled after USSR dominate countries

Germany divided east and west in 1949 Germany divided east and west in 1949 Soviets refused to withdraw from eastern Germany after World War II Soviets refused to withdraw from eastern Germany after World War II Allied sectors reunited 1947-1948, Berlin remained divided as wellAllied sectors reunited 1947-1948, Berlin remained divided as well Berlin blockade and airlift, 1948-1949 Berlin blockade and airlift, 1948-1949

Soviet closed roads, trains, tried to strangle West Berlin into submission Soviet closed roads, trains, tried to strangle West Berlin into submission Britain and United States kept city supplied with round-the-clock airlift Britain and United States kept city supplied with round-the-clock airlift Soviets backed down and ended blockadeSoviets backed down and ended blockade

The Berlin Wall, 1961 The Berlin Wall, 1961 1949-1961, refugees from East to West Germany, East to West Berlin 1949-1961, refugees from East to West Germany, East to West Berlin Soviet solution: a wall of barbed wire through the city fortified the border Soviet solution: a wall of barbed wire through the city fortified the border Former Allied nations objected but did not risk a full conflict over the wall Former Allied nations objected but did not risk a full conflict over the wall

Nuclear arms raceNuclear arms race Terrifying proliferation of nuclear weapons by both sides Terrifying proliferation of nuclear weapons by both sides NATO and Warsaw Treaty Organization amassed huge weapons stockpiles NATO and Warsaw Treaty Organization amassed huge weapons stockpiles By 1960s USSR reached military parity with United States By 1960s USSR reached military parity with United States By 1970 both superpowers acquired MAD, "mutually assured destruction"By 1970 both superpowers acquired MAD, "mutually assured destruction"

ECONOMICECONOMICEUROPEEUROPEDURINGDURING

THE COLD THE COLD WARWAR

RESURGENCE OF WESTERN RESURGENCE OF WESTERN EUROPEEUROPE

New State StructuresNew State Structures Liberal DemocracyLiberal Democracy

West had rejected authoritarianism, embraced inclusive democracyWest had rejected authoritarianism, embraced inclusive democracy Embraced both Social Democracy, Christian SocialismEmbraced both Social Democracy, Christian Socialism

The Welfare StateThe Welfare State European politics shifted leftEuropean politics shifted left Governments run by technocrats – experts in their fieldsGovernments run by technocrats – experts in their fields Embraced idea of state support of all elements in societyEmbraced idea of state support of all elements in society Included education, health care, state planning, social insuranceIncluded education, health care, state planning, social insurance Government active in housingGovernment active in housing

New Challenges to Political StabilityNew Challenges to Political Stability Minorities clamored for inclusion, to be heard, anti-establishmentMinorities clamored for inclusion, to be heard, anti-establishment Students, youth, women heavily involved in these movementsStudents, youth, women heavily involved in these movements Environmental movements in Europe (Green Movement)Environmental movements in Europe (Green Movement) Civil Rights, Gay Rights, Women’s Rights in the USCivil Rights, Gay Rights, Women’s Rights in the US

CooperationCooperation European cooperation critical for futureEuropean cooperation critical for future Economic cooperation led to European Economic CommunitiesEconomic cooperation led to European Economic Communities

Began as a Coal and Steel customs unionBegan as a Coal and Steel customs union Led to broad economic common market of France, Italy, Benelux, GermanyLed to broad economic common market of France, Italy, Benelux, Germany Expanded to include most of Western, Central, Southern EuropeExpanded to include most of Western, Central, Southern Europe Led to the European Union including a Parliament, currency unionLed to the European Union including a Parliament, currency union

Economic ExpansionEconomic Expansion Marshall Plan helped create an economic boomMarshall Plan helped create an economic boom Agriculture flourished, growth in industrial base, productivityAgriculture flourished, growth in industrial base, productivity Heavy expansion of technical sectors, service industries, external tradeHeavy expansion of technical sectors, service industries, external trade Supported heavy immigration within Union and from outside Mediterranean Supported heavy immigration within Union and from outside Mediterranean

nationsnations Rise of consumer economyRise of consumer economy

WESTERN EUROPE AFTER WESTERN EUROPE AFTER 19451945

FranceFrance From 4From 4thth to 5 to 5thth Republic Republic

Immediately after war, France tried to hold on to its coloniesImmediately after war, France tried to hold on to its colonies This led to several colonial struggles in Vietnam, Algeria, collapse of 4This led to several colonial struggles in Vietnam, Algeria, collapse of 4thth Republic Republic

55thth Republic strengthened role of president, lessened power of legislature Republic strengthened role of president, lessened power of legislature Charles de Gaulle wanted Europe free from superpower domination Charles de Gaulle wanted Europe free from superpower domination French government refused to ban nuclear tests in 1963, tested bomb in 1964French government refused to ban nuclear tests in 1963, tested bomb in 1964 Increasingly a welfare, graying state with heavy problems due to immigration Increasingly a welfare, graying state with heavy problems due to immigration

United KingdomUnited Kingdom Slow recovery from the war and decolonizationSlow recovery from the war and decolonization

Labor Party comes to power and gradually built welfare state and mild socialismLabor Party comes to power and gradually built welfare state and mild socialism Never fully able to recover from loss of colonies, heavy migration to UK by colonialsNever fully able to recover from loss of colonies, heavy migration to UK by colonials

Margaret Thatcher 1979 – 1992 tried to relax welfare stateMargaret Thatcher 1979 – 1992 tried to relax welfare state West GermanyWest Germany

Under US, French, UK pressure, integrated into Europe to avoid future warsUnder US, French, UK pressure, integrated into Europe to avoid future wars Strong economic recovery after 1949 called Economic MiracleStrong economic recovery after 1949 called Economic Miracle Rose to become one of the strongest economic nations in the worldRose to become one of the strongest economic nations in the world Under Brandt (SDU), initiated Ost-Politik to bridge relations with USSRUnder Brandt (SDU), initiated Ost-Politik to bridge relations with USSR Builds a social market economy of mixed capitalism, welfare socialismBuilds a social market economy of mixed capitalism, welfare socialism

European UnionEuropean Union Began as European Steel/Coal Community: Germany, Italy, France, BeneluxBegan as European Steel/Coal Community: Germany, Italy, France, Benelux Grew into European Economic Community and European CommunitiesGrew into European Economic Community and European Communities

Goal was to synchronize economic, trade policiesGoal was to synchronize economic, trade policies This grew into a desire for a political unionThis grew into a desire for a political union

By 1989 included UK, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, GreeceBy 1989 included UK, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Greece In 2005 had common parliament, passport, trade policies, currency, central bank In 2005 had common parliament, passport, trade policies, currency, central bank

A A NEW NEW

EUROPEEUROPE??

USA, AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND, & USA, AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND, & CANADACANADA

Changes in Europe paralleled abroadChanges in Europe paralleled abroad All avoided destruction of World War IIAll avoided destruction of World War II Innovation consequently was less severeInnovation consequently was less severe

Former DominionsFormer Dominions All became liberal democracies, welfare statesAll became liberal democracies, welfare states All aligned to the USAAll aligned to the USA

UK declined as great power, increasingly Euro-centricUK declined as great power, increasingly Euro-centric Australia and New Zealand because of WW IIAustralia and New Zealand because of WW II Canada because of decline of UK, rise of US marketsCanada because of decline of UK, rise of US markets

CanadaCanada Joined US, Mexico in NAFTAJoined US, Mexico in NAFTA Internal issues with Catholic Quebec, Inuit devolutionInternal issues with Catholic Quebec, Inuit devolution

Australia Australia A strong US allyA strong US ally Internally adopted a whites-only immigration policyInternally adopted a whites-only immigration policy

The US CenturyThe US Century From 1914 onward, US dominated world stageFrom 1914 onward, US dominated world stage

US military second to none; US expenditures on defense highUS military second to none; US expenditures on defense high Economic, military, political, cultural influence predominantEconomic, military, political, cultural influence predominant

US’ Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, military alliances criticalUS’ Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, military alliances critical US saw expansion of defense industries, governmental apparatusUS saw expansion of defense industries, governmental apparatus Sought to contain the USSR, communismSought to contain the USSR, communism Led to the US involvement in many wars of national liberationLed to the US involvement in many wars of national liberation

CULTURE AND SOCIETY IN THE CULTURE AND SOCIETY IN THE WESTWEST

Social StructuresSocial Structures Expansion of consumer culture, societyExpansion of consumer culture, society Increasing prosperity to all classesIncreasing prosperity to all classes Social conflicts easedSocial conflicts eased Social lines blurred, increased social mobilitySocial lines blurred, increased social mobility Increased participation in political processIncreased participation in political process Society not without troubles but…Society not without troubles but…

Dramatic changes in gender relationsDramatic changes in gender relations After WW II, women had vote AND entered politicsAfter WW II, women had vote AND entered politics WWII saw women enter all aspects of societyWWII saw women enter all aspects of society

Working women increased: reaches 44% in 1970s; women’s access to education Working women increased: reaches 44% in 1970s; women’s access to education increasedincreased

But women paid less, much discriminationBut women paid less, much discrimination Gender equality lacking but women acquired legal rightsGender equality lacking but women acquired legal rights

Family life transformed by work, technologyFamily life transformed by work, technology Women delayed marriage, children to workWomen delayed marriage, children to work Birth control, abortion increase, divorce increasedBirth control, abortion increase, divorce increased

New FeminismNew Feminism 22ndnd Sex Sex by Simone de Beauvoir by Simone de Beauvoir Feminine MystiqueFeminine Mystique by Betty Friedan by Betty Friedan Women agitated for more rights, literal and legal equalityWomen agitated for more rights, literal and legal equality

Western CultureWestern Culture Great political stability expectedGreat political stability expected Expanded access to education including universitiesExpanded access to education including universities Massive application of technology, science to all aspects of lifeMassive application of technology, science to all aspects of life Expression in arts and cultures to challenge traditional approachesExpression in arts and cultures to challenge traditional approaches Extremely active popular, counter culture among youth, youngExtremely active popular, counter culture among youth, young Sexual experimentation increasing leads to sex for pleasureSexual experimentation increasing leads to sex for pleasure Secularization of most aspects of life Secularization of most aspects of life Decline in mainline churches, church attendanceDecline in mainline churches, church attendance

EASTERN EUROPE AFTER EASTERN EUROPE AFTER 19451945 USSR as SuperpowerUSSR as Superpower

Emerged from WWII with largest army in worldEmerged from WWII with largest army in world One of the two great victors of WW II along with USOne of the two great victors of WW II along with US Enormous industrial foundation based on armamentsEnormous industrial foundation based on armaments Had expanded its borders Had expanded its borders Actively involved in diplomacy, UNActively involved in diplomacy, UN Had active communist states, alliances around worldHad active communist states, alliances around world

New Soviet Empire in Eastern EuropeNew Soviet Empire in Eastern Europe After WWII, failed to hold open elections, withdrawAfter WWII, failed to hold open elections, withdraw

Decided to create a buffer zone between USSR, WestDecided to create a buffer zone between USSR, West All states in region forcibly brought under USSR influenceAll states in region forcibly brought under USSR influence

Soviet Satellite RegimesSoviet Satellite Regimes Communists placed in power by rigged electionsCommunists placed in power by rigged elections Any rivals for power eliminated, controlled by Red Army, Secret PoliceAny rivals for power eliminated, controlled by Red Army, Secret Police Agriculture collectivized, industry nationalizedAgriculture collectivized, industry nationalized

Tensions as elements resisted Soviet controlTensions as elements resisted Soviet control Hungary: 1956Hungary: 1956 East Germany: 1960s Berlin WallEast Germany: 1960s Berlin Wall Czechoslovakia, 1968Czechoslovakia, 1968 Poland, 1970s, 1980s and SolidarityPoland, 1970s, 1980s and Solidarity

Only Yugoslavia, Albania followed independent pathsOnly Yugoslavia, Albania followed independent paths Domestic RealitiesDomestic Realities

Strong authoritarian control of society, regulation of all aspects of lifeStrong authoritarian control of society, regulation of all aspects of life Control of media, information by extensive bureaucracyControl of media, information by extensive bureaucracy Mechanization of agricultureMechanization of agriculture Increased urbanization as peasants move to citiesIncreased urbanization as peasants move to cities Industry heavily focused on military and not consumer goodsIndustry heavily focused on military and not consumer goods

SOVIET CULTURE, ECONOMY, SOVIET CULTURE, ECONOMY, SOCIETYSOCIETY

Rapid IndustrializationRapid Industrialization State fostered, controlled from top downState fostered, controlled from top down Gosplan, 5 Year Plans commonGosplan, 5 Year Plans common

Significant Social ChangeSignificant Social Change Secularization of society, purging of religionSecularization of society, purging of religion Persecution of ethnic, religious minoritiesPersecution of ethnic, religious minorities

Tension increased with Western CultureTension increased with Western Culture Arts monitored to reflect Soviet cultureArts monitored to reflect Soviet culture

Schools goal was to foster loyalty to state, scienceSchools goal was to foster loyalty to state, science Attacked western styles of art, literature; heavy censorshipAttacked western styles of art, literature; heavy censorship Sovietized, Russified many aspects of cultureSovietized, Russified many aspects of culture Counter-Culture AroseCounter-Culture Arose Solzhenitysn’s Gulag Archipelago criticized Stalin, StalinismSolzhenitysn’s Gulag Archipelago criticized Stalin, Stalinism

Science, social studies, mathematics heavily favoredScience, social studies, mathematics heavily favored Economy and SocietyEconomy and Society

Fully industrialized society by 1950sFully industrialized society by 1950s State control of virtually all aspects of economic sectorsState control of virtually all aspects of economic sectors No individualized economic aspects allowed although a Black Market flourishedNo individualized economic aspects allowed although a Black Market flourished Lagged in production of consumer goods, poorly fundedLagged in production of consumer goods, poorly funded But living standards improvedBut living standards improved

Horrible Damage to the Environment Horrible Damage to the Environment Ecocide: Murder of the environmentEcocide: Murder of the environment Soviets were not concerned with the environment only with production figures, Soviets were not concerned with the environment only with production figures,

developmentdevelopment Agricultural sector was horribly inefficientAgricultural sector was horribly inefficient Similarities with WestSimilarities with West

Industrial life demeaning for both regions; state guaranteed vacations, sports, medical Industrial life demeaning for both regions; state guaranteed vacations, sports, medical carecare

Mitigation of class differencesMitigation of class differences Similar responses with regard to women, family life, housing, childrearingSimilar responses with regard to women, family life, housing, childrearing

DESTALINIZATIONDESTALINIZATION Stalin died in 1953Stalin died in 1953

Rivals opposed his one man rule, cult of personality Rivals opposed his one man rule, cult of personality His reign had taught politicians to cooperate, avoid infightingHis reign had taught politicians to cooperate, avoid infighting His reign had also discouraged innovation, resistanceHis reign had also discouraged innovation, resistance

Khrushchev’s RiseKhrushchev’s Rise Rivals removed Stalin’s supporters, executed Beria (KGB)Rivals removed Stalin’s supporters, executed Beria (KGB) New Chairman attacked Stalinism for its excessesNew Chairman attacked Stalinism for its excesses

Khrushchev as Chairman of the USSRKhrushchev as Chairman of the USSR Opened up society to innovation, some decentralizationOpened up society to innovation, some decentralization

Regime less likely to execute oppositionRegime less likely to execute opposition Released many prisoners from state camps, closed gulagsReleased many prisoners from state camps, closed gulags Khrushchev pushes own industrial base to outdo westKhrushchev pushes own industrial base to outdo west Soviet Space Program and Sputnik catches west by surpriseSoviet Space Program and Sputnik catches west by surprise

Avoids Adventurism in Foreign PolicyAvoids Adventurism in Foreign Policy Enforces Soviet control in 1956 Hungary – De-Stalinization went to farEnforces Soviet control in 1956 Hungary – De-Stalinization went to far But allows more independent roads to socialism by USSR’ AlliesBut allows more independent roads to socialism by USSR’ Allies

Cuba: nuclear flashpointCuba: nuclear flashpoint Fidel Castro establishes guerrilla force in mountains, 1953Fidel Castro establishes guerrilla force in mountains, 1953

Overthrew dictator Batista in 1959 Overthrew dictator Batista in 1959 Castro declared that his government would be socialist, angers USA Castro declared that his government would be socialist, angers USA Castro seized U.S. properties, killed, exiled political opponents Castro seized U.S. properties, killed, exiled political opponents United States cut off Cuban sugar imports, imposed export embargo United States cut off Cuban sugar imports, imposed export embargo Castro accepted Soviet economic aid and arms shipmentsCastro accepted Soviet economic aid and arms shipments

Bay of Pigs fiasco, April 1961 Bay of Pigs fiasco, April 1961 CIA-sponsored invasion of Cuba failed CIA-sponsored invasion of Cuba failed Diminished U.S. prestige in Latin AmericaDiminished U.S. prestige in Latin America

Cuban missile crisis, October 1962 Cuban missile crisis, October 1962 Soviet deployed nuclear missiles in Cuba, aimed at USA; claimed Cuban defense Soviet deployed nuclear missiles in Cuba, aimed at USA; claimed Cuban defense Kennedy blockaded Cuba, demanded removal; two tense weeks Kennedy blockaded Cuba, demanded removal; two tense weeks Khrushchev backed down; Kennedy pledged not to overthrow CastroKhrushchev backed down; Kennedy pledged not to overthrow Castro

Brezhnev’s Years 1964 – 1982Brezhnev’s Years 1964 – 1982 Khrushchev became too difficult to control, removed in coupKhrushchev became too difficult to control, removed in coup Brezhnev assumes control, maintains more stabile Soviet modelsBrezhnev assumes control, maintains more stabile Soviet models Brezhnev Doctrine: USSR intervene in Czechoslovakia, 1968 to maintain Soviet controlBrezhnev Doctrine: USSR intervene in Czechoslovakia, 1968 to maintain Soviet control

EASTERN EUROPE SINCE EASTERN EUROPE SINCE 19451945 Warsaw Pact and COMECONWarsaw Pact and COMECON

1955: USSR creates a military alliance to counter NATO – Warsaw Pact1955: USSR creates a military alliance to counter NATO – Warsaw Pact COMECON was attempt to rival EEC, ECCOMECON was attempt to rival EEC, EC States were originally satellites of USSRStates were originally satellites of USSR After 1964, increasing allowance for independent roads to socialismAfter 1964, increasing allowance for independent roads to socialism

Yugoslavia, Albania: independent communist states Yugoslavia, Albania: independent communist states Marshall Tito (Josip Broz) resisted Soviet control of Yugoslavia Marshall Tito (Josip Broz) resisted Soviet control of Yugoslavia

Stalin expelled Yugoslavia from Soviet bloc, 1948; Stalin expelled Yugoslavia from Soviet bloc, 1948; Remained nonaligned throughout cold warRemained nonaligned throughout cold war

Albania drawn into Chinese influence, denounces USSRAlbania drawn into Chinese influence, denounces USSR Hungarian challenge, 1956 Hungarian challenge, 1956

De-Stalinization led to pro-democracy movement in Hungary De-Stalinization led to pro-democracy movement in Hungary New government announced neutrality, withdrew from Warsaw Pact New government announced neutrality, withdrew from Warsaw Pact Soviet tanks crushed Hungarian uprising, 1956 Soviet tanks crushed Hungarian uprising, 1956 Goulash Communism: a liberalization of communism in HungaryGoulash Communism: a liberalization of communism in Hungary

Prague Spring, Czechoslovakia, 1968 Prague Spring, Czechoslovakia, 1968 Liberal movement led by Dubcek sought "socialism with a human face" Liberal movement led by Dubcek sought "socialism with a human face" Soviet and east European forces crushed Prague liberal communism Soviet and east European forces crushed Prague liberal communism Brezhnev justified invasion by Doctrine of Limited SovereigntyBrezhnev justified invasion by Doctrine of Limited Sovereignty

Poland, 1970s – 1980sPoland, 1970s – 1980s Remained strongly Catholic, strongly nationalistRemained strongly Catholic, strongly nationalist Polish communist party loyal to USSR but not always trustedPolish communist party loyal to USSR but not always trusted Workers movements emerge which are for reform, pro-CatholicWorkers movements emerge which are for reform, pro-Catholic 1980s Strikes under Solidarity almost led to Soviet intervention1980s Strikes under Solidarity almost led to Soviet intervention Election of John Paul II as Pope only emboldened PolesElection of John Paul II as Pope only emboldened Poles

DÉTENTE & DECLINE OF BIPOLAR WORLDDÉTENTE & DECLINE OF BIPOLAR WORLD Era of cooperation Era of cooperation

Leaders of both superpowers agreed on policy of détente, late 1960s Leaders of both superpowers agreed on policy of détente, late 1960s Exchanged visits and signed agreements calling for cooperation, 1972, 1974 Exchanged visits and signed agreements calling for cooperation, 1972, 1974 Concluded Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT), 1972, again 1979Concluded Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT), 1972, again 1979

Demise of détente Demise of détente Full U.S.-China diplomatic relations in 1979 created U.S.-USSR strain Full U.S.-China diplomatic relations in 1979 created U.S.-USSR strain U.S. weapons sale to China in 1981 undermined U.S.-Soviet cooperation U.S. weapons sale to China in 1981 undermined U.S.-Soviet cooperation 1980 Soviet intervention in Afghanistan prompted U.S. economic sanctions1980 Soviet intervention in Afghanistan prompted U.S. economic sanctions

U.S. defeat in Vietnam U.S. defeat in Vietnam 1950s, USA committed to support noncommunist South Vietnam 1950s, USA committed to support noncommunist South Vietnam U.S. involvement escalated through 1960s U.S. involvement escalated through 1960s U.S., allies unable to defeat North, South Vietnamese communists U.S., allies unable to defeat North, South Vietnamese communists President Nixon pledged in 1968 to end war with Vietnam President Nixon pledged in 1968 to end war with Vietnam U.S. troops gradually withdrew; U.S. phase of war ended in 1973 U.S. troops gradually withdrew; U.S. phase of war ended in 1973 North Vietnam continued war effort, unified the nation in 1976North Vietnam continued war effort, unified the nation in 1976

Soviet setbacks in Afghanistan Soviet setbacks in Afghanistan Afghanistan had been a nonaligned nation until 1978, pro-Soviet coup Afghanistan had been a nonaligned nation until 1978, pro-Soviet coup Radical reforms in 1978 prompted backlash Radical reforms in 1978 prompted backlash Islamic leaders objected to radical social change, led armed resistance Islamic leaders objected to radical social change, led armed resistance 1979, rebels controlled much of Afghan countryside; USSR intervened 1979, rebels controlled much of Afghan countryside; USSR intervened United States, others supported Mujahedeen rebels; struggle lasted nine years United States, others supported Mujahedeen rebels; struggle lasted nine years 1989 cease-fire negotiation by UN led to full Soviet withdrawal 1989 cease-fire negotiation by UN led to full Soviet withdrawal Taliban forces captured Kabul and declared Afghanistan a strict Islamic state, 1996Taliban forces captured Kabul and declared Afghanistan a strict Islamic state, 1996

Cold war countercultural protests in 1960s and 1970s Cold war countercultural protests in 1960s and 1970s Cultural criticism of cold war as seen in film Cultural criticism of cold war as seen in film Dr. StrangeloveDr. Strangelove, 1964 , 1964 European and U.S. students agitated for peace, end to arms race, Vietnam war European and U.S. students agitated for peace, end to arms race, Vietnam war Rock and roll music expressed student discontentRock and roll music expressed student discontent

END OF COLD WAREND OF COLD WAR Revolution in east and central EuropeRevolution in east and central Europe

Moscow's legacies Moscow's legacies Communism unable to satisfy nationalism in eastern and central Europe Communism unable to satisfy nationalism in eastern and central Europe Soviet-backed governments lacked support, economies stagnant Soviet-backed governments lacked support, economies stagnant Soviet interventions in 1956 and 1968 dashed hopes of a humane socialismSoviet interventions in 1956 and 1968 dashed hopes of a humane socialism

Mikhail Gorbachev, Soviet leader 1985-1991 Mikhail Gorbachev, Soviet leader 1985-1991 1989, Gorbachev announced restructuring of USSR, withdrawal from cold war 1989, Gorbachev announced restructuring of USSR, withdrawal from cold war Satellites states informed that each was on its own, without Soviet supportSatellites states informed that each was on its own, without Soviet support

Rapid collapse of communist regimes across eastern and central Europe, 1989 Rapid collapse of communist regimes across eastern and central Europe, 1989 In Poland, Solidarity leader Lech Walesa won election of 1990 In Poland, Solidarity leader Lech Walesa won election of 1990 Communism overthrown peacefully in Bulgaria and Hungary Communism overthrown peacefully in Bulgaria and Hungary Czechoslovakia's "velvet revolution" in 1990, divided into Czech Republic, Slovakia Czechoslovakia's "velvet revolution" in 1990, divided into Czech Republic, Slovakia Only violent revolution in Romania; ended with death of communist dictator Only violent revolution in Romania; ended with death of communist dictator East Germany opened Berlin Wall in 1989; two Germanys united in 1990East Germany opened Berlin Wall in 1989; two Germanys united in 1990

The collapse of the Soviet Union The collapse of the Soviet Union Gorbachev's reforms Gorbachev's reforms

Hoped for economic liberalization within political communist system Hoped for economic liberalization within political communist system Centralized economy inefficient, military spending excessive Centralized economy inefficient, military spending excessive Declining standard of living, food shortages, shoddy goodsDeclining standard of living, food shortages, shoddy goods Perestroika: "restructuring" the economy Perestroika: "restructuring" the economy

Tried decentralizing economy, market system, profit motive Tried decentralizing economy, market system, profit motive Alienated those in positions of power, military leadersAlienated those in positions of power, military leaders

Glasnost: "openness" to public criticism, admitting past mistakes Glasnost: "openness" to public criticism, admitting past mistakes Opened door to widespread criticism of party and government Opened door to widespread criticism of party and government Ethnic minorities, especially Baltic peoples, declared independence from USSR Ethnic minorities, especially Baltic peoples, declared independence from USSR Russian Republic, led by Boris Yeltsin, also demanded independenceRussian Republic, led by Boris Yeltsin, also demanded independence

Collapse of the Soviet Union, December 1991 Collapse of the Soviet Union, December 1991 In 1991, conservatives attempted coup; wished to restore communism In 1991, conservatives attempted coup; wished to restore communism With help of loyal Red Amy units, Boris Yeltsin crushed the coup With help of loyal Red Amy units, Boris Yeltsin crushed the coup Yeltsin dismantled Communist party, led market-oriented economic reforms Yeltsin dismantled Communist party, led market-oriented economic reforms Regions of ethnic groups became independent; Soviet Union ceased to existRegions of ethnic groups became independent; Soviet Union ceased to exist